Dosimetry Equipment Research Articles

National radiotherapy dosimetry audit in the UK – A vision and roadmap

Radiotherapy dosimetry audit is an important element in the overall quality assurance of radiotherapy delivery and has become established as best practice prior to implementation of new equipment, techniques or clinical trials.The Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (IPEM) Interdepartmental Dosimetry Audit group (IDA) facilitates regional audits across the UK through a network of 8 regional chairs. This is a well-established and successful network utilising local staff resources and dosimetry equipment from each region to conduct audits for new radiotherapy equipment, techniques and annual reference audits. All dosimeters used are traceable to the National Physical Laboratory's (NPL) primary standard.NPL and the National Radiotherapy Trials Quality Assurance Group (RTTQA) perform audits for new techniques and clinical trials in the UK. The IPEM IDA, NPL and RTTQA have a joint vision of a national audit network so that comprehensive audits can be offered to all UK centres and bring together all UK dosimetry audit data within a centralised database to facilitate coordinated national audits. This will also allow centres to access and review their data for anonymous benchmarking against other UK centres to support quality improvement.Increasing the frequency and complexity of national audits to reflect current clinical practice is often inhibited by the cost of purchasing appropriate equipment. IPEM have now funded two phantoms that will enable national audits of gynae brachytherapy and head and neck external beam treatments through 2024–25.The aim of this Position Paper is to provide an update on the activities of the IPEM IDA and present the future vision and roadmap for the three UK dosimetry audit groups.

National and local diagnostic reference levels for adult 18F-FDG and CT in Jordanian PET/CT: findings and implications in practice

This study aims to report the findings of Jordanian national diagnostic reference level (NDRL) survey for fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) and local diagnostic reference level (LDRL) of computed tomography (CT) used for attenuation correction and anatomical localisation (AC-AL); and AC and diagnostic CT (AC-DX) within the context of whole-body WB and half-body HB adult oncology PET/CT scanning. Two-structured questionnaires were prepared to gather the necessary information: dosimetry data, patient demographics, equipment specification, and acquisition protocols for identified 18F-FDG PET/CT procedures. The NDRL and achievable dose were reported based on the 75th and 50th percentiles for 18F-FDG administered activity (AA), respectively. The LDRL was reported based on the 50th percentile for (CTDIvol) and (DLP). Data from 562 patients from four Jordanian PET/CT centres were collected. The survey revealed that Jordanian NDRL for AA (303 MBq) was within the acceptable range compared to the published-peer NDRL data (240–590 MBq). However, the 18F-FDG AA varied across the participated PET/CT centres. The reported LDRL CTDIvol and DLP of CT used for (AC-AL) was 4.3 mGy and 459.3 mGy.cm for HB CT scan range, and 4.1 mGy and 659.9 mGy.cm for WB CT scans. The reported LDRL for CTDIvol and DLP for HB CT was higher when compared with the United Kingdom (3.2 mGy and 310 mGy.cm). Concurrently, in the context of WB CT, the reported values (i.e. CTDIvol and DLP) were also higher than both Kuwait (3.6 mGy and 659 mGy.cm) and Slovenia (3.6 mGy and 676 mGy.cm). The reported HB CT(AC-DX) was higher than Nordic, New Zealand and Swiss NDRLs and for WB (AC-DX) CT it was higher than Swiss NDRLs. This study reported the first Jordanian NDRL for 18F-FDG and LDRL for HB and WB CT associated with 18F-FDG PET/CT scans. This data is useful for Jordanian PET/CT centres to compare their LDRL to the suggested DRLs and utilise it in the process of optimising CT radiation doses.

Survey on reference dosimetry practice in Hokuriku region, Japan.

This study aimed to obtain reference dosimetry practices for flattened photon and electron beams. A questionnaire survey on these practices was sent to 37 facilities that performed radiotherapy using these beams in Fukui, Ishikawa, Niigata and Toyama, Japan. The survey comprised equipment (dosemeters, water phantoms, thermometers, barometers and hygrometers) and procedures for reference dosimetry (water used as the phantoms, verification of chamber placement, periodic checks of ion recombination- and polarity-corrections, pre-irradiation and relative humidity monitoring). Responses were received from 19 institutions. In the 19 institutions, a reference-class dosemeter was used for the reference dosimetry. In 6 of the 19 institutions, a 10-year-old or older dosemeter was used. Any barometers, thermometers and hygrometers were not recalibrated. Dosimetry equipment necessitates regular maintenance. Moreover, it is necessary to have a backup dosimetry system in clinics to account for potential malfunctions or instances when the primary system is sent for calibration.

Monitoring Linear Accelerator Output Constancy and Overall Performance Using the PTW Quickcheckwebline

Daily morning quality assurance (QA) for all available beams using conventional phantom measures only output and beam quality. PTW QUICKCHECKwebline (PTW QCw) is a compact movable light-weight dosimetry equipment used for daily QA, capable of measuring flatness, symmetry, beam quality and output constancy of a given beam in a single exposure. The purpose of this study was to analyze and monitor the output constancy of a medical linear accelerator using PTW QCw and assess the overall performance of the PTW QCw. The output parameters of 4, 6 and 15 MV photon beams and 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 15 MeV electron beams of the Elekta Synergy linear accelerator in Kathmandu Cancer Center were analyzed. It was found in the study that all the parameters were well within the recommended tolerance limit of ±3%. Some known modifications in the settings of the linear accelerator gantry, couch, and collimator were introduced separately during the exposures, and the percentage variations from the baseline values were noted to check the sensitivity of the PTW QCw using 6 MV photon beam. The PTW QCw was able to detect the deviations introduced to the external irradiation conditions for both photon and electron beams under daily testing conditions. The results from this study suggest that daily dosimetric consistency measurements using the PTW QCw helps to monitor the overall performance of the linear accelerator.

Academic program recommendations for graduate degrees in medical physics: AAPM Report No. 365 (Revision of Report No. 197).

Academic program recommendations for graduate degrees in medical physics: AAPM Report No. 365 (Revision of Report No. 197).

Investigation of the Constancy of the Dosimetric Parameters of the Proton Therapy System

Purpose: Determination of fluctuation ranges of dosimetry parameters of the proton therapy system
 (PTS) to clarify the permissible limit deviations.
 Methods and materials: The basis for the quality assurance program (QA) of the PTS is the report of the
 American Association of Physicists in Medicine AAPM TG-224. According to this report, the QA program is a living, adaptive document that needs to be refined, corrected and optimized taking into account the features of the PTS being in use and the available dosimetry equipment. After setting-up
 checks within the framework of the daily QA program, it became possible to automatically collect data
 containing dosimetry parameters of the PTS for subsequent analysis. It was decided to investigate the
 stability over time of some dosimetry parameters of the PTS in order to determine the ranges of their
 fluctuations and, as a result, to clarify the permissible deviations of these parameters.
 Results: The stability of the parameters associated with the constancy of the proton beam energy selection was studied. As a result, the study showed that the values of the parameters associated with the
 constancy of the proton beam energy selection fluctuated within much smaller limits compared to
 those proposed in TG-224.
 Conclusion: The obtained result may allow us to reconsider the approach to proton therapy planning
 system in the FSBI FSCCRO of the FMBA of Russia, in particular, to the choice of PTV margins. The new
 refined tolerances for the maximum deviations of the analyzed parameters are proposed in this research work

A publicly available dataset of out-of-field dose profiles of a 6 MV linear accelerator.

An increase in radiotherapy-induced secondary malignancies has led to recent developments in analytical modelling of out-of-field dose. These models must be validated against measurements, but currently available datasets are outdated or limited in scope. This study aimed to address these shortcomings by producing a large dataset of out-of-field dose profiles measured with modern equipment. A novel method was developed with the intention of allowing physicists in all clinics to perform these measurements themselves using commonly available dosimetry equipment. A standard 3D scanning water tank was used to collect 36 extended profiles. Each profile was measured in two sections, with the inner section measured with the beam directly incident on the tank, and the outer section with the beam incident on a water-equivalent phantom abutted next to the tank. The two sections were then stitched using a novel feature-matching approach. The profiles were compared against linac commissioning data and manually inspected for discontinuities in the overlap region. The dataset is presented as a publicly accessible comma separated variable file containing off-axis ratios at a range of off-axis distances. This dataset may be applied to the development and validation of analytical models of out-of-field dose. Additionally, it may be used to inform dose estimates to radiosensitive implants and anatomy. Physicists are encouraged to perform these out-of-field measurements in their own clinics and share their results with the community.

Radiation protection infrastructure—challenges in developing countries

A special session was held in the International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA15) Congress to address the particular challenges facing developing countries regarding radiation protection infrastructure. The objective was to identify and share the key challenges facing developing countries regarding the ability to introduce and establish effective radiation protection programmes. The experiences of key international organisations (International Atomic Energy Agency, Pan American Health Organisation and World Health Organisation) that have support programmes were discussed, along with a perspective from several countries with developing programmes. The key common challenges include: governmental commitment at senior levels, with provision of the necessary resources: establishment of an independent regulatory body and related infrastructure: appropriate numbers of qualified staff in all necessary fields, including their education and training: supporting physical infrastructure, such as dosimetry and measurement equipment including calibration laboratories. In addressing these challenges the importance of support from the key international organisations was emphasised. More emphasis should be given to the application of the graded approach. The establishment of support networks at a national or regional level that allow for the sharing of experiences and resources, and that support the wellbeing of isolated professionals, is also crucial. In this aspect the support from wider professional bodies such as IRPA and established national radiation protection societies can also play a key role.

Comparison of entrance surface air kerma measurement with MTS-N (LiF: Mg, Ti) chips with a kilovoltage X-ray source

Objective: Radiation detectors are key components that ensure the accuracy and performances of dosimetry equipment. The study is aimed to compare the mean entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) between a DCT-10mm ionization chamber (IC) and MTS-N (LiF: Mg, Ti) chips when both detectors are exposed to ≤ 5mGy with a 10 by 10 field size, with an X-ray source and to determine the accuracy of the Thermoluminescent (TL) chips. Also, the dose will be compared to similar studies. Materials and Methods: A functional, Digital Radiography (DR) X-ray System was used. A DCT-10mm ionization chamber (IC) and an XR Multidetector was positioned at a Source to Image Distance (SID) of 100cm on polystyrene, about 20cm thick. An X-ray spectrum generated at a Practical Peak Voltage (PPV) of 60-107kV with Half Value Layer (HVL) of 2.4-4.3mmAl and filtration > 3mmAl was used. The same setup was used for the MTS-N chips. Results: The mean doses for 1-5 mGy with the MTS-N chips were 1.07±0.07, 1.60±0.13, 2.23±0.11, 2.58±0.07 and 3.45±0.10 mGy respectively, with accuracies of 7, 20, 26, 36 and 31%. Dose accuracy at 1and 2mGy was within 25% respectively. Dose accuracies at 3, 4 and 5mGy was within >25%. The correction factor for 1-5mGy was 0.94, 1.25, 1.35, 1.55 and 1.45 respectively. Conclusion: Validation of the MTS-N chips with the reference ionization chamber to this study was within 36%. The Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) recommends that ESAK be within 25% for entrance surface dose. ESAK accuracy mostly increased with dose as observed in this study.

A novel constancy check technique for a well type ionisation chamber using a 90Sr plane-parallel check source.

Accurate determination of source strength in brachytherapy is vital to achieving safe and effective radiotherapy treatments. The recommended detectors to be used for determining source strength are well type ionisation chambers and it is essential to the process that they retain a stable response to radiation, thus maintaining a valid calibration. A new Standard Imaging Inc. HDR-1000 Plus well chamber was acquired by GenesisCare Western Australia and commissioned for use clinically. As part of this process, a novel technique was developed to allow constancy checks of the well chamber to be performed using a Sr-90 check source designed for use with plane-parallel chambers (PTW model T48010). The proposed methodology is simple, robust and sufficiently accurate to measure well chamber constancy within ± 0.5%. Most radiotherapy departments will already possess a Sr-90 check source as they are required for external beam dosimetry equipment constancy checks. Therefore, no new additional equipment need be purchased making this method particularly cost-effective.

Evaluation of Patient Exposure After an Emergency Warm-Up of the CT X-Ray Tube

Summary A survey was performed to evaluate patient exposure after a procedure for the CT X-ray tube’s emergency warm-up, with the patient positioned on the table within the CT gantry. Three CT units, situated in three different University hospitals, were included in the survey. The evaluation was performed with AGFA personal monitoring films to visualize the results and discuss them with the radiographers who operate the systems. Additional measurements were performed with the RaySafe X2 system to demonstrate the presence of exposure. The air kerma resulting from implementing the warm-up protocol was evaluated to be higher than 112 μGy, 409 μGy, and 807 μGy for each of the CT units. Those values were underestimated because of the dosimetry equipment used and the methodology. A discussion between medical staff, engineers, and medical physicist was initiated. The practice with unnecessary patient exposure was terminated.

Ensuring Effective Functioning of Gas-Discharge Counters, Used in the Military Dose Rate Meters, in the Arctic Zone

The Arctic zone is a priority area for the development and for ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the region's rich natural resources create conditions for military conflicts and armed struggle of states for possession of these resources. Such conflicts might culminate with an exchange of nuclear strikes. The modern system of metrological support of military dosimetry equipment does not provide the necessary reliability of the verification and calibration procedure under low temperatures in the Arctic zone. The aim of this work is to ensure the effective functioning of gas-discharge counters, used in the military dose rate meters, in the Arctic Zone. It is established, that the reason for the low reliability of readings of military dosimeters can be the generation of false pulses due to a decrease in the suppressing ability of the counter. False impulses may appear soon after the completion of the verification. It is shown in the article, that in order to increase the reliability of measurements for devices on gas-discharge counters, it is necessary to introduce a diagnostic unit into their measuring circuit, which makes it possible to detect the presence of false pulses directly during the measurement. The implementation of the results obtained will increase the reliability of dosimetry equipment in the Far North and will also ensure greater safety of its metrological characteristics. In future, there are good reasons to conduct a study on transfer of dosimetry equipment to electronic control of gas-discharge counters in order to assess the increase in the durability of the counters and reduce the cost of their production

Study of Automated Control System of Underwater Dosimetry Kit in Remote bottom radioactivity measurement in deepwater Areas

The paper presents a study of the automated control system of the underwater radio-controlled unmanned vehicle (as a prototype) which monitors the radiation in the deepwater area bottom (with the depth over 10 m), and a system of the operator-vehicle communication line. A standard approach to the radiation monitoring is applied with the help of spectrometric and dosimetry equipment, as well as an echo sounder mounted on the underwater vehicle. The communication line with a facility located on the ground is exercised in the following two ways: when in water, it is arranged through the information transmission by ultrasound to the buffer gear floating on the surface of the water area, and through the gear it gets in a retransmission to the operator on the ground via a radio channel. The control of the underwater vehicle is exercised in the reversed sequence: from the operator to the buffer gear, it goes through a radio channel, then it goes from the latter to the underwater vehicle by the retransmission into ultrasound, and then it reaches the receiving device of the underwater vehicle through further retransmission.

Prospects for the use of the dosimeters with Geiger-Muller counters for the dosimetry of the pulse emission

At the current time radiation therapy units based on the linear accelerators with the energy range of 1823 MeV are common in the Russian Federation. They generate pulsed bremsstrahlung radiation with the maximum energy of approximately 20 MeV. The State Register of measuring devices contains no dosimetry equipment for the measurement of the pulsed bremsstrahlung radiation for such energies. The most common dosimeter of X-ray and gamma radiation, DKS-1123AT, allows measuring the pulsed bremsstrahlung radiation up to 10 MeV, with the main uncertainty of measurement in the range of 3-10 MeV of 50%. No alternative solutions exist at the current time. Although the contribution of this part of the bremsstrahlung radiation spectra is not high, the situation requires actions. However, the State Register of measuring devices includes the DKG-RM1621 dosimeter for the measurement of X-ray and gamma radiation in the energy range of 15 KeV — 20 MeV, but it is now designedfor the measurement of the pulse emissions. The current study is focused on the evaluation of the use of the DKG-RM1621 dosimeterfor the measurement of the pulsed bremsstrahlung radiation and on the estimation of the dose rate range, where the results of the measurements would be valid. The study was performed using the inspection-security complex ST-2630M (JSC “Scantronix systems”) as the source of the pulsed bremsstrahlung radiation with the maximum energy of 3,5 and 6 MeV. This energy range is valid for the DKS-1123AT dosimeter, allowing using it for the comparison. The results indicate that, for the current source,the DKG-RM1621dosimter allows performing the measurements with the additional uncertainty up to 15%, with the mean dose rate of pulsed bremsstrahlung radiation up to 25 µ Sv/h. That is acceptable for the radiation control of the rooms adjacent to the location of a linear accelerator. The use of the additional coefficients to consider the impact of the idle time of the detector on the results of the measurements allows measuring dose rates up to 100 µ Sv/h.

Lung SBRT Credentialing in the Canadian LUSTRE Randomized Trial

OCOG-LUSTRE is an ongoing phase III randomized trial (NCT01968941) comparing stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) versus conventionally hypofractionated radiation for stage I medically inoperable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). As part of this trial, an extensive credentialing process was undertaken due to the variability in Canadian lung SBRT practice. Here we report the final results from this initiative. A total of 15 Canadian centers participated in the SBRT credentialing process - 8 centers had previous SBRT experience (≥ 2 years) and 7 centers did not. Each center was required to satisfy three credentialing requirements: a) Completion of an institutional survey describing appropriate treatment, dosimetry, and image guidance equipment and parameters; b) Demonstration of acceptable delivery accuracy using the Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core (IROC) thoracic phantom; and c) Successful contouring and completion of standardized test cases for one central and one peripheral NSCLC. All contours and plan metrics were compared to the host institution as a nominal gold standard. All centers have successfully completed surveys and IROC phantom testing. Of the 30 SBRT test cases evaluated, 10 required a re-plan due to major deviations, mainly due to contouring errors. There were no differences in re-planning rates between established and new centers (37.5% vs 28.6%, p=0.61). Of the finally submitted plans, mean contouring errors (calculated as the distance between corresponding contours) were highest for brachial plexus in the central (C) case (12.6±6.6mm), and for the vessels in the peripheral (P) case (13.0±12.6mm). Other highly variable contours included ribs (4.9±4.9mm for C, 7.2±3.4mm for P), and proximal bronchial tree (PBT) (2.8±0.8 for C, 3.3±1.1 for P). Mean dice coefficients were similarly lowest for plexus (0.37±0.20 for C, 0.37±0.14 for P), PBT (0.77±0.06 for C, 0.75±0.09 for P), and vessels (0.69±0.29 for C, 0.64±0.31 for P), as well as esophagus (0.74±0.04 for C, 0.76±0.04 for P). Target volumes (ITV/PTV) and spinal cord contours demonstrated high concordance. All plans achieved per-protocol constraints for PTV coverage and maximum/volumetric constraints to organs-at-risk, although variations existed in dose gradients outside the target. For example, the standard deviation of the mean D2cm was 5.2 Gy (C), and 5.1 Gy (P), and the ratio of the 50% isodose volume/PTV increased by a factor of approximately 1.6 from its minimum to maximum. Our credentialing process demonstrates that small but non-negligible differences exist in both contouring and planning with lung SBRT, regardless of center experience. These variations were more likely to affect organs where concerns regarding late toxicity exist. Therefore, efforts to minimize differences through robust peer review and appropriate avenues of feedback are necessary to improve overall plan quality.

Radiation therapy facility risk analysis in Brazil with SEVRRA software

Risk assessment deals with processes, accident-initiating events, barriers and risk ratings to unveil the fragility and weakness of some processes; within this study, specifically related to radiation therapy facilities. Barriers are technical or organizational safety measures put in place to avoid, prevent, detect, control, reduce or mitigate the consequences of an accident once an initiating event has occurred. In this work, radiological risk analysis was performed for a set of 20 Brazilian radiotherapy facilities making use of the freeware sevrra risk-management software. The objective of this study was to define parameters that could be useful in creating an overall risk profile. This profile would be helpful for establishing priorities for decision making and support a risk-informed regulatory process. The most relevant missing barriers in facilities were identified according to three parameters: the ‘importance index’, ‘impacted facilities index’ and the ‘barrier-effectiveness index’. Barriers such as ‘in vivo dosimetry in the first treatment session’, ‘weekly in vivo dosimetry to detect errors in the dose delivering process’, ‘annual external audit for the control of reference dose rate’ and ‘independent verification of calibration by various medical physicists with a different dosimetry equipment’ were found to be the most effective in reducing the risk level of the facilities. The present investigation reinforces the need to strengthen the mechanisms that guarantee the effectiveness of such barriers in radiation therapy procedures.

COMP report: CPQR technical quality control guidelines for major dosimetry equipment.

The Canadian Organization of Medical Physicists (COMP), in close partnership with the Canadian Partnership for Quality Radiotherapy (CPQR) has developed a series of Technical Quality Control (TQC) guidelines for radiation treatment equipment. These guidelines outline the performance objectives that equipment should meet to ensure an acceptable level of radiation treatment quality. The TQC guidelines have been rigorously reviewed and field tested in a variety of Canadian radiation treatment facilities. The development process enables rapid review and update to keep the guidelines current with changes in technology (the most update version of this guideline can be found on the CPQR website). This article provides guidelines for quality control testing of major dosimetry equipment.

Monte Carlo study and design of system for implementation of Rotational Total Skin Electron Irradiation technique

Total skin electron irradiation technique is used in treatment of the mycosis fungoid. The implementation of this technique requires non-standard measurements and complex dosimetry methods. Depending on the linear accelerator (Linac) type, bunker size, room dimensions and dosimetry equipment, the design of instruments for appropriate set up and implementation of TSEI in different radiation therapy centers varies. The studies which have been done in this article provide an introduction to the implementing of this method for the first time in Iran and its results can be used for the centers with similar specifications in the world. This article determined the electron beam characteristic of TSEI for the only electron accelerator, located at the radiation center of the Seyed Alshohada Hospital of Isfahan (NEPTUN 10PC), by performing Monte Carlo simulations and using EGSnrc-based codes (BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc). For the best uniformity of the vertical profile, the optimal angle of gantry was defined at SSD=350 cm. The effect of the degrader plane that is located at a distance of 20 cm from the patient surface, was evaluated on the amount of energy reduction of the beam, the opening of the electron beam field and the homogeneity of the dose distribution. The transversal dose distribution from the whole treatment with Stanford technique (six dual fields) and Rotational technique was simulated in a CT-based anthropomorphic phantom. Also, the percentage depth dose in the head, neck, thorax, abdomen and legs was obtained for both methods. The simulation results show that the 20̂ angle between the horizontal and the beam central axis is optimal in order to provide the best vertical dose uniformity. The mean energy decreases from 6.1 MeV (the exit window) to 3 MeV (the treatment surface) by placing a degrader with 0.8 cm thickness in front of the treatment plane. FWHM of the angular distribution of the electron beam increased from 15̂ at SSD=100 cm to more than 30̂ on the treatment surface by traversing the PMMA degrader. The MC calculated percentage depth dose curves in different organs of anthropomorphic phantom for RTSEI indicates that the depth of maximum dose is on the surface of the phantom and Isodose curve of 80% is formed at a depth less than 4 mm. the results also show, with the degrader plane in front of the patient, the degree of homogeneity of the dose distribution for both Stanford and rotational techniques is the same.

Implementation of dosimetry equipment and phantoms at the MedAustron light ion beam therapy facility.

To describe the implementation of dosimetry equipment and phantoms into clinical practice of light ion beam therapy facilities. This work covers not only standard dosimetry equipment such as computerized water scanners, films, 2D-array, thimble, and plane parallel ionization chambers, but also dosimetry equipment specifically devoted to the pencil beam scanning delivery technique such as water columns, scintillating screens or multilayer ionization chambers. Advanced acceptance testing procedures developed at MedAustron and complementary to the standard acceptance procedures proposed by the manufacturer are presented. Detailed commissioning plans have been implemented for each piece of dosimetry equipment and include an estimate of the overall uncertainty budget for the range of clinical use of each device. Some standard dosimetry equipment used in many facilities was evaluated in detail: for instance, the recombination of a 2D-array or the potential use of a microdiamond detector to measure reference transverse dose profiles in water in the core of the primary pencil beams and in the low-dose nuclear halo (over four orders of magnitude in dose). The implementation of dosimetry equipment as described in this work allowed determining absolute spot sizes and spot positions with an uncertainty better than 0.3mm. Absolute ranges are determined with an uncertainty comprised of 0.2-0.6mm, depending on the measured range and were reproduced with a maximum difference of 0.3mm over a period of 12months using three different devices. The detailed evaluation procedures of dosimetry equipment and phantoms proposed in this work could serve as a guidance for other medical physicists in ion beam therapy facilities and also in conventional radiation therapy.

EP-1450: Implementation of dosimetry equipment and phantoms in clinical practice of light ion beam therapy

EP-1450: Implementation of dosimetry equipment and phantoms in clinical practice of light ion beam therapy