Doses Of Slurry Research Articles

Potential of slurry from intensive dairy cattle farms for paulownia and populus trees, as organic fertilizer: i. effect on production

Intensive dairy cattle breeding have a relevant social and economic impact in Portugal, particularly in the northern region. This activity generates a high flow of livestock effluents (slurry), rich in important nutrients for plant growth, which can be introduced into forest production systems. These effluents can provide a good alternative to mineral fertilizers, not only from an economic perspective, but also from the point of view of soil fertility resilience. In the present study, the effect of increasing doses of slurry on tree growth was evaluated in clones of Paulownia and Populus, as they are genotypes that have a high efficiency in the mobilization of soil nutrients and in the capture of CO2 from the atmosphere, as well as high biomass calorific value. To this end, a demonstration field was installed, where the trees were planted with the compasses of: 2.5 x 1.5 m and 2.5 x 0.75 m, respectively for Paulownia and for Populus. In the field, the following treatments were performed: T0 - no fertilization, either mineral or organic; T1 - amount of slurry equivalent to 85 kg of N ha-1; T2 - amount of slurry equivalent to 170 kg of N ha-1; T3 - amount of slurry equivalent to 340 kg of N ha-1, either with or without inoculation prior to transplantation, with mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi and plant growth-promoting bacteria. Results evidenced a positive effect of the slurry application, both in the diameter at breast height and in total stand height, showing its fertilizing potential which should later be assessed on the ability to constitute an alternative or, simply, a complement to mineral fertilization.

Acute and Chronic Kidney Disease Worsen Outcomes in Experimental Sepsis.

Infection is a leading cause of morbidity in individuals with acute and chronic kidney disease (AKD, CKD). However, there is significant difficulty in modeling infection into an animal host with preexisting kidney disease. We report a novel method of peritoneal infection induced via cecal slurry inoculation deployed into mice with experimental aristolochic acid-induced AKD and CKD. AKD, CKD, and paired control mice were injected with sham, low, or higher doses of donor-recipient matched cecal slurry solution. Animal survival, sepsis severity, and change in glomerular filtration rate was tracked longitudinally throughout the study. Histology for kidney injury, flow cytometry, plasma cytokines, and evidence of indirect organ injury from sepsis were also assessed. Infected AKD mice experienced significantly heightened sepsis severity, with 100% mortality by 24 hours after high cecal slurry doses versus no mortality in control mice. Additionally, AKD mice receiving lower cecal slurry doses developed dramatically increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and persistent cytopenias. Infected CKD mice also had worse outcomes than paired CKD-controls, though less severe than in AKD mice. Interestingly, animals with AKD had worse outcomes than mice with CKD after any cecal slurry dose or time-point after inoculation, despite higher baseline kidney function and less uremic sequela. These data confirm that acute bacterial infection can be modeled in animals with established kidney disease; and suggest that the clinical state of kidney disease (AKD versus CKD) may influence host susceptibility to infection more than the degree of kidney failure alone.

Effect of pig slurry doses on soybean, wheat and corn seed germination

A produção de suínos confinados gera efluentes que quando aplicados no solo servem como fonte de fertilizante e quando aplicados sem tratamento adequado alteram a qualidade ambiental. Estes dejetos contêm elementos potenciais contaminantes cuja aplicação excessiva gera acúmulo de materiais e podem ocasionar efeitos tóxicos para as plantas, como na germinação de sementes. Neste estudo objetivou-se analisar o efeito de doses de dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS) sobre a germinação de três culturas de grãos de interesse agrícola. Os ensaios foram realizados em condições de laboratório com sementes de soja, trigo e milho, que foram dispostas em placas de Petri, na quantidade de dez sementes por placa. Foram aplicadas doses tratamentos de DLS, caracterizado quimicamente, correspondentes a 0, 1,4 e 2,1 xDP (vezes a Dose Padrão) m³ ha-1 com três repetições. As placas foram colocadas na BOD em temperatura 24 0C. Os dados obtidos foram analisados pelo teste de Tukey (5%). Aos sete dias do início do ensaio foi determinada a porcentagem de germinação. O DLS possui em sua composição alguns elementos potenciais contaminantes, como o cobre, o zinco e o amônio, os quais podem ocasionar prejuízos na germinação de diversas culturas, sobretudo com exposição direta das sementes nas placas de Petri. As sementes de soja e trigo sofreram efeito negativo da aplicação de DLS apresentando redução na taxa de germinação com o uso de 1,4 e 2,1 xDP m³ ha-1. A aplicação do equivalente a 1,4 e 2,1 xDP m³ ha-1 de DLS não afetaram significativamente a germinação de sementes de milho.

Structural changes in humic substances after long‐term fertilization of a calcareous soil with pig slurries

AbstractPig slurries are widely used on calcareous soils in European rainfed systems. Here we assess their impact on the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) and on the composition of humic‐type substances (HTS). Seven doses of slurry (five from fattening pigs and two from sows) ranging from 1.0 to 4.8 Mg ha−1 yr−1 of organic matter were evaluated after a period of 12 years and compared with mineral fertilizer treatment. At the end of the last annual cropping season (September), SOC was quantified, and HTS were isolated by alkaline extraction followed by acid precipitation, and studied by visible spectroscopy (800–400 nm) and Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy (4000–400 cm−1). Following the trend in the slurry organic matter applied rates, SOC increased from 9.5 g C kg−1 (mineral treatment) to 13.8 g C kg−1. This SOC increase was equivalent to c. 25.4% of the slurry organic carbon applied. The incorporation of aliphatic structures, mainly polyalkyl, from slurries into the HTS tends to modify the composition of the soil organic matter (SOM), which is reflected in a decrease in the intensity of FT‐IR peaks related to aromatic structures. Despite the trend of significant increase in SOC with fattening slurries, mainly from the organic matter rate of 1.6 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (c. 185 kg N ha−1), the composition of the HTS showed an important aliphatic enhancement. The FTIR results showed that using exclusively the relative intensities of specific peaks (alkyl, carboxyl, aromatic and amide groups) as variables for the discriminant analysis, it is possible to identify HA between different groups of soils treated with progressive levels of slurry. Although the new aliphatic components could be considered important to improve soil physical quality, after the incorporation of additional SOM, the spectroscopic characteristics of HTS in soils treated with slurries suggested a weak effect in long‐term C sequestration, as the newly incorporated OC forms are not qualitatively similar to the presumably stable native SOM. These potential changes in SOC and SOM composition at field level are constrained by the maximum allowed N rates from organic origin in some agricultural systems.

Fertilizer potential of slurry from intensive dairy cattle farms in Intensive production forestry systems

Intensive dairy cattle breeding has a relevant social and economic impact in Portugal, particularly in the northern region. This activity generates a high flow of livestock effluents (slurry), rich in important nutrients for plant growth, which can be introduced into intensive production forestry systems. These effluents can provide a good alternative to mineral fertilizers, not only from an economic perspective but, particularly, from the point of view of environmental protection. In the present study, the effect of increasing doses of slurry on tree growth, either with or without mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi (AMF) and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) inoculation, was evaluated in clones of Paulownia CoT2 and Populus i214, as they are genotypes that have a high efficiency in the mobilization of soil nutrients (namely N) and in the capture of CO2 from the atmosphere, as well as high biomass calorific value. For this purpose, a demonstration field trial was installed, occupying an area of 14,607 m2, where the trees were planted with the compasses of: 2.5 x 1.5 m and 2.5 x 0.75 m, respectively for Paulownia and for Poplar. Prior to transplantation to the field, some plants were inoculated with AMF and PGPB. In the field, the following treatments were performed: T0 - no fertilization, either mineral or organic; T1 - amount of slurry equivalent to 85 kg of N ha-1; T2 - amount of slurry equivalent to 170 kg of N ha-1; T3 - amount of slurry equivalent to 340 kg of N ha-1, both with and without inoculation. Results revealed a significant and positive effect of the slurry application, both in the diameter at breast height (DBH) and total stand height (TH), showing its high fertilizing potential, and, on the other hand, there was no increased contamination by nitrates and by pathogenic microorganism in the leachates for the experimental doses of slurry. Therefore, we can conclude that, under the experimental conditions, the slurry resulting from the intensive exploitation of cattle constitutes an alternative to exclusively mineral fertilization in intensive production forestry systems, either by increasing the production of biomass or by the absence of contamination of aquifers by nitrates and pathogens.

Effect of high pig slurry doses on yields and ionic balance of white mustard

Effect of high pig slurry doses on yields and ionic balance of white mustard

Respons Pertumbuhan Bibit Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) terhadap Pemberian Dosis Slurry pada Ultisols Hajimena

This study aims to obtain the best slurry dosage for the growth of cocoa seedlings. This reaserch was conducted in the experimental garden, chemical analyzed laboratory, and soil laboratory of Politeknik Negeri Lampung on November 2017 until March 2018. The method used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 6 doses of slurry (0 ml, 80 ml, 160 ml, 240 ml, 320 ml, and 400 ml). Observation variables in the form of premilinary observations abd observations during the study. Preliminary observations analyzed the levels of N, P, K, pH, and C-Organic on topsoil and slurry. Obsevation during the study were plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, dry weight of shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and moisture content. The results showed that slurry doses did not affect on the cocoa seedling growth.

Utilization of Biogas Slurry Doses from Goat Faeces with MOL (Micro Local Organisms) Banana Stem on Turi Productivity (Sesbania grandiflora) in Samosir Regency

This study aims to investigate the effect of utilization of biogas slurry doses withMOL (Micro Local Organisms) Banana Stumps on Turi Productivity (Sesbania grandiflora).This research was conducted in Samosir Regency, North Sumatra starting from May toSeptember 2018. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design with 4treatment levels of 5 replications, the data analysis used was Duncan's Advanced Test.Treatment with various doses of biogas slurry fertilizer by input of goat faeces which isfermented with MOL (Micro Local Organism), 2 liter MOL banana stem. P0 = 0, P1 = 20, P2= 40, P3 = 60 (t / h / yr). The variables observed were plant height, stem diameter, number ofstems, number of leaves, and leaf width. The results of the study showed that the fermentationof goat's bio-gas slurry fertilizer with various doses of fertilizing gave a significant influenceon the parameters of the study, namely plant height, number of stems, number of leaves, andstem diameter. The best response due to fertilization is with a dose of 60 t / h / yr.

Weryfikacja możliwości redukcji emisji amoniaku dla różnych praktyk aplikacji gnojowicy w Polsce

Rolnictwo polskie zobowiązane jest do redukcji emisji amoniaku (NH3), w stosunku do 2005 r., o 1% corocznie w latach 2020-29 oraz o 17% corocznie od 2030 r. Znaczącym źródłem emisji jest stosowanie gnojowicy. W Polsce aplikuje się ją głównie rozbryzgowo na powierzchnię pola i przyoruje po 4-24 godzinach od aplikacji. W pracy zastosowano model ALFAM2 do scharakteryzowania emisji NH3 z rozbryzgowego stosowania gnojowicy w zależności od specyficznych dla Polski: dawek gnojowicy, jej suchej masy, temperatury powietrza, prędkości wiatru, opadów oraz pH gnojowicy. W stosunku do emisji NH3 z gnojowicy stosowanej na powierzchnię pola oszacowano emisje powstające przy aplikacji gnojowicy za pomocą wężów wleczonych, wężów z redlicami oraz aplikacji do otwartych szczelin, płytko doglebowo i głęboko doglebowo. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników oszacowano wielkości redukcji emisji dla podstawowych praktyk jej aplikacji.

Effects of nettle slurry (Urtica dioica L.) used as foliar fertilizer on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yield and plant growth.

Organic agriculture is becoming increasingly important, and many natural products are now available for organic farmers to manage and improve their crops. Several ethnobotanical studies have indicated that the use of nettle slurry as fertilizer in organic farming for horticultural crops is spreading. Sometimes, however, the consequences of using these natural products have been poorly evaluated, and there is very little scientific evidence for the effects of using these slurries. In this study, we aimed to analyze the possible effect of nettle slurry on potato yields produced by organic farming. To achieve this main objective, we assessed the effect of nettle slurry on potato yields, plant size and growth parameters, chlorophyll content, and the presence of pests and diseases. Different slurry doses were assessed in 36 plots and nine variables were measured during the crop cycle. Under these field experimental conditions, nettle slurry (including one treatment with Urtica in combination with Equisetum) had no significant effects on yield, chlorophyll content, or the presence of pests and diseases in organic potato crops. The highest chlorophyll content was found in the double dose treatment, but the difference was not significant. This result, together with a small improvement in plant height with the double dose treatment, might indicate very slight crop enhancement which, under our experimental conditions, was not enough to improve yield. The Urtica and Equisetum slurry chemical analyses showed very low levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

Maize yield after long-term application of pig slurry

ABSTRACT Organic wastes produced in large quantities in pig farms, such as liquid swine manure (LSM), can become a good alternative source of nutrients for agriculture, thus enabling total or partial replacement of mineral fertilizers in agricultural crops. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of LSM as a substitute of mineral fertilizer in the maize crop under Cerrado soil conditions. The treatments consisted of using mineral fertilization recommended for the maize crop; without fertilization; and LSM doses (25, 50,100 and 200 m3 ha-1). Maize grain yield was evaluated in the 2004/2005, 2005/2006, 2006/2007, 2007/2008, 2009/2010, 2011/2012 and 2013/2014 crop seasons. The mineral fertilization in maize can be replaced by pig slurry doses from 100 m3 ha-1 in a Cerrado soil (dystroferric Red Latosol with clayey texture) with no loss of yield components.

Pig slurry in carpet grass pasture: Yield and plant-available nitrogen

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the response of carpet grass to pig slurry fertilization in order to estimate the agronomic efficiency and the plant-available nitrogen (N) of such manure. A field test was conducted during two years, following a randomized block design with six replicates of the treatments: 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 kg N ha-1 year-1, which resulted in 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 m3 ha-1 (2008/09), and 0, 42, 84, 126, 168 and 210 m3 ha-1 (2009/10), according to the N content of the pig slurry used in each year. These treatments were compared with ammonium nitrate (200 kg N ha-1 year-1), in order to estimate the plant-available nitrogen of the manure for the pasture. Pig slurry doses increased linearly the dry matter yield. In 2008/2009, it was increased from 2,600 (0 kg N ha-1) to 7,718 kg ha-1 (500 kg N ha-1), while in 2009-2010 it ranged from 4,310 (0 kg N ha-1) to 12,321 kg ha-1 (500 kg N ha-1). The average agronomic efficiency of the manurewas 15 kg DM kg-1 N and it was lower than that found with ammonium nitrate (27 kg DM kg-1 N).The estimated plant-available N of the pig slurry was similar between the growing years. The N fraction of this manure available to the pasture was 0.64 (2008-09) and 0.60 (2009-10).

Microbiological activity and N transformations in a soil subjected to aggregate extraction amended with pig slurry

Pig slurry as a fertilizer source has been extensively used in agriculture; however, in order to reduce the risks of contaminating the water supplies given its high level of N sources, it is important to understand the N transformations occurring in the soil where it is applied. In this study, incubations were performed at 25 °C for a period of 63 to 73 d to evaluate the effect of different doses of pig slurry on the global microbiological activity and the N dynamics in time, with an emphasis on N mineralization and nitrification in a soil subject to aggregate extraction. The slurry was applied in doses equivalent to: 0, 162, 244, and 325 m3 ha-1, constituting four treatments: T0, T50, T75, and T100, respectively. The microbiological activity and the contents of NH4+-N and NO3-- N were measured. Increasing doses of slurry produced an increase in the evolution of the accumulated CO2, with 63.5, 115.0, 112.7, and 125.7 mg 100 g-1 soil for T0, T50, T75, and T100 respectively. A similar situation was observed in the initial contents of NH4+-N, which were 22.4, 30.3, 44.3, and 60.7 mg kg-1 in each treatment, respectively. On the other hand, the increase in NO3-- N contents were only noticed by the end of the incubation period and corresponded to 28.6, 69.0, 95.3, and 109.8 mg kg-1. In addition, the net N mineralization was predominant in all treatments with slurry during the measurement period, being 9.1, 45.4, 58.1, and 52.7 mg kg-1 for T0, T50, T75 and T100, respectively, at the end of the trial. The mineralization rate of the organic C decreased when increasing the dose of slurry and the mineralization rate of the organic N resulted to be low, which would indicate a high contribution of material resistant to degradation by the slurry, which could have a long term effect in the soil.

Změny fyzikálních a chemických parametrů hypertrofního rybníka po aplikaci prasečí kejdy

During the years 2001 and 2002 we conducted hydrochemical monitoring of intensively managed pond to evaluate the impact of high pig slurry doses on eutrophication. Pig slurry application was carried out in colder period of the year (February–April) via tube system with sludge pump from nearby piggery. Our results showed that pig slurry application do not permanently affect the water quality of Jarohněvický pond. When the correct application is made slurry is effectively utilized by biomass for the growth, which prevents surface and underground waters to be polluted as in the case of incorrect application on agricultural land.Critical point of this technology in terms of water management is the way of pig slurry application and the exact dose. Even extremely high slurry doses (16.1 kg . m−2 in 2001 and 15.6 kg . m−2 in 2002) used in Jarohněvický pond did not negatively affected pond ecosystem. Only higher amount of organisms that increased natural fish production was recorded. It is necessary to implement this ameliorative intervention in colder period of the year considering higher hazard of variations in decisive hydrochemical parameters at higher water temperature.

Aplicação de dejeto líquido de suínos e manejo do solo na sucessão aveia/milho

A produção de suínos no Sul do Brasil concentra-se em pequenas propriedades rurais, que buscam o aproveitamento dos resíduos como fonte de nutrientes às culturas agrícolas de interesse econômico. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o uso de dejeto líquido de suínos, associado a manejos de solo, na sucessão aveia/milho. O experimento foi conduzido nos anos agrícolas 2009/2010 e 2010/2011, em Taquaruçu do Sul (RS). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram da interação de doses de dejeto líquido de suínos (sem dejeto, 20 m³ ha-1, 40 m³ ha-1 e 80 m³ ha-1) e adubação mineral, em três manejos de solo (plantio direto, escarificação e escarificação + gradagem). A aplicação de dejeto líquido de suínos na sucessão aveia/milho promoveu incrementos na produção de matéria seca e na produtividade de grãos. A dose de 80 m³ ha-1 apresentou resposta estatisticamente igual à adubação mineral recomendada para o milho. A interação entre a dose de 80 m³ ha-1 e a incorporação imediata do dejeto ao solo implicou na diminuição das perdas de N por volatilização de amônia, promovendo incremento significativo na produtividade de grãos de milho, quando cultivado em solo de textura argilosa.

Effect of fertilization with fluid swine slurry on production and nutritive value of Tifton 85

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of liquid swine slurry on dry matter accumulation rate and nutritive values (crude proten and neutral detergent fiber) of Tifton 85 grass pasture cultivated in southwestern Paraná from October 2005 to March 2006. It was used a complete random experimental design in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme composed of four doses of swine slurry in the plots (0, 80, 160 and 320 m³/ha) and four consecutive cuts in the subplots of the pasture. It was carried out two applications, one in the beginning of the experiment and other after 80 days. Cuts were performed every time pasture height was 40 cm. There was a dose versus cut interaction for all variables. Swine slurry promoted increase on dry matter accumulation rate only on the first cut after its application (cuts 1 and 3). Dry matter maximal yield (24.2 t/ha) was obtained at 249 m³/ha of swine slurry manure (143 and 106 m³/ha, respectively for applications 1 and 2), corresponding to 450 kg of N/ha. Percentage of crude protein increases and neutral detergent fiber of Tifton 85 grass decreases as dose of swine slurry increases, improving forage nutritive value. Use efficiency and nitrogen recovery rate decrease with addition of swine slurry doses.

Frações de fósforo no solo após sucessivas aplicações de dejetos de suínos em plantio direto

O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar as frações de acumulação de fósforo em solo submetido a sucessivas aplicações de dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS) em sistema de plantio direto. Em Santa Maria, RS, doses de 0, 20, 40 e 80 m³ ha-1 de DLS foram distribuídas a lanço por sete anos agrícolas, antes do plantio de cada cultivo de inverno ou verão, em Argissolo Vermelho arenoso, totalizando 0, 584, 1.168 e 2.336 kg ha-1 de P aplicado via dejetos. O solo foi coletado nas camadas 0-2, 4-6, 8-10, 14-16 e 20-25 cm, e submetido ao fracionamento químico de P. A adição do DLS ao solo durante sete anos aumentou o teor de P até 25 cm de profundidade, principalmente nas frações inorgânicas extraídas por resina trocadora de ânions, NaHCO3 0,5 mol L-1 e NaOH 0,1 mol L-1. As aplicações não aumentaram os teores de P orgânico extraído por NaHCO3 0,5 mol L-1, mas sim as frações orgânicas extraídas por NaOH 0,5 e 0,1 mol L-1. O DLS adicionado ao solo por longo período pouco afeta a partição de P em frações inorgânicas e orgânicas. As sucessivas aplicações de DLS aumentam o acúmulo de P em frações predominantemente lábeis no solo, o que representa um risco potencial para contaminação de águas superficiais e subsuperficiais.

Nutrient balances in calcareous soils after application of different rates of pig slurry

Abstract. Changes in amounts of macro‐(N, P, K) and micro‐nutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) were determined in two calcareous soils amended over an eight‐month period with pig slurry applications ranging from 0 to 500 m3/ha, and planted in containers with green pepper (Capsicum annuum). Total N and exchangeable K increased after slurry applications of 300 m3/ha or more, and available P increased after the smallest application rate (100m3/ha). Maximum crop nutrient uptakes of 41, 40 and 91% for N, P and K occurred with the smallest dose of slurry. Large losses of N, ranging from 27 to 74% (mean 55%) of N added to soil, occurred with all slurry treatments. From 41 to 71% (mean 55%) of the total P added in pig slurry was fixed in non‐assimilable forms. Most of the K from the pig slurry was available to the plants. Most of the micro‐nutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) from the slurry were immobilized in the soil, probably because of the high pH and the small amounts of organic matter in both the slurries and soils tested.

Effect of Long‐term Application of Farmyard Manure on Growth and Quality of Sugar Beet

AbstractField trials were conducted for two years on two farms which differed in long‐term application of pig slurry in order to study the effects of long‐term organic manuring, timing of slurry application (no slurry, slurry autumn, slurry spring) and additional doses of mineral N‐fertilizer (0, 80, 160, 240 kg N/ha) on growth and quality of sugar beet. The results can be summarized as follows:1. The effect of slurry application on growth of sugar beets varied markedly with the long‐term differences in farm management. On the “arable farm” yield of beet roots increased substantially after slurry application and could not be replaced by higher doses of mineral N fertilizer. It is concluded therefore that “special effects” of farmyard manure are involved. On the “livestock farm”, however, highest beet yields were obtained on plots without slurry. Additionally slurry application caused a significant decrease in beet yields.2. Sugar beets without slurry treatment always developed higher sugar contents and lower concentrations of alpha‐amino‐N, sodium and potassium as compared to beets from plots with slurry application.3. Despite the decline in sugar content, sugar yield greatly increased by slurry application on the “arable farm”. The average increase in sugar yield was 10 dt/ha (=8%) with slurry application in autumn and amounted to 16 dt/ha (=14%) with spring application. On the livestock farm however, additional applications of slurry caused a decline in sugar yields in both years because of lower sugar contents and decrease in beet yields.4. The utilization rate of slurry‐N, depending mainly on time of application, annual rainfall and soil N mineralization, varied from 6–41%. On the “livestock farm” the utilization of slurry‐N was only half of the rate obtained on the “arable farm”.5. The application of small doses of slurry may cause a significant yield increase on farms without or only less livestock, while on farms with intensive livestock production continous slurry application needs to be considered as an expensive form of waste disposal. Therefore farms with high livestock density are advised to sell slurry to neighbouring farms without or only low animal production at a fair price for their mutual advantage.