Nitrogen Doses Research Articles

Effect of nitrogen and boron treatments on harvest index and nitrogen use efficiency in sugar beet

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of different doses of nitrogen (N) and boron (B) treatment on sugar harvest index (SHI), nitrogen harvest index (NHI), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) parameters and to determine the economic optimum nitrogen rates (EONR) in sugar beet. The experiment was set up in a randomized block factorial design with three replications. Five doses of N (0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 kg N ha-1) and four doses of B (0, 2, 4, and 6 kg B ha-1) were applied in the study. According to the results of the research, the SHI decreased statistically significantly with the increase of dose of the N treatment, but the NHI was not affected by the N treatment. Physiological efficiency of nitrogen in taproot dry matter yield (NPETDMY) and physiological efficiency of nitrogen in sugar yield (NPESY) decreased statistically significantly (p<0.01) with the increase in the dose of N treatment. A similar case was observed in the parameters of nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAgE) and nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE). The increase in boron treatment doses statistically significantly (p<0.01) increased the NAgE in the first year. The EONR, calculated using the quadratic model, was found to be 240 kg N ha-1 on average of two years. As a result, the nitrogen use potential decreased with the increase of N doses applied to sugar beet. The use of EONR can be recommended for optimum yield and quality in the region.

Brokoli Üretiminde Tavuk Gübresinin İnorganik Azotla Rekabet Edebilirliğinin Değerlendirilmesi

Objective: This research was undertaken to evaluate the assessment of chicken manure's competitiveness with inorganic nitrogen in broccoli production.
 Material and Method: This study was conducted out in field conditions at the experimental area of Atatürk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Erzurum, Türkiye, in 2021 and 2022. Two broccoli cultivars (Brassica oleracea var. italica, Plenk cvs. 'Burney F1' and 'Lucky F1') were used as plant material. While phosphate (200 kg P2O5 ha-1) was kept constant in the plots, 1000 kg ha-1 (CM-1), 2000 kg ha-1 (CM-2), and 4000 kg ha-1 (CM-3) chicken manure were applied additionally. The other application was planned according to the recommended dose of nitrogen (Ammonium nitrate (AN), 200 kg N ha-1). Head weight (g), diameter, and length (cm); dry matter contents of head (%); chlorophyll (SPAD); pH and soluble solid content (SSC) (%) content of heads and yield (kg ha-1) were recorded in harvested heads.
 Results: The head weight ranged from 81.2 g (control) to 295.4 g (AN). The head diameter and length changed from 6.4 cm and 4.9 cm (control) to 13.9 cm and 13.6 cm (AN), respectively. The highest chlorophyll (SPAD) content (87.6) was consistently observed in the AN application. CM applications were consistently lower than those from AN application for all cultivars and across both years. Furthermore, in CM applications, the highest yield was attained in 2021 at 16820 kg ha-1 (CM-3, 4000 kg ha-1), whereas the peak yield of 20618 kg ha-1 was recorded in the AN treatment in 2022.
 Conclusion: While the yield derived from chicken manure application falls below that achieved through AN application, it is worth noting that, in the context of environmentally sustainable production practices, the utilization of chicken manure at a rate of 4000 kg ha-1 can be advocated. As a result, chicken manure at a rate of 4000 kg ha-1 can be recommended to broccoli producers for environmentally friendly production.

VARIATION OF CHLOROPHYLL AND CAROTENOID PIGMENTS IN SOME WINTER WHEAT FLAG LEAF UNDER DIFFERENT FERTILIZER REGIMES

Five Romanian winter wheat genotypes were analyzed during two experimental years (2019-2020) under four different regime fertilizers for chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents from flag leaf, respectively, number of grains/spike, weight of grains/spike, thousand kernel weight. The results showed that the application of additional fertilization increase the analyzed traits, also causing an increase of traits variability. Regarding the variation of photosynthetic pigments from flag leaf as an effect of different fertilizer levels, their concentration is specific to each variety. The highest value of chlorophyll a type is observed in Cezara variety (665.83 mg/kg DW) at N150 kg s.a./ha fertilization level applied in a boot stage. The variation of chlorophyll b concentration in flag leaf is similar to chlorophyll a concentration as a reaction of different nitrogen dose aplication, the highest value for this type of chlorophyll being registered in T. 109-12 at F4 (519.64 mg/kg DW). Carotenoid concentration from flag leaf varies from 3.93 mg/kg DW at Dumitra variety (F3) to 97.63 mg/kg DW at Andrada variety in F2 fertilization level.

The Impact of Various Nitrogen Treatments on Fennel Quality Attributes

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of various nitrogen doses on the quality characteristics and macro-micro nutrient elements of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. dulce) in Kahramanmaras conditions. The trial was conducted in 2020. Two different sweet fennel populations, Konya and Tokat 1, and six different N doses (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 kg ha-1) were used in the study. Apart from fixed oil content and fixed oil yield, substantial variations between the two fennel populations were found in other traits. Nitrogen dosages significantly affected every trait except the fixed oil ratio. In terms of protein content, essential oil content, and essential oil output, Tokat 1 population exhibited higher values. Oleic acid was abundant in both groups, however Tokat 1 had lower palmitic acid ratios and greater oleic acid ratios than Konya population. Also, Tokat 1 population had higher trans-anethole ratios (90.20%), and Konya population was richer in terms of other essential oil components (α-pinene, Limonene, β-phellandrene, β-ocimene, and Fenchone); Tokat 1 population contained all other nutrient elements (N, Ca, Mn, Ze, Fe, Mg, P, and K) at higher ratios except Cu. Increasing nitrogen doses caused significant increases in fixed oil and essential oil components. Fixed oil components were higher at 150 kg ha-1 N dose. The highest trans-anethole content (88.44%) was detected at a 90 kg ha-1 N dose.

Performance of Grafted Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.) at Different Pruning and Nitrogen Levels in Nawalparasi East, Nepal

Pruning and level of nitrogen influence the growth and yield of bitter gourd. A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different pruning and nitrogen levels on the growth and productivity of bitter gourd from March to July 2022 in Nawalparasi East, Nepal. The field experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The treatment comprised three levels of pruning (No pruning, second generation (2G) pruning, and third generation (3G) pruning) in main plots and three different doses of nitrogen (100, 150, and 200 kg ha-1) in sub-plots. Observations on growth, floral, and yield parameters were recorded, analyzed, and presented. The research result revealed that 3G pruning with 200 kg ha-1 nitrogen level produced the highest fruit yield (16242.56 kg ha-1) at the fourth harvest. The yield trend showed higher fruit yield at higher nitrogen levels and 3G pruning at all dates of harvest. The increased fruit yield at higher nitrogen levels was because of more number of fruits per plant as well as longer fruit length and larger fruit diameter. The higher productivity in 3G pruning was mainly due to more fruit per plant at the fourth harvest. The results indicate a higher yield of bitter gourd at a higher level of nitrogen with 3G pruning.

Nitrogen fertilization in wheat, in clay soils at the Mexicali valley, Baja California, Mexico

The national and international markets' demand for wheat commercialization is conditioned by quality standards, among which the protein content and percentage of vitreous grain, without white belly, stand out. In them, nitrogen plays an important role in the yield and quality of the wheat grain. For these reasons, the objective of this research was to determine the effect that nitrogen has on yield, grain protein, and the vitreous grain percentage. A field experiment, planted on December 16, 2009, was conducted at the Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California. The experimental design was of complete randomized blocks with four repetitions. The assessed treatments were 0, 105, 210, 315, and 340 kg of N ha-1 (N0, N105, N210, N315 and N340, respectively). The sown seed was Aconchi F-76 variety crystal wheat. The evaluated variables were grain yield, protein content, and vitreous grain quantity (without white belly). The results indicated that the 210, 315, and 340 kg of N ha-1 treatments affected the yield, protein content, and white belly decrease in the grain. Grain quality is therefore improved with these nitrogen doses, in relation to the quality of the harvested grain in the plots with 0 kg ha-1 and those cultivated with 105 kg ha-1.

Chemical composition of marandu palisade grass fertilized with nitrogen and potassium

The goal was to evaluate the chemical composition of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu through the use of fertilization with nitrogen and potassium. The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Farm of UFMT, Cuiabá Campus, from December to April 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 - rainy season; and from May to September in 2018 and 2019 – dry season. Treatments corresponded to a 5x2 factorial scheme, with five nitrogen doses (0; 25; 50; 75; 100 kg ha-¹) and two potassium doses (0; 25 kg ha-1). The sample was unified as one for each individual period.The chemical characteristics evaluated were crude protein (CP), mineral matter (MM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF),total digestible nutrients (TDN) and net energy of lactation (NEF). For CP, a positive linear effect was observed for nitrogen fertilization, with 15.87% and 11.68% for the highest dose inthe rainy and dry seasons, respectively. Likewise, a linear increase in TDN and in NEL was observed. For NDF, ADF and iNDF content there was a linear reduction in both rainy and dryseasons. For potassium fertilization, there is little influence on the chemical characteristics, in fact, only in the rainy season for fiber, TDN and NEL contents. However, nitrogen fertilizationpromoted an increase of 51.13% in the CP content at the highest applied dose. The NDE, ADF and iNDF content decrease linearly with nitrogen input, on the contrary, there was an increase in TDN and NEL.

The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Types and Doses on Cob Yield and Some Quality Characteristics in Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt.)

Araştırmada azotlu gübre çeşitleri [Nitropower 33, üre ve UTEC] ve dozlarının (15, 20 ve 25 kg da-1) şeker mısırında verim ve kalite özelliklerine etkisi belirlenmiştir. Çalışma şans bloklarında bölünmüş parseller deneme planına göre kurulmuştur. Ana parsellere gübreler, alt parsellere ise dozlar yerleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada, gübre çeşitlerinin taze koçan verimine (kavuzlu ve kavuzsuz), ham kül oranına, toplam çözülebilir şeker miktarına; dozların ise ham protein oranına, ham kül oranına ve toplam çözülebilir şeker miktarına etkisi istatistiksel olarak önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde dilen sonuçlara göre, en yüksek kavuzlu ve kavuzsuz taze koçan verimi, yavaş salınımlı gübre çeşidinde (UTEC) ve 20 kg da-1 gübre uygulamasında tespit edilmiştir. Azot dozunun artmasıyla özellikle toplam çözülebilir şeker miktarı, ham protein ve ham kül oranı da artmıştır.
 Sonuç olarak, Vega F1 tatlı mısır çeşidinde yavaş salınımlı gübre uygulamasının (UTEC) verim artışı yanında, kalite (ham protein ve toplam çözülebilir şeker miktarı gibi) üzerinde de olumlu etki yaptığı belirlenmiştir.
 Sonuç olarak, Vega F1 tatlı mısır çeşidinde yavaş salınımlı gübre uygulamasının (UTEC) verim artışı yanında, kalite (ham protein ve toplam çözülebilir şeker miktarı gibi) üzerinde de olumlu etki yaptığı belirlenmiştir.

Effect of different doses and application types of nitrogen fertilizer on some physiological and agronomical parameters of bread wheat genotypes

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important food crop in many regions of the World. Wheat production in the world depends significantly on the application of nitrogen fertilizer in the right amount and time. We studied the effect of different doses (0, 90, 120, 150kgN/ha) and application types (full, split) of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on some physiological (gas exchange, pigments content, relative water content, stem dry mass), agronomical (aboveground biomass, number of stems per unit area, grain yield) parameters of 3 bread wheat genotypes. Increasing the dose of nitrogen fertilizer had a positive effect on the parameters studied, with the exception harvest index. Full application of N was more effective. The response of the Gobustan and Gyrmyzy gul 1 genotypes to the use of N fertilizer was more strict. Keywords: Wheat, nitrogen fertilizer, physiological and agronomical parameters, pigments, grain yield

Effect of ammonium and potassium nitrate on winter hardiness and yield of winter rye (<i>Secale cereale</i> L.)

The results of research for 3 years (2019–2021) on winter rye (Secale cereale L.) crops in the North-West region of the Russian Federation (Leningrad region) are presented. The effect of different doses and timing of ammonium and potassium nitrate application on winter hardiness and productivity of winter rye plants on the example of Volkhova and Eureka varieties was studied. The soil in the experimental fields was sod-podzolic loamy with the depth of the arable horizon of 20–25 cm. Humus content – 2.0–2.3%, pH of the salt extract – 5.2–5.5. Fertilizers were applied in dry form in the autumn one week after the emergence of the seedlings, and in the spring – at the resumption of vegetation. The studied fertilizer doses in terms of active substance for nitrogen were 0 (control), 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha. It is shown that winter hardiness of both varieties practically did not depend on the doses and timing of the application, as well as on the type of fertilizers. The maximum grain yield was shown by the Volkhova variety at a dose of nitrogen of 60 kg/ha, the Eureka variety – 90 kg/ha, with the maximum yield of the Eureka variety for all the years exceeding that of the Volkhova variety by 24.5%. Within the specified doses of nitrogen for both varieties, the best option was a single spring application of a mixture of ammonium and potassium nitrate, the worst - a single spring application of ammonium nitrate alone. On average for both varieties, potassium nitrate application in spring increased the grain yield by 16% compared to the variants where potassium nitrate was not used.

Effect of combined application of urea and organic manures on soil acidity along with the growth and yield attributes of okra at Lamjung, Nepal

An experiment was conducted in horticulture farm of Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Lamjung Campus, Nepal to evaluate the effect of combined application of Urea and Organic manures on soil acidity along with the growth and yield attributes of Okra. The experiment was set up under Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) comprising five treatments replicated four times. The various treatments used in the experiment were Cow manure + Urea, Buffalo manure + Urea, Goat manure + Urea, Buffalo manure + Goat manure + Urea and the Untreated Control. The required doses of Nitrogen for the crop were applied through treatments and that of Phosphorous and Potassium was petitioned from Single Super Phosphate (SSP) and Muriate of Potash (MOP), respectively. The quantities of nutrients were put in as recommended by Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) (i.e., 200:180:60 kg NPK per ha). The effect of Goat manure + Urea was found superior against plant height at 30 DAS (13.52 cm) and 45 DAS (32.15 cm), leaf area throughout the growth stage and in final mean fruit yield (12.33 t/ha). Meanwhile, the impact of Cow manure + Urea was found superior against plant height at 60 DAS (46.67 cm) and in case of reducing soil acidity (Soil pH = 6.75). Eventually, the experiment suggests the farmers to use Goat manure + Urea for desirable Okra production considering soil health and also with the application of Cow manure + Urea in the interval of (2-3) years ensuring the control over soil acidification.

IMPACT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON THE PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITATIVE PARAMETERS OF ANISE (Pimpinella anisum L.)

The present study investigated the effects of nitrogen fertilization on the yield and quality characteristics of Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). The study was conducted in the ecological conditions of Kahramanmaras from 2019 to 2021. Two different anise populations Izmir (P1) and Konya (P2) and six different nitrogen fertilizer doses (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 kg ha-1) were used in the study. The experiment was set up in triplicate using a split-plot design, with the populations on the main plots and the fertilizer doses on the subplots. Considering the herbal properties of anise grown in different nitrogen dose applications; plant height was 41.71- 42.75 cm, the total number of branches (10.62-12.50 plants-1), fruit branches (4.78-5.29 plants-1) and umbrellas (8.12-9.64 plants-1) were recorded. Considering the yield and quality characteristics; seed yield the range was 350.10- 400.02 kg ha-1, 1000-seed weight 2.78-3.49 g, protein rate 15.3-17.77%, fixed oil rate 15.15-16.34% fixed oil yield 50.51-60.48 kg ha-1, essential oil rate 1.66-2.26%, and essential oil yield 5.80-8.90 L ha-1. The Konya population had higher values in terms of seed yield and quality characteristics. With the exception of plant height, which revealed the total number of branches, fruit branches, umbels, seed yield, thousand seed weight, protein ratio, fixed oil ratio, fixed oil yield, essential oil ratio, and essential oil yield, all of the studied characteristics generally showed improvement with an increase in nitrogen doses. However, a nitrogen treatment of 120 kg ha-1 produced the maximum seed production.

Synthesis, Characterization and Impact of Nano-urea on Growth and Yield of Wheat in Inceptisol

A study on “Synthesis, Characterization and Impact of Nano-urea on Growth and Yield of Wheat in Inceptisol” was conducted at Division of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Pune during rabi 2021. The object of this experiment is to synthesize and characterize nano-urea at post graduate laboratory of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Pune and which is named as COAP (College of Agriculture, Pune). Nano-urea was synthesized from granular conventional urea and characterised for size of nano particles by using scanning electron microscope. The experiment consisted of twenty one combinations of treatment based on 3 levels of recommended doses of nitrogen (0, 50, 75%) and six nitrogen levels for foliar sprays and water spray as a control which was replicated twice in factorial completely randomized Design (FCRD). The foliar sprays of nitrogen consisted of four levels of COAP nano-urea @ 50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm, IFFCO nano-urea @ 160 ppm and conventional urea @ 10,000 ppm applied at 30 and 50 DAS.
 It could be revealed that average size of COAP (22.419 nm) and IFFCO (22.773 nm) nano-urea was almost same. Results revealed that conjoint application of 75% nitrogen along with two foliar sprays of conventional urea @10,000 ppm, COAP nano-urea @ 200 ppm and IFFCO nano-urea @ 160 ppm taken at 30 and 50 DAS for wheat recorded significantly higher periodical plant height and leaf area at 35 and 55 DAS. Significantly higher plant height was reported with combine application of 75% RDN along with two foliar sprays of urea @ 10,000 ppm (76.83 cm) which was statistically at par with nano-urea of IIFCO (76.20 cm) and COAP (74.20 cm) than rest of the treatment at 55 DAS. In case of leaf area, application of 75% RDN along with two foliar sprays of either conventional urea @ 10,000 ppm, IFFCO nano- urea @ 160 ppm and COAP nano-urea @ 200 ppm at 35 and 55 DAS. Application of 75% recommended dose of nitrogen along with two foliar sprays of 10,000 ppm conventional urea recorded significantly higher grain (45 g pot-1) and straw yield (65.39 g pot-1) of wheat which was found to be significantly at par with 75% RDN + IFFCO nano-urea @160 ppm (44.91 and 62.87 g pot-1) and 75% RDN + COAP nano-urea @ 200 ppm (44.83 and 60.66 g pot-1).

Growth and productivity of Bt cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i>) underrow spacing and nitrogen doses

A study was carried out at the Campus for Research and Advanced Studies, Dhablan, within the Department of Agriculture at Khalsa College, Patiala, Punjab during the rainy (kharif) season of 2019. The study encompassed 3 distinct row spacing levels i.e. 40 cm, 60 cm, and 80 cm combined with 4 nitrogen application levels, viz. 25% of the recommended nitrogen dose (RDN), 50% RDN, 100% RDN (equivalent to 90 kg/ha) and an elevated 125% RDN. Results indicate that both row spacing and nitrogen levels play a noteworthy role in influencing the growth traits, yield related attributes and overall yield of Bt cotton. Specifically, a row spacing of 80 cm exhibited superior performance in terms of growth characteristics such as leaf area per plant, no. of monopodial branches per plant, and no. of sympodial branches per plant. This choice of row spacing subsequently contributed to the enhancement of yield attributing characters, including single boll weight, the number of picked bolls per plant, seed weight per boll and seed weight per plant. But row spacing of 60 cm is required to produce a higher seed cotton yield, ginning percentage, biological yield, harvest index and economic parameters. Among nitrogen levels, 125% RDN kg/ha recorded significantly higher growth, yield attributing parameters, yield, and economic parameters followed by 25% and 50% RDN kg/ha but on par with 100% RDN kg/ha. Therefore, drawing from the findings of this study, it can be deduced that the row spacing of 60 cm with 100% RDN kg/ha is required for getting higher growth and productivity of Bt cotton. These findings contributes to enhance the resource efficient practices, maximizes yield and promotes sustainability. Optimized nitrogen levels benefit both crop and soil health, reducing the impact of excess usage and insufficient nitrogen on crop while boosting productivity for long-term farm viability, all while considering the crucial aspect of row spacing.

Efficiency of urea with urease and nitrification inhibitors in the production of bermuda grass fodder

The adoption of strategies aimed at a more efficient use of nitrogen (N) and ontaining hig yields are important to satisfy the demand for food for animals and humans. The Tifton 85 Bermuda grass (Cynodon spp.) is a crop with high productive potential and may be used to create hay, but its culture requires elevated doses of nitrogen. In this sense, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate, in field conditions, the growth and production of Tifton 85 Bermuda grass according to nitrogen doses with urea containing urease and nitrification inhibitors for two agricultural years — eight cycles of forage growth. The treatments were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three repetitions in a 3x5 factorial scheme. Treatments were: I) urea; II) urea + triamide N-(n-Butyl) thophosphoric (NBPT) urease inhibitor; and III) urea + nitrification inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) with N rates (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1 of N) applied after each growth period. Then, the study proceeded to estimate forage dry mass and N concentrations in dry mass for each of the growth cycles and their sum, as well as the apparent N recovery. N critical levels were set when relative production reached 90%. The use of urease (NBPT) or nitrification (DMPP) inhibitors did not improve the efficiency of urea regarding growth and production of Tifton 85 Bermuda grass. The appropriate dose of nitrogen for Tifton 85 Bermuda grass in a hay production system is 40 kg per ton of dry mass produced in each growth period.

Effect of foliar spray of nano urea and 2% urea on growth parameters which contribute to yield of safflower

The results from the present investigation showed that application of 100% nitrogen in the form of urea top dressing at vegetative stage and foliar spray of nano urea and 2% urea at reproductive stage improved the physiological parameters and yield of safflower. The growth parameters viz. leaf area index, relative growth rate, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate and seed yield recorded maximum values with 100% N application, while they reduced when the nitrogen dose was halved.

Nitrogen Use Efficiency Using the 15N Dilution Technique for Wheat Yield under Conservation Agriculture and Nitrogen Fertilizer

Conservation agriculture (CA), which could contribute to sustainable agriculture, maintains or improves soil nitrogen fertility by eliminating tillage (no-tillage). Quantitative assessment of soil constituents is enhanced by stable isotope techniques such as 15N, which are used to better understand nitrogen dynamics. This study was therefore carried out to assess the impact of tillage type and fertilizer application on soil and plant nitrogen fractionation. The trial consisted of two tillage types: no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT). Three nitrogen doses (82, 115, and 149 kg ha−1) were applied. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. The Louiza variety of durum wheat was used in this study. Soil nitrogen sequestration was assessed using the stable nitrogen isotope (15N) method. The statistical analysis (ANOVA) showed that, overall, there was no significant difference between tillage types and nitrogen doses for grain and straw yields and grain total nitrogen. In contrast, the effect of both factors and their interaction were significant for straw total nitrogen. There was no difference between tillage types for grain nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), even though NT was superior to CT by 3.5%, but nitrogen doses had a significant effect and a significant interaction with tillage type. When comparing nitrogen doses for each tillage type separately, results showed that the average NUE for grain was 20.5, 8.4, and 16.5%, respectively, for the three nitrogen doses for CT compared with 26.8, 19.0, and 30.6% for NT, indicating clearly the better performance of NT compared to CT. Regarding straw, the NUE is 3.2, 3.5, and 5.4% for CT compared with 3.4, 4.9, and 9.2% for NT. NUE in grain and straw under no-tillage was higher than under conventional tillage in all three nitrogen doses. These results show that soil conservation techniques such as no-tillage and the integrated application of nitrogen fertilizer can be good strategies for reducing soil nitrogen losses.

Growth and Yield of Broccoli Vegetables (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) on Types and Dosages of Manure

Broccoli is a vegetable commodity that has high commercial value and prospects in Indonesia, because of its role in fulfilling food, feed, and industrial needs. In cultivating broccoli plants, they still face production problems due to nutrient availability problems. Farmers generally use chemical fertilizers continuously. Continuous use of chemical fertilizers will increase soil acidity, damage the physical condition of the soil, reduce organic matter, make plants vulnerable to pests and disease, and reduce soil microbial life. Many consumers are interested in organic broccoli. The use of organic fertilizer as an alternative to chemical (inorganic) fertilizer can reduce environmental pollution and create healthy broccoli (Brassica oleracea) vegetable products. One of the organic fertilizers is manure which is a waste product from domestic animals such as chickens, goats, and pigs which are generally found in Tomohon City. Manure can be used to add nutrients, and improve the physical and biological properties of soil. The quality of manure depends on the animal and greatly influences crop yields. The research objectives are: (1) Studying the effect of the interaction between the type and dose of manure on broccoli growth and yield, (2) Obtaining the type and dose of manure that provides the highest growth and yield of broccoli, and (3) Get semi-organic broccoli by using a 25% dose of compound nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK) fertilizer. To achieve the above objectives, this research used a Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with 2 treatment factors and 3 replications the first factor was the type of manure (A) which consisted of A1: Chicken manure, A2: Goat manure, A3: Pig manure. The second factor is the dose of manure (B) which consists of B0: 125 kg NPK/hectare, B1: 20 manure/hectare, B2: 30 kg/hectare. The observation variables include plant height, number of leaves, diameter of broccoli per plant, and wet weight of broccoli per plant. Data analysis uses Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). If the results of the analysis show that there is an effect of treatment, then continue with the BNT test at the 5% level. The results showed that the treatment with goat manure at a dose of 20 tons/hectare and without manure at half the recommended dose of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium gave the highest number of leaves (18.67 and 19.67 leaves). The best broccoli crop diameter was treated with goat manure at a dose of 20 and 30 tons/hectare. The weight of the best broccoli crop in goat and pig manure at a dose of 20 tons/hectare was 47.67 grams.

Effect Of Long Term Application Of FYM And Vermicompost On Soil Carbon Pool, Enzymes And Microbial Activities In Pearl Millet-Chickpea Cropping Sequence After 6th Crop Cycle

The field experiment was carried out on a fixed site at the research farm of Bajra Research Scheme, College of Agriculture, Dhule, Maharashtra, India which was initiated during 2013-2014. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with eight treatments replicated three times. Treatments for pearl millet composed of T1: Control, T2: 100% recommended dose of fertilizer through inorganic fertilizers, T3: 100 % recommended dose of nitrogen through farm yard manure, T4: 100 % recommended dose of nitrogen through vermicompost, T5: 50 % recommended dose of nitrogen through farm yard manure + 50 % recommended dose of nitrogen-through vermicompost, T6: 5-ton farm yard manure ha-1, T7: 3-ton vermicompost ha-1 and T8: 2.5-ton farm yard manure ha-1 + 1.5-ton vermicompost ha-1). However, treatments for chickpeas are composed of T1: Control, T2: 100% recommended dose of fertilizer through inorganic fertilizers, T3 to T8: residual effect of farm yard manure, and vermicompost alone and in combinations. The experimental soil was alkaline, calcareous, clayey in texture, low in available nitrogen and phosphorus and high in available potassium. The continuous application of the 100 % recommended dose of nitrogen through farm yard manure for 6 years to pearl millet showed improvement in organic carbon fractions, soil enzyme activity, soil microbial population, and pearl millet equivalent yield. This treatment was followed by the application of 50 % recommended dose of nitrogen through farm yard manure + 50 % recommended dose of nitrogen through vermicompost.

Productivity, nutrient indices and soil nutrient status of short grain aromatic rice-green gram system as influenced by integrated nutrient management strategies

New age challenges of irrational use of fertilizers under monocropping of rice calls for integrative nutrient management strategy along with establishment of rice based cropping system. A field study was carried out in 2017–18 and 2018–19 at Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India to investigate the integrated nutrient management strategies on productivity, nutrient indices and soil nutrient status in short grain aromatic rice-green gram cropping system. The experiment was set up in split plot design with six nutrient management strategies in rice were taken in main plot in randomized block design and three nutrient management strategies in green gram were taken as sub plot in split-plot design in sequence. Results revealed that application of 50% NPK+ 50% Recommended Dose of Nitrogen (RDN)-FYM to rice followed by 75% NPK + Rhizobium + Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria to green gram recorded the highest rice equivalent yield and production efficiency in 2017–18 and 2018–19 followed by 50% NPK+ 50% RDN-FYM to rice followed by 100% NPK to green gram. Application of 50% NPK+ 50% RDN-FYM to rice and 75% NPK + Rhizobium + PSB to green gram recorded the highest partial factor productivity of nitrogen, nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen uptake efficiency in the system. Soil nutrient status of the cropping system improved with balanced application of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients compared to mineral fertilizers only. Thus, supplementing FYM and sesbania as organic manures along with reduced dose of inorganic fertilizers improved sustainability of rice-green gram system along with improving soil fertility.