Dose Of Monosodium Glutamate Research Articles

Monosodium glutamate altered renal architecture and modulated expression of NMDA-R, eNOS, and nNOS in normotensive and hypertensive rats

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) administration has been shown to pronounce hypertension and oxidative status with increased renal blood flow (RBF), however, the precise mechanisms of action have never been demonstrated. This study aimed to investigate the MSG action by studying the alteration in renal architecture and specific protein expression in 2-kidney-1-clip hypertensive comparing to sham operative normotensive rats. The administered doses of MSG were 80, 160, or 320 mg/kg BW daily for 8 weeks. Using routine chemical staining, the congestion of glomerular capillaries, a lesser renal corpuscles and glomeruli size, a widen Bowman capsule's space, an increase in mesangial cell proliferation and mesangial matrix, renal interstitial fibrosis, focal cloudy swelling of renal tubular epithelial cells were observed. Immunological study revealed an increase in the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) but a decrease in neuronal NOS (nNOS). It is suggested that MSG may upregulate the NMDA-R levels which responsible for the oxidative stress, glomerular injury, and renal interstitial fibrosis. The NMDA-R may also stimulate eNOS overexpression which resulted in renal microvascular dilatation, a raise in RBF and GFR, and natriuresis and diuresis promotion. Long-term exposure of MSG may trigger adaptation of tubuloglomerular feedback through nNOS downregulation.

Metabolic effects of a submaximal dose of pink salt and monosodium glutamate in experimental rats

Background & objectivesPink salt and monosodium glutamate (MSG) are two typical food additives used in cooking to enhance flavour. However, excessive use of them has been associated to a variety of metabolic problems, including weight gain and hyperglycemia. The current study aimed to assess the metabolic changes caused by submaximal dosages of MSG and pink salt in experimental rats. MethodsTwenty-four 120–150 g Wister rats of both sexes were divided into three groups: control, pink salt-treated (0.8 g/kg daily for three weeks), and MSG-treated (3.6 g/kg daily for three weeks). The body weight, amount of food and water consumed, and blood glucose levels of animals were measured and recorded as indicators of their metabolic changes. Furthermore, after salt treatments at intervals such as week 1, week 2, and week 3, the survival rate and general toxicity manifestations were determined. The results were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA, with p < 0.05 being considered significant. ResultsThe study found that the group given a submaximal dose of MSG gained significantly more weight (p < 0.05), consumed more food and water, and had higher blood glucose levels than the control. Ninety percent of the MSG therapy group survived by the end of the third week, however, they suffered from negative effects like abdominal distention, respiratory problems, ptosis, and subcutaneous swelling. On the other hand, the consumption of food and drink was significantly (p < 0.05) increased upon the administration of pink salt. Only little changes were observed in the body weight, blood sugar levels, and general features (such as subcutaneous swelling, change in bowel colour, and loose stools). Additionally, it was shown that the survival rate remained unchanged, particularly after week 3. ConclusionAccording to study findings, MSG may induce metabolic issues, increasing the chance of death. While there was no discernible metabolic aberration linked to pink salt. Further research is required to fully understand the mechanism and consequences of these taste enhancers on the host system before pink salt can be deemed safe.

The Effect of a High Monosodium Glutamate Diet in Inducing Changes in Microbiota Diversity and Kidney Pathology in Hamsters Infected with Opisthorchis viverrini

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of a combination of a high dose of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and chronic Opisthorchis viverrini (O. viverrini) infection on kidney pathology and microbiota changes compared to either factor alone.METHODS: Forty male golden hamsters were divided into four groups (10 hamsters per group): non-infected hamsters fed with standard diet (NC), O. viverrini infected hamsters fed with standard diet (OV), non-infected hamsters fed with high doses of MSG in drinking water (MS), and O. viverrini infected hamsters fed with high doses of MSG in drinking water (OM). After 8 months, fecal samples were collected, DNA extracted and subjected to 16S-rRNA sequencing analysis to determine microbial diversity. Kidneys were also collected for histopathological study.RESULTS: Kidney histopathology showed tubular damages and tubular fibrosis were significantly prominent in the OM group, which showed higher pathology changes than in the OV group or MS groups. Next generation sequencing indicated that the levels of Firmicutes to Bacteroides ratio decreased in the OV group (0.28), MS group (0.43) and OM group (0.43) respectively when compared to control group (0.52). In genus levels, Methanobrevibacter, Ruminococcus_1, Escherichia Shigella, Bacteroides, Akkermansia and Oligella were abundance in the OM group.CONCLUSION: The changing of gut microbiota distribution and kidney pathology changes were more severe in the cases of O. viverrini infection together with MSG consumption. This study provides a first step towards focusing on diet and parasitic infections.

Potential Defence Mechanisms Triggered by Monosodium Glutamate Sub-Chronic Consumption in Two-Year-Old Wistar Rats.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is the sodium salt of glutamic acid (GLA), used as a flavour enhancer. MSG is considered a controversial substance. It is incriminated in disturbing the antioxidant system, but also has beneficial effects, as GLA metabolism plays a crucial role in homeostasis. This study highlights which positive or negative aspects of MSG sub-chronic consumption are better reflected in subjects potentially affected by advanced age. Daily doses of MSG were administered to four groups of two-year-old Wistar rats for 90 days: (I) 185 mg/kg bw, (II) 1500 mg/kg bw, (III) 3000 mg/kg bw and (IV) 6000 mg/kg bw, compared to a MSG non-consumer group. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, direct and total bilirubin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine and urea levels were analysed; stomach, liver and kidney samples were subjected to histopathological analysis. Although, in most cases, there were no statistical differences, interesting aspects of the dose-effect relationship were observed. After MSG sub-chronic consumption, the positive aspects of GLA seem to be reflected better than the negative ones. The hormesis effect, with low-level reactive oxygen species' protective effects and GLA metabolism, may represent the hypothesis of a potential defence mechanism triggered by MSG sub-chronic consumption in ageing rats.

Enhancement of hippocampal-dependent spatial memory by Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) characterized by activation of NMDA receptors against monosodium glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in rats

Background and Aim Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is used in food-additives, and the Food and Drug Administration has placed it under intense scrutiny following several reports that it causes glutamate neurotoxicity. Ashwagandha (ASH) roots are traditionally used for memory enhancement. This study aimed to evaluate the nootropic activity of ASH as well as its therapeutic anti-amnesic activity against MSG-induced hippocampal-dependent spatial memory impairment and hippocampal-NMDAR modulation. Method A total of 36 rats were divided equally into six groups (n = 6 in each group); the rats in the normal and negative groups were administered daily doses of normal saline and MSG (300 mg/kg), respectively, for 21 days. Two nootropic groups were administered ASH at 300 and 500 mg/kg o.p., respectively, for 21 days. Two other treatment groups were administered daily doses of MSG 300 mg/kg o.p. as well as 300 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg o.p. of ASH for 21 days. The rats’ spatial memory was assessed for five days using the MWM. Additionally, NMDAR were measured quantitatively by immunohistochemistry. Results We found that the rats in the nootropic groups showed significantly enhanced nootropic activity characterized by improved hippocampal-dependent spatial memory, as well as increases in the level of NMDAR in the Cornu Ammonis 1 region of their hippocampus. Moreover, we elucidated the therapeutic potential of ASH to protect against the depression of spatial memory caused by MSG-induced neurotoxicity. Conclusion Further, we elucidated a strong correlation between NMDAR-positive cells in the hippocampus and enhancement of spatial learning induced by long-term administration of ASH as well as a strong correlation between NMDAR positive cells in the hippocampus and depression of spatial learning induced by long-term administration of ASH and MSG.

Subchronic Administration of High-dose Monosodium Glutamate Causes Spatial Memory Dysfunction and Structural Deficits of Rat Hippocampus

Introduction: The toxicity of high concentration monosodium glutamate (MSG) has become a controversial issue because of its inconsistent results in human and animal studies. This present study aims to evaluate the effect of subchronic high-doses oral administration of MSG on spatial memory performance and hippocampal pyramidal cells number. Methods: This study involved twenty-eight male Wistar rats, which were divided into a control group of NaCl 0.9% and three intervention groups of MSG 1.0 mg/g bodyweight (M1), 2.0 mg/g bodyweight (M2), and 4.0 mg/g bodyweight (M3) for 30 days. Statistical analysis used a One-way ANOVA test. Results: The result showed significant differences in spatial memory on the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test, including path length (p = 0.020) and escape latency (p = 0.011) according to general linear model repeated measurement analysis. The mean difference of estimated hippocampal pyramidal cells total number among the groups showed volume (p = 0.001), numerical density (p = 0.590), and cells number (p = 0.004). Furthermore, Post-Hoc analysis in both spatial memory and hippocampal pyramidal cells showed that the increasing MSG dose from 1.0 to 4.0 mg/g bodyweight led to a decrease in the results of spatial memory performance on the MWM test and a decrease in hippocampal cells. Conclusion: The present study has provided novel quantitative data that subchronic administration of high-dose MSG caused deleterious effects on the spatial memory function and the volume and number of hippocampal pyramidal cells.

Evaluation of the cardiac effect of monosodium glutamate (Ajinomoto) in albino rats

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a common food ingredient and taste enhancer, but consuming large amounts of it has prompted many questions about its safety and potential negative effects, particularly on the heart. Therefore, this present study evaluated the effect of MSG on the heart. Eighteen (18) albino rats were randomly grouped according to their body weight into 3 groups A, B, and C with 6 rats in each group. Group A were used as controls. Group B received high dose (4 mg/kg) of the monosodium glutamate concentration while group C received a low dose (2 mg/kg) of the monosodium glutamate concentration for twenty-one (21) days. The activity of the heart was assessed by determining the level of CK-MB, LDH and AST in the serum. It was observed that rats on high dose of MSG gained significant weight when compared to control group. A non-significant (P&gt;0.05) decrease in CK-MB, statistically significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in LDH and statistically significant decrease in AST were seen in the high dose MSG group when compared to the control group. Low dose MSG group did not show any significant alterations in the biochemical parameters measured. The histopathology analysis showed that the myocardial fibres of the high dose and low dose MSG group are normal. These results showed that MSG can cause weight gain at high dose, but there was no observable damage to the heart at high and low doses.

Daily consumption of monosodium glutamate pronounced hypertension and altered renal excretory function in normotensive and hypertensive rats

This study aimed to investigate the effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the levels of arterial blood pressure (ABP) and renal excretory function. Male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups (n = 24 each) namely sham operation (SO) and 2-kidneys-1-clip (2K1C) to develop the normotensive and hypertensive model, respectively. Four weeks after the operation, each group of rats were further divided into 4 subgroups (n = 6 each) which were orally administered of either distilled water or MSG at the doses of 80, 160, or 320 mg/kg BW/day once a day for 8 weeks. The body weight, the 24-hour water intake, and the 24-hour urine output were recorded weekly. Then, each rat was anesthetized and the ABP was measured via carotid artery. The renal excretory function was examined by using the clearance technique to measure the levels of the glomerular filtration rate and the renal blood flow. The levels of serum malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker of oxidative stress were analyzed. The expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the kidneys was also investigated using immunohistochemistry. It was found that all doses of MSG significantly increased the ABP in both SO and 2K1C groups. All doses of MSG significantly increased the serum MDA levels and the expression of TNF-α in the kidneys of the SO groups. Long-term intake of 320 mg/kg BW MSG significantly decreased the renal excretion of salt and water in both SO and 2K1C groups. As a whole, this study demonstrated that MSG consumption contributed to an increase in oxidative stress which could lead to alterations in the cardiovascular and renal function.

Monosodium glutamate consumption reduces the renal excretion of trimethylamine N-oxide and the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in the gut

We previously demonstrated that monosodium glutamate (MSG) consumption increases trimethylamine (TMA) level in the renal tissue as well as dimethylamine and methylamine levels in urine of rats, suggesting the effects of MSG on humans. To better define the findings, we investigated whether MSG consumption alters serum trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) level, and as a consequence, induces kidney injury in the rat model. Adult male Wistar rats (n = 40) were randomized to be fed with a standard diet (control group) or a standard diet with 0.5, 1.5 or 3.0 g% MSG corresponding to 7, 21, or 42 g/day in 60 kg man, respectively in drinking water (MSG-treated groups), or a standard diet with 3.0 g% MSG in drinking water which was withdrawn after 4 weeks (MSG-withdrawal group). Blood and urine samples were collected to analyze the TMAO levels using 1H NMR and markers of kidney injury. Fecal samples were also collected for gut microbiota analysis. We found serum TMAO levels increased and urinary TMAO excretion decreased during MSG consumption, in parallel with the increase of the neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) excretion which subsided with the withdrawal of MSG. The fecal 16 S rRNA analysis during MSG consumption showed gut microbiota changes with a consistent suppression of Akkermansia muciniphila, a mucin producing bacteria, but not of TMA-producing bacteria. In conclusions, our findings suggested that prolonged high dose MSG consumption may cause TMAO accumulation in the blood via reduction of renal excretion associated with acute kidney injury. The mechanisms by which MSG reduced TMAO excretion require further investigation.

Vitamin E Suppresses Aortic Ultrastructural Alterations Induced by Toxic Doses of Monosodium Glutamate

An association between certain food additives and chronic diseases is reported. Current study determined whether administering toxic doses of the food additive monosodium glutamate (MSG) into rats can induce aortopathy in association with the oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers upregulation and whether the effects of MSG overdose can be inhibited by vitamin E. MSG at a dose of (4 mg/kg; orally) that exceeds the average human daily consumption by 1000x was administered daily for 7 days to the rats in the model group. Whereas, rats treated with vitamin E were divided into two groups and given daily doses of MSG plus 100 mg/ kg vitamin E or MSG plus 300 mg/kg vitamin E. On the eighth day, all rats were culled. Using light and electron microscopy examinations, a profound aortic injury in the model group was observed demonstrated by damaged endothelial layer, degenerated smooth muscle cells (SMC) with vacuoles and condensed nuclei, vacuolated cytoplasm, disrupted plasma membrane, interrupted internal elastic lamina, clumped chromatin, and damaged actin and myosin filaments. Vitamin E significantly protected aorta tissue and cells as well as inhibited MSG-induced tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). The highest used vitamin E dosage was more effective. Additionally, a significant correlation was observed between the aortic injury degree and tissue MDA, TNF-α, IL-6, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels (p=0.001). Vitamin E effectively protects against aortopathy induced by toxic doses of MSG in rats and inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation.

Глутамат натрію: механізми впливу і роль у розвитку структурних змін органів та систем (огляд літератури)

The purpose of the study was to analyze the available published data on the effects of monosodium glutamate on structure and function of different organs and systems of a living organism, as well as the role of monosodium glutamate in the development of certain pathologic conditions. Special attention was dedicated to the data pertaining the reported morphological manifestations of monosodium glutamate unfavorable effects on cardiovascular, digestive and reproductive systems, as well as metabolic processes. Data about suspected genotoxicity of monosodium glutamate was also analyzed with the effects on cancerogenesis in focus. Careful attention was paid to general design of specific studies, doses of monosodium glutamate administered and the rout of administration applied to facilitate estimation of relevance and clinical significance of the data obtained in any given study. Materials and methods. The search was done in the databases of Google Scholar, NCBI, PUBMED and Web of Science using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis PRISMA) Guidelines. The depth of the search was 10 years but several older papers that were significant for understanding the background of the monosodium glutamate research were also included. Results and discussion. Monosodium glutamate is a flavor enhancer that is widely used and is consumed by adults and children on a daily basis. Despite monosodium glutamate is generally considered to be safe for consumption and is permitted for use in many countries, numerous studies have shown its various toxic effects on organs and tissues that resulted in impaired structure and function. That is why scientific research on monosodium glutamate effects on the structure and function of certain organs and systems of a living organism remains relevant, especially given the variety and somewhat ambiguity of the data available. Available evidence of monosodium glutamate induced morphological changes has special clinical significance, as it is the structural disturbances that are the main underlying cause of impaired functions that result in development of pathologic processes and diseases. So determination of relevance and estimation of quality of the data available is crucial for its interpretation and determination of its possible clinical extrapolation. Conclusion. The data shows that monosodium glutamate consumption may be associated with adverse effects, particularly with cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, metabolic disorders, obesity, diabetes mellitus, chronic inflammation, behavioral changes and even genotoxicity. However, taking into account different design and methodology of the studies and various doses of monosodium glutamate administered, certain difficulties that arise while extrapolating the studies’ results to wider population and their sometimes limited clinical application point towards the need for further research and generalizations on the effects of short-term and long-term administration of various doses of monosodium glutamate and their effects on molecular, biochemical and structural levels

ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES AND EFFECT OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF Mangifera indica (MANGO) SEED KERNEL ON SERUM ELECTROLYTES OF MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE-CHALLENGED RATS

Attention is shifting to plant food waste sourced diets and drugs. This study investigated the in vitro antimicrobial properties and in vivo electrolyte imbalance in monosodium glutamate (MSG)-challenged rats' serum of ethanol extract of pulverized Mangifera indica (mango) seed kernel, MSKE. Antimicrobial activity of MSKE was evaluated by agar well diffusion method against five fungi - Histoplasma capsulatum, Fusarium oxysporum f. spp, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Penicilium notatum and six bacteria - Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonorrhea, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Streptococcus Pneumonia and Salmonella typhi. Intoxicating dose of MSG and MSKE were given to adult rats for 14 days by conventional methods. Antimicrobial activity of MSKE revealed a dose dependent activity on the tested pathogens with maximum and comparable activity to Ciprofloxacin and Ketoconazole standards on all organisms observed at 2000 mg/ml inhibition zone. Antibacterial activity was highest in S. pneumonia followed by E. coli, S. typhi, N. gonorrhea, S. auerus and P. aeroginosa. Antifungal activity was highest in C. albicans followed by P. notatum, H. capsulatum, A. Niger and F. oxysporum f. spp (F. spp). Administration of MSG significantly (p &lt; 0.05) hampered the electrolytes while MSKE co-administration negated these effects by MSG notably on sodium and bicarbonate ions concentration in rats' serum. Thus, MSKE had comparable-to-standards antimicrobial properties against the tested pathogens at 2000 mg/ml inhibition zone and tended to normalize MSG-related alteration of electrolyte balance via probable beneficial sodium and bicarbonate ions metabolism in the rats' serum.

Systemic administration of monosodium glutamate induces sexually dimorphic headache- and nausea-like behaviours in rats.

Ingestion of monosodium glutamate (MSG) causes headache, nausea, and craniofacial tenderness in healthy individuals. The present study explored whether MSG produces behavioural signs of headache, nausea, and changes in craniofacial sensitivity in rats. The behavior of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats was video recorded before and after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of MSG (1-1000 mg/kg), nitroglycerin (GTN, 10 mg/kg), or normal saline. Behaviors (grimace score, head-flicks, rearing, head scratches, facial grooming, lying-on-belly, and temporalis muscle region mechanical withdrawal threshold) were evaluated. Facial cutaneous temperature of the nose and forehead was measured before and after i.p. injections via infrared thermography. Plasma glutamate and calcitonin gene-related peptide concentrations after administration of 1000 mg/kg MSG were measured in anesthetized rats. Monosodium glutamate induced nocifensive, headache-like, and nausea-like behaviors in a dose-related manner but had no effect on mechanical threshold. Monosodium glutamate (1000 mg/kg) induced a significantly greater frequency of headache-like behavior in females but a longer duration of nausea-like behavior in males. Monosodium glutamate produced a prolonged increase in plasma glutamate and calcitonin gene-related peptide concentrations. Co-administration of the median effective dose of MSG (350 mg/kg) with GTN (10 mg/kg) amplified headache-like behaviors, induced significant craniofacial sensitivity, and produced increased nausea-like behaviour. Co-administration of sumatriptan or naproxen with MSG (1000 mg/kg) significantly attenuated MSG-induced nocifensive and headache-like behaviors. Our data suggest that systemic administration of MSG to rats induces behavioral correlates of headache and nausea. This model may offer another avenue for research on the mechanism and treatment of primary headache disorders such as migraine.

Ginger modulates gene expression of oxidative stress, single and double DNA strand breaks, and micronucleus induced by variant durations and doses of monosodium glutamate in mice

This study aims to compare the genotoxic effects of low and high MSG doses in short and long term (6-12 weeks) exposure, as well as to investigate the potential protective effect of ginger co-administration against MSG genotoxicity. The expression of antioxidant genes (GST, MT1, CAT) and single and double strand DNA repair genes (XRCC1, FEN1) were analyzed also to detect DNA damage using the micronucleus assay. 120 Swiss albino male mice were allocated into six groups for each time interval exposure. Group 1 (Control), Group 2 received daily 160 mg/kg b.wt ginger, Group 3 (100 mg/kg b.wt MSG), Group 4 (240 mg/kg b.wt MSG), Group 5 (100 mg/kg b.wt MSG and 160 mg/kg b.wt ginger) and Group 6 (240 mg/kg b.wt MSG and 160 mg/kg b.wt ginger). Results revealed that high dose of MSG significantly increased GST expression in short- and long-term exposure. While short-term exposure to MSG both doses induced significant upregulation of CAT expression. The expression level of XECC1 was significantly increased by the MSG high dose in short-term treatment. Both doses significantly increased FEN1 expression level, particularly high dose of MSG in long-term exposure. The expressions of antioxidant genes and DNA repair genes are significantly downregulated in short and long exposure by both doses when co-administered with ginger. Moreover, long-term MSG exposure is associated with an increase micronucleus frequency. We concluded that MSG induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in mice. Additionally, ginger could be a potential candidate agent for reducing the genotoxicity caused by MSG.

A comparison of mutagenic potential of Aji-no-Moto with a traditional chemical mutagen on microsporogenesis in barley (Hordeum vulagre L.)

Aji-no-Moto or Mono Sodium Glutamate (MSG) is a flavour enhancer being used extensively in South East Asian cuisine. The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology for the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has concluded that MSG is safe when "eaten at customary levels" but there is still great confusion regarding its toxicity at higher concentrations. Therefore, it was decided to assess the mutagenic efficacy of MSG on a plant system and present the findings as a model for probably similar effects in the animal model. For this, a traditionally popular genus for genetic studies, Hordeum vulgare L. or winter barley, was used as the model system. The studies of microsporogenesis were done in order to see the long term effect. The sets were compared with experimental sets of plants grown from seeds treated with a traditional chemical mutagen Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS). The study revealed that MSG does not induce much genotoxic effects at lower doses and the chromosomal damages induced were very few. However, at higher doses, it almost equals the effects of EMS in terms of heritable genetic damage. The work is significant as MSG continues to be one of the most popular flavouring agents and does not face any challenge to its biosafe status. However, the clastogenic and chromotoxic effects of higher doses of MSG as observed in the study are in total contradiction to the popular belief.

Study of Application Liquid Organic Fertilizer and Monosodium Glutamate on Chlorophyll and Yield of Cannabis

Cannabis (Canna edulis Kerr.) is a plant source of local food that contains carbohydrates so that cannabis is included as an alternative food crop to replace rice. The purpose of this study was to obtain a dose of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) and monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the chlorophyll content and yield of cannabis. The research was conducted from October 2020 to April 2021 on agricultural land in Plumbon Village, Selopampang, Temanggung with an altitude of 460 m above sea level. The research method was arranged in a completely randomized block design using a factorial experiment consisting of two factors and repeated three times. The first factor is the POC dose with levels: 0 mL/L, 2 mL/L, 3 mL/L, and 4 mL/L. The second factor was the dose of MSG consisting of: 0 g/plant, 3 g/plant, 6 g/plant, and 9 g/plant. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with 1% and 5%. Data that showed significant differences were tested for orthogonal polynomial. The results showed that the addition of 2-3 mL/L of POC gave very significant differences in the amount of leaf chlorophyll and the fresh weight of tubers. The addition of MSG gave significantly different results to the fresh weight of tubers. The dose interaction of POC and MSG was significantly different to the fresh weight of tubers and significantly different to the amount of leaf chlorophyll.

ANALYSIS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS MARKERS IN CHRONIC CONSUMPTION OF MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE ON LIVER OF WISTAR ALBINO RATS

Objective: The study was intended to explore whether Monosodium glutamate (MSG) induces oxidative stress on the liver of Wistar albino rats when fed chronically at three different doses, namely, low, mid, and high doses identical to human consumption doses in growing countries. Methods: The acclimatized Wistar albino rats (n=24) were randomly selected and grouped into four groups, namely Control, Low dose MSG (180 mg kg), Mid dose MSG (360 mg/kg), and High dose MSG (720 mg/kg). The animals were orally administered MSG for 120 days. After completion of the experimental period (120 days), euthanized animal liver was homogenized to investigate the oxidative stress marker enzymes such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Catalase (CAT), and Myeloperoxidase (MPO). Results: The MPO showed a significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in liver homogenate of all MSG induced groups when compared to control group. The SOD, CAT, and GPx activity deteriorated (p&lt;0.05) in monosodium induced groups contrasting to the control group. Conclusion: The effects of MSG on oxidative stress markers on liver homogenate in the current study exhibited erratic abnormal changes in oxidative stress markers of monosodium induced groups which contemplate the harmful effects of MSG consumed chronically. The further studies should confirm the genetic basis of oxidative stress damage and transform the safety regulations of MSG consumption throughout the world.

BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF CHRONIC CONSUMPTION OF MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE ON LIVER OF WISTAR ALBINO RATS

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if there were any harmful effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the liver of Wistar albino rats chronically at three different doses, namely, low, mid, and high doses equivalent to human consumption doses in developing countries. Methods: The Wistar albino rats (n=24) were divided into four groups, namely control, Low dose MSG (180 mg/kg), Mid dose MSG (360 mg/kg), and High dose MSG (720 mg/kg). At the end of the experimental period (120 days), animal blood was collected retro-orbitally to analyze the liver enzymes such as aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Total protein, Albumin, and Total Bilirubin in blood serum. Lipid profiles, namely, Triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and Total cholesterol were subjected to analysis using blood serum. Results: Significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in AST, ALT, ALP, and total bilirubin in serum of MSG induced low, mid, and high dose groups when compared to control group were recorded. There was a significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in LDL, decrease in HDL, increase in total cholesterol and triglycerides of MSG-induced animal groups. Conclusion: The effects of MSG on serum liver enzymes and lipid profiles in this present animal study were not severely alarming even though the dosage was chronic which opens further discussion on the controversies revolving around MSG.

Safety assessment of monosodium glutamate based on intestinal function and flora in mice

Although monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widely used food additive, its safety and systemic side effects have not been fully clarified. The intestinal flora is closely associated with human health; however, it remains unclear whether MSG consumption can affect health by acting on the intestinal flora. In this study, serum biomarkers, intestinal structure, intestinal immunity, and intestinal flora were examined to investigate the effects of different doses of sodium glutamate on the body, intestinal function, and intestinal flora of mice. The results showed that 30mg/kg MSG had no significant effect on serum C-reactive protein, trimethylamine N-oxide, angiotensin II, intestinal interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, secretory IgA and fecal albumin in mice, but also promoted intestinal development and regulated the intestinal flora. Moreover, 1500mg/kg MSG increased the risk of cardiovascular disease and damaged the intestinal structure and flora. In this study, MSG was also found to be healthier than salt at the equivalent sodium concentration. Collectively, these findings suggested that low doses of MSG were safe for mice and may have some health benefits as a probiotic by promoting intestinal development and regulating the intestinal flora.

The Effectiveness Of Monosodium Glutamate And Types Ofplanting Media On The Growth Of Orchid Plant (Dendrobium sp) In Acclimatization Phase

The need for orchids in Indonesia are still very large, including the Dendrobium "Indonesia Raya" orchid which is still popular. Obstacles in orchid propagation are very slow growth at the acclimatization stage so that alternatives are needed to spur the vegetative growth of orchid plantlets whose materials are easily available and affordable. One of the efforts to spur growth is by using a combination of fern media, husk charcoal, and wood shavings and using Monosodium glutamate (MSG) as a fertilizer supplement in the growth of orchid plantlets at the aclimatization stage. This study aims to determine the effect of the type of planting medium and the application of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and its interaction on the growth of the Dendrobium "Indonesia Raya" orchid at the acclimatization stage. The method used was a 2-factor factorial randomized block design (RBD). The first factor was the type of planting medium, namely ferns, husk charcoal, wood shavings, ferns + husk charcoal, ferns + wood shavings, ferns + husk charcoal + wood shavings. The second factor is the dose of Monosodium glutamate, namely without MSG, 2.5 grams / liter of water and 5.0 grams / liter of water. Located in the Laboratory and Green House of the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries of Makassar City from December 2020 to February 2021. The results showed that the dose of Monosodium glutamate do not provide a significant response to the growth of orchid plantlets while the combination of fern + charcoal growing media could increase the vegetative growth of orchids. Dendrobium "Indonesia Raya" at the aclimatization stage.&#x0D;