Dose Of Urea Research Articles

CUTTING EFFECTS ON ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA) GROWN UNDER UREA WITHOUT RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI FORAGE DYNAMICS

In order to see the effects of cutting on the forage dynamics of alfalfa to which urea was added instead of Rhizobium meliloti, this study was conducted in one year.A randomised full block design was used to conduct the trials. Four treatments were carried out with different doses of urea in experimental plots of 3 m by 1 m: a dose of 30g/plot; a dose of 40g/plot, a dose of 50g/plot and a last dose of 60g/plot. In addition to these treatments, there is the control which is alfalfa whose seeds have been inoculated.Forage production has fluctuated over the course of ten cuts done. The results are as follows : dose 1, the minimum obtained is 1597.71 kg DM/ha obtained in section 1 and the maximum is 2704 kg DM/ha obtained in section 5 ; dose 2, the minimum is 1943.97 kg DM/ha obtained in section 1 and the maximum is 3394.8 kg DM/ha in section 5 ; dose 3, the minimum obtained is 2424.00 kg DM/ha obtained in section 8 and the maximum is 4255.97 kg DM/ha in section 3; dose 4, the minimum is 2288.00 kg DM/ha in section 8 and the maximum is 4501.01 kg DM/ha in section 1. For the control, the minimum dry biomass obtained is 1549.00 kg DM/ha obtained in section 3 and the maximum is 2719.01 kg DM/ha obtained in section 3. In every cut, leaf/stem ratio was superior to 0.5. The results of this work show that cutting has a strong impact on alfalfa forage production. After this, alfalfa yield producted in this study is better than natural forage yield production, it means that alfalfa can be a solution for animal feed to face forage problems.

Evaluation of three doses of urea applied to leaves, sprayed at pre-veraison and veraison, on Tempranillo must volatile composition over two seasons

The volatile composition of grapes has a direct impact on the final aromatic composition of wine and plays a crucial role in determining its quality. Various factors, such as agronomic practices, climatic conditions or grape variety, can influence the volatile composition of grape juices. This study aimed to determine the influence of three doses of urea, applied at two different phenological stages (pre-veraison and veraison), on the volatile composition of Tempranillo musts, during two consecutive seasons. The urea application did not have an impact on the yield of the vineyard or the general parameters of the Tempranillo must. However, the three different concentrations of urea modified the volatile composition. Specifically, the higher concentration of urea improved the terpenoids, C13 norisoprenoids, and benzenoid compounds in grape juice. Additionally, when urea treatments were applied at pre-veraison, terpenoids, C13 norisoprenoids, esters, and benzenoid compounds were improved in Tempranillo must. However, the weather was an important factor influencing the volatile compounds in Tempranillo musts. Consequently, foliar applications of urea could be an interesting viticulture practice in order to enhance the volatile compounds in Tempranillo musts.

DAMPAK PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) TERHADAP PEMBERIAN PUPUK ANORGANIK DAN KOMPOS LIMBAH LUMPUR IPAL PABRIK KARET DI PEMBIBITAN UTAMA

Jambi Province was one of the centers of oil palm plantations in Indonesia and there was another problem likes the age of the plants which had getting older and its worried caused decrease in production. Therefore, its was necessary to replanted oil palm for produced high quality seeds. The purpose of study was to determine the response of application and discover the best single dose of inorganic fertilizer and WWTP sludge compost in the growth of oil palm seedlings in the main nursery. This research was conducted at Teaching and Research Farm, UNJA (September-November 2022). This study used Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatments, (k0 = Urea, TSP, KCl recommended dose, k1 = Urea,TSP, KCl half recommended dose + 100 g WWTP sludge compost, k2 = Urea, TSP, KCl half recommended dose + 200 g WWTP sludge compost, k3 = Urea, TSP, KCl half recommended dose + 300 g WWTP sludge compost, k4 = Urea, TSP, KCl half recommended dose + 400 g WWTP sludge compost. The results showed the application of a single inorganic fertilizer and WWTP sludge compost was able to increased growth of seedling height, root dry weight and root volume. However, its has not been able to be increase of tuber diameter, the number of leaves, shoot dry weight and root crown ratio. Doses of Urea, TSP, KCl half recommended dose + 100 g WWTP sludge compost gived the best average growth of 6-month oil palm seedlings in the main nursery.

Growth Rate and Production of Hybrid and Local Maize (Zea Mays L.) in Response to Various Doses of Nitrogen Fertilization

Corn (Zea mays L.) is a strategic commodity after rice so that the productivity need to be optimize through nitrogen fertilization. The aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of various doses of urea fertilizer on the growth rate and yield of hybrid corn and local corn. This research was conducted from June to October 2022 on the pilot land of the Agricultural Training Center (Bapeltan), Hajimena, Bandar Lampung. The factorial experiment (5x2) was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The first factor is urea fertilizer doses, namely: 200 kg/ha (N1), 250 kg/ha (N2), 300 kg/ha (N3), 350 kg/ha (N4) and 400 kg/ha (N5), while other fertilizers were given to all experimental plots in the same rate (150 SP-36 kg/ha and 100 kg KCl kg/ha). The second factor is the corn variety, included V1 (BISI-18) and V2 (Tongkol Merah) varieties. The results showed that increasing dose of urea from 200 to 400 kg/ha was not able to increase the growth rate of both corn varieties. The productivity of the BISI-18 corn variety is higher than that of the Tongkol Merah as indicated by the wet weight of the cobs (g), the dry weight of grains per plot (g), and the yield of corn dry grains (tons/ha). The yield of dry corn seeds for the BISI-18 corn variety was 11.7 tons/ha, while for the Tongkol Merah variety was 9.44 tons/ha. Keywords: Fertilizer dosage, Hybrid corn, Local corn, Nitrogen use efficiency, Yield.

In Situ Synthesis and Characterizations of a Strontium-Substituted Dicalcium Phosphate Anhydrous/Hydroxyapatite Biphasic Whisker and Its Properties Evaluation.

Dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA) presents good biomineralization ability, the strontium element is known for superior bone affinity, and a whisker possesses good mechanical strength; all these are beneficial for improving the drawbacks of hydroxyapatite (HAP) like weaker mechanical properties, poor biomineralization, and slower degradation/absorption. Therefore, a homogeneous precipitation was adopted to synthesize Sr-substituted and DCPA and HAP coexisting whiskers. The composition, structure, and morphology based on urea dosage and substitution content were characterized, and the roles of DCPA, Sr, and whisker shape were investigated. It turned out that Sr-DCPA/HAP biphasic products contained about 19% DCPA and 81% HAP, and both phases occupied the outer and inner parts of the whisker, respectively. Increasing the urea dosage made the morphology transform from a sea urchin shape to fiber clusters and then whiskers, while Sr substitution brought the whisker back to the porous microsphere shape. Only 5% of Sr content and 15 g of urea could maintain the whisker shape. Sr could promote the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells even at a higher extract concentration of 10 mg/mL. The cells stayed in a healthy state whether cocultured with the whisker or the microsphere. The unstable DCPA combined with the decreased crystallinity brought by Sr doping contributed to shortening the apatite deposition period to within 7 days. The whisker morphology enhanced the compressive strength of acrylic resin, and the apatite layer helped to reduce the strength loss during soaking. The Sr-DCPA/HAP biphasic whisker with enhanced overall properties possessed more promising potential for biomedical application.

Different Nitrogen Levels with Nano and Prilled Urea Spray on Productivity and Profitability of Maize (Zea mays L.) in alfisols of Jharkhand

A ground-breaking and enduring way to significantly reduce the use of conventional nitrogen fertilizer is to use nano-urea as a nitrogen supplement. The combination of nano and prilled urea was investigated in this study to address this issue and allowing for a 25% reduction in the recommended urea dosage. Research on rainfed maize during kharif season was conducted at ICAR-IARI Jharkhand. Twelve different combinations of conventional prilled urea, nano and prilled urea spray were investigated in the study. In the fields, the experiment used a randomized block design. Different treatments included applying prilled urea as a 2% solution in 150 liters of water per hectare and nano-urea at a rate of 1250 ml/acre applied twice through foliar application. Results showed that applying two additional applications of nano-urea along with 75% of the recommended dose of prilled-urea was the most successful fertilization strategy. This performed statistically equal with both the 100% recommended dose and the 100% recommended dose with two prilled urea spray applications in terms of yield, and cost-to-benefit ratio. The study's findings show that nano-urea can safely replace at least 25% of the dosage of prilled urea i.e. recommended, providing a more profitable and environmentally friendly method of cultivation.

Plant Growth-promoting Potential of Oil Palm Boiler Ash-based Organomineral Fertilizer for Green Mustard Cultivation Under Reduced Urea Dose in Ultisols

This study aims to demonstrate the capability of Oil Palm Boiler Ash (OPBA)-based organomineral fertilizer (OMF) to maintain the growth, green biomass yield, and N uptake of green mustard under a reduced N application rate. This research was carried out from March to May 2021 in a research area in Bengkulu City with a Randomly Complete Block Design scheme and three replications. The treatment consisted of P0 = control (without OMF or urea), P1 = 200 kg urea ha−1, P2 = 325 kg OMF ha−−1 + 50 kg urea ha−−1, P3 = 650 kg OMF ha−−1 + 50 kg urea ha−−1, P4 = 975 kg OMF ha−−1 + 50 kg urea ha−−1, and P5 = 1300 kg OMF ha−−1 + 50 kg urea ha−−1. The results showed that the growth and green biomass yield increased as the application rate of OMF increased. Treatment of P5 produced the highest growth, green biomass yield, and N uptake, equivalent to P2 treatment. The green biomass yield at P5 was 161% higher than that at P0. Therefore, OMF has the potential to promote the agronomic performances of green mustard under 50% reduced N dose in Ultisols. Keywords: slow release fertilizer, nutrient management, oil palm waste, organic pellet fertilizer, green mustard

Effect of Nano Urea on Growth, Yield and Nutrient uptake of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L.)

Aim: The foliar application of nano urea is aimed at reducing the soil application of conventional urea. Nano fertilizers enhance crop growth and yield while enhancing nutrient uptake and reducing costs. They provide precise nutrient management, match crop growth stages, and offer an increased surface area for metabolic reactions. This boosts photosynthesis, leading to higher dry matter production and crop yield. Foliar application of nano urea (liquid) at tillering and booting stages in finger millet fulfills the nitrogen requirement and reflects higher crop productivity. Higher productivity of crops in a sustainable manner could be achieved by applying an appropriate combination of conventional fertilizers and nano fertilizers. Study Design: The experiment was laid out in split design with three replications. Place and Duration of Study: A field experiment was conducted in deep black soils at Agricultural Research Station, Siruguppa, during kharif 2022. Methodology: There were sixteen treatment combinations, consisting of different doses of nitrogen (no nitrogen, 50% RDN, 75% RDN and 100% RDN) with different concentrations of nano urea and conventional urea sprayed at tillering and booting stages for HR-13 variety of finger millet. Results: Application of 100% RDN has recorded significantly higher plant height, tillers plant-1, total dry matter accumulation, grain yield and straw yield (129.82 cm, 10.10, 36.17 g plant-1, 36.87 q ha-1 and 71.72 q ha-1, respectively) in comparison to no nitrogen and 50% RDN. However, 75% RDN (123.04 cm, 9.61, 34.02 g plant-1, 34.84 q ha-1 and 68.01 q ha-1, respectively) found on par with 100% RDN. Among foliar nitrogen, spray of nano urea @ 4 ml L-1 recorded significantly higher plant height (121.59 cm), tillers plant-1 (9.37), total dry matter accumulation (33.16 g plant-1), grain yield (31.97 q ha-1) and straw yield (65.52 q ha-1) compared to 0.5% and 1% conventional urea. However, nano urea @ 2 ml L-1 was on par with 4 ml L-1 nano urea and 1% conventional urea. Similar trend was recorded with regard to nutrient uptake by finger millet. Conclusion: Foliar application of nano urea reduced the dosage of conventional urea by 25 per cent.

Mycorrhizal inoculation and fertilizer microdosing interactions in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) under greenhouse conditions.

Soil fertility is a major constraint to agricultural development in the Sahel region of Africa. One alternative to reducing the use of mineral fertilizers is to partially replace them with microbes that promote nutrition and growth, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Mineral fertilizer microdosing is a technique developed to enhance fertilizer efficiency and encourage smallholder farmers to adopt higher mineral fertilizer applications. A pot experiment was set up to study the effects of AMF inoculation on the mineral nutrition of pearl millet under mineral fertilizer microdosing conditions. The experimental setup followed a randomized complete block design with five replicates. The treatments tested on millet were an absolute control and eight microdoses derived from the combination of three doses of 15- 10-10 [nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK)] mineral fertilizer (2 g, 3 g, and 5 g per pot), three doses of urea (1 g, 2 g, and 3 g per pot), and three doses of organic manure (OM) (200 g, 400 g, and 600 g), combined with and without AMF (Rhizophagus irregularis and Rhizophagus aggregatum). The parameters studied were growth, root colonization by AMF, and mineral nutrition. Plant height, stem diameter, root dry biomass, and percentage of root mycorrhization were measured. The results revealed a significant effect of the fertilizers on the growth of pearl millet compared to the control. AMF and OM treatments resulted in the highest biomass production. AMF combined with microdoses of NPK improved N and calcium (Ca) concentrations, while their combination with organic matter mainly improved the K concentration. Combining AMF with microdosed NPK and compost enhanced zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni) concentrations. Root colonization varied from 0.55 to 56.4%. This investigation highlights the positive effects of AMF inoculation on nutrient uptake efficiency when combined with microdosing fertilization.

Physiological Response of Two Amaranth Varieties (Amaranthus tricolor L.) to Urea Applications

Amaranth, a highly nutritious leaf vegetable, requires adequate nutrients, especially nitrogen fertilizers, to grow well and produce an optimal yield. Urea is commonly used to promote the growth of amaranth plants. This study examined the physiological responses of two varieties of amaranth to the application of urea fertilizer. This study examined the physiological responses of two varieties of amaranth to the application of urea fertilizer. This investigation was conducted in July - August 2023 in Sukosari Village, Jumantono, Karanganyar. The study utilized a completely randomized design (CRD) with two treatment variables. The first variable consisted of a variety of amaranth, including green (B1) and red (B2) varieties. The second variable in the study was the dosages of urea, including 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 kg.ha-1. The study observed no correlation between various varieties of amaranth and the dose of urea applied in terms of plant growth and physiological activities. There was no discernible impact on the growth or physiological activity of both varieties of amaranth when urea fertilizer was applied. Both varieties of amaranth showed similar physiological responses to urea fertilization. However, the effect of adding urea fertilizer was to enhance the vegetative growth of amaranth plants.

Response of Maize (<i>Zea may</i> <I>L.</I>) Cultivars to Urea Time Application on Phenology, Growth and Grain Yield at Bako, East Wollaga, Ethiopia

The results of this research provide a basis for additional exploration and advancement, which will culminate in suggestions for the timing of split urea treatment and cultivars for sustainable maize production within the study region. During the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons, a field experiment was conducted at the Bako Agricultural Research Center to determine the response of hybrid maize cultivars to urea split application on phenology, growth, and grain production. In the experiment, six levels of urea split application were applied to two types of corn. T1 = 1/2 dose of urea at planting + 1/2 dose of urea at Knee height; T2 = 1/2 dose of urea at planting + 1/2 dose of urea at tasseling; T3 = 1/ 3 dose of urea at planting + 1/3 dose of urea at knee height + 1/3 dose of urea at tasseling; T4 = 2/3 dose of urea at knee height + 1/3 dose of urea at tasseling; T5 = 1/2 dose of urea at knee height + 1/2 dose of urea at tasseling; and T6 = 1/4 dose of urea at planting + 1/2 dose of urea at knee height + 1/4 dose of urea at tasseling. The experiment's randomized complete block design made use of three replications. The primary effects of the urea split time of application were found to have a substantial impact on plant height, 90% physiological maturity, grain production, total leaf area per plant, and leave area index. Three urea split applications 1/4 dosage at planting, 1/2 dose at knee height, and 1/4 dose at tasseling provided the maximum net benefit of EB 246,536.7 ha-1 and the best marginal rate return of 2822.26% for maize output. In conclusion, urea split application 1/4 doses at planting stage 1/2 dose at knee-height and 1/4 dose at tasseling stage is the best time of application in good rainy seasons and hence recommended for the end users. However, in the case of erratic and heavy rainy seasons, application at three times should be used to get maximum profit and acceptable MRR.

Deep mineralization of bisphenol A via Cu–Mn spinel oxide nanospheres anchored N-doped carbon activated peroxymonosulfate

Fenton-like technology can efficiently remove recalcitrant pollutants, but developing catalytic oxidation system for deep mineralization of pollutants remains a challenge. Therefore, Cu–Mn spinel oxide nanospheres anchored N-doped carbon (CMO/NC) was prepared by a one-step calcination method and used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for efficient mineralization of bisphenol A (BPA). With the use of 0.5 g/L CMO/NC and 0.2 g/L PMS, the added BPA (50 mg/L) was completely degraded and deeply mineralized (nearly 95.2 %) in 9 min. The apparent first-order degradation rate constant k was 0.557 min−1, which was 61.9, 6.2 and 2.5 times than those in the systems of N-C/PMS (0.009 min−1), CuO/NC/PMS (0.09 min−1) and Mn3O4/NC/PMS (0.22 min−1). A comparison between the catalytic performances of CMO/NC catalysts prepared by changing the dosage of urea confirmed the catalysis synergism between Cu–Mn spinel oxides and N-C. A further comparison between the catalytic performances of CMO/NC catalysts prepared by varying the Cu/Mn molar ratio of the precursors showed that the synergy between Cu and Mn sites promoted the catalytic activity, with a synergistic effect factor of 1.8. XPS and H2-TPR characterizations proved that strong Cu-Mn interaction caused Mn species easier to donate electrons to PMS and Cu species easier to accept electrons from PMS. The degradation pathway and intermediate toxicity suggested that the system did not produce secondary pollution. Based on the results of EPR and capture experiments confirming that 1O2 was the major active species, a mechanism on PMS activation was proposed. Through investigations of continuous flow BPA wastewater removal, the influence of coexisting anions and catalyst cycling stability, it was clearly demonstrated that the present system had broad application prospects.

Efficacy of Nano Urea on Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Irrigated Maize under Temperate Ecology

A field experiment was conducted during the Kharif-2022 season at the Agronomy Research Field, FOA, SKUAST-Kashmir, to investigate the efficacy of nano-urea in improving nitrogen-use efficiency in irrigated maize. Ten treatments were evaluated viz., T1: Control, T2: Recommended dose of Nitrogen (RDN) as basal (prilled urea), T3: 75% RDN + 1 spray nano-urea at 2 ml L-1 (60 DAS), T4: 75% RDN + 1 spray at 4 ml L-1 (60 DAS), T5: 50% RDN + 2 sprays at 2 ml L-1 (30 and 60 DAS), T6: 50% RDN + 2 sprays at 4 ml L-1 (30 and 60 DAS), T7: 25% RDN + 2 sprays at 6 ml L-1 (30 and 60 DAS), T8: 25% RDN + 2 sprays at 8 ml L-1 (30 and 60 DAS), T9: 25% RDN + 1 spray at 6 ml L-1 (60 DAS), T10: 25% RDN + 1 spray at 8 ml L-1 (60 DAS). The experiment was carried out following a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results revealed that treatment T6 (50% RDN as basal + 2 sprays at 30 and 60 DAS at 4 ml L-1 of nano-urea) exhibited superior performance compared to the recommended nitrogen dose (T2) and other treatments in enhancing nutri-ent-use efficiency. Notably, treatment T6 demonstrated the highest nitrogen uptake in grain (101.92 kg ha-1) as well as stover (67.41 kg ha-1), surpassing all other treatments. Additionally, agronomic efficiency was significantly higher in T8, while physiological efficiency peaked in T6. Yield attributes and overall yield showed consistent improvements in treatments receiving nano-urea. Furthermore, treatments utilizing nano-urea demonstrated higher net returns and benefit-cost ratios, with T6 particularly standing out. These findings underscore the potential of foliar application of nano-urea to halve the recommended dose of prilled urea, thereby enhancing nitrogen uptake, nutrient-use efficiency, yield, and economic returns, while promoting sustainability in agriculture.

Prescribed fire and grass mulch impact on selected soil properties and amelioration potentials of amendments under an agricultural field in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Prescribed fire (slash and burn) tends to impede the sustainable functionality of soil in agricultural systems. However, the use of amendment has a potential to reverse these negative effects. Prescribed fire is still used by farmers in Nigeria for land preparation before planting. This has continued to increase soil degradation in Nigeria with no agronomic activities that could ameliorate this effect in view. This study therefore examined the influence of prescribed fire and grass mulch on selected soil physical properties and organic carbon immediately after burning, and the potential of amendment to improve the soil properties negatively affected by fire. The prescribed fire treatments consisted of 200 °C and 500 °C fire intensities using Megathyrsus maximus (a large perennial bunch of grass that is dominant in the study area) as the fuel and also served as the grass mulch. Cured poultry manure at 7.5 t ha−1 was combined with urea at 40 kg N ha−1 and applied as a combined amendment while a single dose of urea was applied at 80 kg N ha−1 as an inorganic amendment. The experiment was carried out across three cropping seasons on maize (Zea mays L.) in 2019 and 2020. Soil water repellency (SWR), bulk density (Db), soil unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (Kunsat), water stable aggregates (WSA), soil strength (SS), and soil organic carbon (SOC) were determined immediately after burning and three months after amendments were applied. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated using the Duncan multiple range test at p≤0.05. Results showed that prescribed fires increased SWR by an average of 50.1 and 62.7 % for 200 °C and 500 °C intensities, respectively compared with the control. Three months later, the SWR was reduced by 25.9 % and 62.3 % for 200 °C and 500 °C, respectively when no amendment was added. Notably, the addition of sole urea and cured poultry manure + urea reduced the SWR by 50 % and 48.5 %, respectively in the 200 °C intensity, and 62.2 % and 62.7 % in the 500 °C intensity, respectively. Also, Kunsat was reduced by an average of 49.6 and 62.2 % by 200 °C and 500 °C intensities, respectively just after burning. However, it was not improved three months after the prescribed fires despite the applied amendments. The prescribed fire of 200 °C and grass mulch had no significant influence on OC just after the fire. Also, amendments did not significantly improve OC three months after prescribed fire. Therefore, the non-improvement of other soil properties, after the applied amendments, showed that further study is required to determine the required rate of the applied amendments that will significantly improve other soil properties negatively affected by prescribed fire in agricultural soils.

Effect of Micronutrients on Incidence, Damage Severity of Sucking Insect Pests of Sunflower and its Impact on Yield and other Arthropods

An experiment was conducted in a field on 23074/N latitude and 90035/E longitude at the central farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh from November 2021 to April 2022. The experiment of eight treatments as follows: T1 = Urea @ 210 gm/plot + TSP @ 84gm/plot + MoP @ 98gm/plot [recommended doses (RD) of Urea, TSP and MoP] +Boron @ 7.0 gm/ Plot+ ZnSo4 @ 8.4 gm/ Plot ;T2 = RD of Urea, TSP and MoP +Spraying 0.2% Borax @ 2gm/ L of water; T3= RD of Urea, TSP and MoP +Spraying 0.2% ZnSo4 @ 2gm/ L of water; T4= RD of Urea, TSP and MoP +Spraying 0.5% Borax @ 5gm/ L of water; T5 RD of Urea, TSP and MoP +Spraying 0.2% Borax + 0.2% ZnSo4 @ 2gm/ L of water; T6 = Urea @ 210 gm/plot+ TSP @ 180 gm/plot+ MoP @ 150gm/plot + Spraying 0.5% ZnSo4 @ 5gm/ L of water; T7 = Urea @ 210 gm/plot+ TSP @ 180gm/plot+ MoP @ 150gm/plot+ MgSo4 @ 12 gm/ Plot and T 8= control. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 8 treatments and 3 replications. The overall result indicates that the combination of different micronutrients decreased the incidence of sucking insect pests of sunflower and increased the abundance of beneficial arthropods compared to T8 treatment. In T1 treatment, the lowest leaf infestation percentage caused by aphid 17.49 and 19.50 %; Jassid 14.19 and 14.89 % and White fly 26.18 and 30.83 % at the vegetative and reproductive stages respectively. The highest number of beneficial arthropods per plot of lady bird beetle both adults and grubs ((3.63 and 5.53 respectively); honey bee (22.36), ant (3.55), spider (1.42) was also recorded in T1 treatment. The highest yield contributing characters of sunflower, the highest of head/ capitulam diameter (9.75cm), height of plant per plot (179.73 cm), leaf width (14.24 cm), leaf length (21.05 cm), area of leaves per plant (62.29 cm) and number of leaf per plant (21.93), number of total head per plot (29.83), number of seed per head (725.56), weight of single seed (1.03 mg), and weight of seed per head (54.96 gm) of sunflower were observed in T1 treatment which was statistically different from among all other treatments. The highest sunflower yield (1.92 kg /plot) and oil content (0.93 liter/2kg and 46.5%) were also observed from T1 treatment. Among the different micronutrient treatment combinations, different micronutrients using in T1 treatment were more effective for the reducing the incidence of sucking insect pests on sunflower. In the term of effect of micronutrients, T1= Recommended doses of Urea, TSP and MoP + Boron @ 7.0 gm/ Plot+ ZnSo4 @ 8.4 gm/ Plot; was an eco-friendly pest management practice for sunflower by which one can significantly reduce pest infestation without use of any chemical insecticides.

Changes in the Bioavailability of Ionizable Herbicides in Volcanic Soils Due to Soil Acidification by Urea as Fertilizer

The application of urea as a nitrogen fertilizer and herbicide is a common practice in agricultural systems. However, there is no background information on how the soil acidification caused by urea might affect the herbicide bioavailability in volcanic soils. The persistence study was conducted under microcosm incubation conditions in two Andisol soils amended with a field equivalent nitrogen dose of 200 kg N ha−1 and double dose of 400 kg N ha−1. Clopyralid, fluroxypyr, picloram, and triclopyr, acidic ionizable herbicides, were applied at the field equivalent dose. Adsorption studies were also carried out on both soils at pH 4, 5, and 6. Clopyralid and picloram showed the greatest increase in half-life in the range of 20–80%. The application of twice the dose of urea resulted in minor changes. A higher adsorption implies a higher persistence of the herbicides. This was more evident for the Piedras Negras soil (PNS). The conclusion of this work is that soil acidification by urea increases the persistence of ionizable herbicides in Andisol soils and that this effect depends on the acidity of the herbicide and the physico-chemical characteristics of the soil, which are among the most determining factors.

Clinical factors associated with hyponatremia correction during treatment with oral Urea.

Oral urea is being used more commonly to treat hyponatremia, but factors contributing to the correction rate are unknown. We hypothesized that clinically relevant factors can be identified to help guide hyponatremia correction with oral urea. Retrospective study in two university hospitals including hospitalized patients with hyponatremia (plasma sodium < 135mmol/L) treated with oral urea. Linear mixed-effects models were used to identify factors associated with hyponatremia correction. Rates of overcorrection, osmotic demyelination and treatment discontinuation were also assessed. We included 161 urea treatment episodes in 140 patients (median age 69 years, 46% females, 93% syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis). Oral urea succeeded fluid restriction in 117 treatment episodes (73%), was combined with fluid restriction in 104 treatment episodes (65%) and was given as only treatment in 27 treatment episodes (17%). A median dose of 30 grams/day of urea for 4 days (interquartile range 2-7 days) increased plasma sodium from 127 to 134mmol/L and normalized hyponatremia in 47% of treatment episodes. Older age (ß 0.09, 95%CI 0.02 to 0.16), lower baseline plasma sodium (ß -0.65, 95%CI -0.78 to -0.62), and higher cumulative urea dose (ß 0.03, 95%CI -0.02 to -0.03) were independently associated with a greater rise in plasma sodium. Concurrent fluid restriction was associated with a greater rise in plasma sodium only during the first 48h of treatment (ß 1.81, 95%CI 0.40 to 3.08). Overcorrection occurred in 5 cases (3%), no cases of osmotic demyelination were identified, and oral urea was discontinued in 11 cases (11%) due to side-effects. During treatment with oral urea, older age, higher cumulative dose, lower baseline plasma sodium and initial fluid restriction are associated with a greater correction rate of hyponatremia. These factors may guide clinicians to achieve a gradual correction of hyponatremia with oral urea.

PENGARUH APLIKASI PUPUK KOMPOS DAN BIOCHAR TERHADAP POPULASI BAKTERI DI RIZOSFER DAN PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN PADI GOGO (Oryza Sativa L.)

This reasearch to describe the effect of the application of compost and biochar on bacterial population in rhizosphere and growth of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) This research was conducted in November-January 2021. The method used in this study was experimental by conducting experiments in greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram. Meanwhile, the analysis of chemical and biological properties was carried out at the Chemistry and Soil Fertility Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram. The results showed that the soil used before planting was relatively less fertile (chemically). The soil used in this study had a pH value of 5.0 and available-P had 0.95 ppm, total N was 0.19%, K-exchanged was 0.22 meq/100g. In addition, the organic matter content as reflected by the C-organic value is only 1.2% which is in the low category. And the value of cation exchange capacity is in the medium category (17.43 meq/100 g of soil). administration of doses of urea and phonska fertilizer combined with the provision of compost and biochar had an effect on the variables of plant height, number of tillers and leaf width where the P1 treatment gave a significant value compared to the P0 and P2 treatments. In the parameters of root weight and stem weight, treatment P1 was more significant than treatment P0 and P2. In the total variable of microorganisms the number of bacterial colonies was significant in the P1 treatment with an average value of 7.14, in the P1 phosphate solubilizing fungus parameter it had a significant value with an average value of 3.17, in the P1 phosphate solubilizing bacteria parameter it had a significant value with an average value of 3.61 while for the respiration parameter of microorganisms p1 has a significant value with an average value of 4.36 mg C-CO2 / g soil.

Synthesize of bio-based encapsulated nano urea modified hydroxyapatite for controlling release of nitrogen and enhancing green bean yield

The massive rise in the world population requires increasing food production, and the world needs to decrease agricultural inputs like agrochemicals to preserve natural resources. The low nutrient use efficiency of conventional fertilizers has always been a concern because of their impact on the environment, and they are considered a waste of natural resources, which is against sustainability goals. Their low efficiency is attributed to their high solubility and fast release into the soil. Controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) can reduce nutrient loss, which increases their efficiency and controls environmental pollution. In this study, single- and double-layers coating of biopolymers were applied to encapsulate nano urea-modified hydroxyapatite to control nitrogen release in soil. Hydroxyapatite was synthesized using the wet chemical precipitation method and two different rodlike and mesoporous hydroxyapatites were obtained. Nano-hydroxyapatite that had been synthesized was mixed with urea in two different amounts: 4:1 and 8:1. Biopolymers were then added on top. The current CRF synthesis strategy focuses on using low-cost, widespread biorefinery materials to decrease the manufacturing cost of CRFs. The nitrogen release rate of the synthesized CRFs and commercial urea in water and soil was studied. In field experiments, the impact of CRFs on green bean growth and yield was studied. The results showed that both single and double-coated CRFs reduced the N release rate in the soil and increased the fertilizer's longevity to 24 days, compared to 6 days for conventional urea. The total yield of green beans increased by 48%-120% by applying 75% of the recommended dose compared with that obtained with the full dose of conventional urea (control). Also, applying double-coated CRFs at N level of 25% of the recommended dose gives a green bean yield equal to the control. The recommended treatment is SC-CRF prepared with C-HA applied at N rate of 75% to match the future increase in the required amount of food.

Nutrient Content of Corn Straw (Crude Fibre, Crude Fat and TDN) Caused by Different Doses of Urea

Nutrient Content of Corn Straw (Crude Fibre, Crude Fat and TDN) Caused by Different Doses of Urea