Doses Of Manure Research Articles

Improvement Tanah Pasir Pantai Dengan Penambahan Tanah Lempungan Untuk Media Tanam Bibit Kelapa Sawit Di Pre Nursery

Abstract—This research aims to determine the interaction between clay soil and organic material on the growth of oil palm seedlings in the pre-nursery, determine the best dose of clay for the growth of pre-nursery oil palm seedlings and determine the best dose of green fertilizer for the growth of oil palm seedlings in the pre-nursery on soil sand beach. This research was carried out at KP2 Kalikuning INSTIPER Yogyakarta, which is located in Wedomartani Village, Depok District, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region Province, which was carried out in February-May 2023. The research method used a factorial pattern with a two-factor Completely Randomized Design (RAL). The first factor, clay dosage, consists of 4 classifications, namely 0 g, 100 g, 150 g, and 200 g. The second factor is green manure dosage, which consists of 4 classifications, namely 0 g, 50 g, 75 g, and 100 g. From these two factors, 16 treatment combinations were obtained, and each treatment had 3 replications, so the total number of plants in this study was 48 seeds. The research results showed a real interaction between the combination of clay doses and green fertilizer and the number of leaves. The best treatment combination was a green fertilizer dose of 100 g/seedling with a clay dose of 150 g/seedling. Providing clay in the beach sand planting medium influences the growth of oil palm seedlings in the pre-nursery, as seen from the parameters of leaf area, fresh root weight, root dry weight, and number of secondary roots. The best dose of clay is 200 g/seedling. Providing green fertilizer influences the growth of oil palm seedlings in the pre-nursery. Based on seedling height, number of leaves, fresh weight of the crown, fresh weight of the roots, and stem diameter, the best dose of green fertilizer is 50 g/seedling. Keywords: beach sand; clay; green manure; palm oil; pre-nursery.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth, Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Economics of Rabi Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)

Long term study on different crops indicated that application of balanced NPK fertilizer couldn’t meet higher yield due to poor physical properties and micronutrient deficiencies. Keeping in view to the above concept a experiment entitled “Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Rabi Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)” was conducted at post graduate experimental farm of M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi during the rabi season, 2022. The experimental soil was sandy loam with low in available nitrogen and medium in phosphorus and potassium. The experimental design was randomized block design, which consists of 10 numbers of treatments as different combinations of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) and farmyard manure (FYM), each treatment replicated thrice. The treatments are T­1: Control, T2: 50% RDF, T3: 75%RDF, T4: 100%RDF, T5: 50%RDF+5t FYM ha-1, T6: 50% RDF + 10t FYM ha-1, T7: 75% RDF + 5t FYM ha-1, T8: 75%RDF+10t FYM ha-1, T9: 100%RDF + 5t FYM ha-1, T10: 100%RDF + 10t FYM ha-1. Among all the treatments significantly highest growth, yield attributes and nutrient uptake were recorded from the treatment 100% RDF + 10t FYM ha-1(T10). Application of 100% RDF + 10t FYM ha-1 recorded highest sorghum grain yield (2416 kg ha-1) and gross return (₹85108/- ha-1). However, maximum net return (₹48010/- ha-1) was recorded from 100%RDF + 5t FYM ha-1 but B:C ratio (1.49) from 75%RDF.

Pengaruh Pemberian Pupuk Kandang dan Pupuk Organik Cair Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.) Kultivar Granola

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the staple foods in the world. Potato productivity must be increased to comply public consumption. This study aims to determine the interaction effect of doses of chicken manure and concentration of liquid organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of potato cultivar Granola. The research was conducted from February to June 2021, in Cikole Village, Margamulya Village, Bandung Regency, West Java Province with an altitude of 1,200 m above sea level and included in the C2 agro-climatological zone based on Oldeman's classification. The experiment used a factorial randomized block design (RBD). The first factor was the dose of manure, which consisted of 3 treatment levels, namely 0, 10 and 20 tons/ha. The second factor was the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer, which consisted of 3 treatment levels, namely: 0, 2, and 4 mL/L. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. The results showed that the interaction effect between doses of manure and liquid organic fertilizer occurred on plant height at 28 days after sowing and number of tubers per plant. The single effect of manure doses or liquid organic fertilizer concentration has made a difference in the growth and yield components. A dose of 10 tons/ha of manure or a concentration of 4 mL/L of liquid organic fertilizer could increase potato yields, compared to without manure or liquid organic fertilizer.

Analysis of Omega-3 Content in Different Cultivation Treatments of Purslane Plants (Portulaca oleracea)

Purslane is a wild plant that is beneficial for human health. The aim of this research was to analyze the omega-3 content in various purslane cultivation treatments. This research was carried out in October-November 2022 at Wayamiga Village, East Bacan District, South Halmahera Regency, North Maluku Province. The tools used in this research were a scales watering can, a digital camera, a roller meter, a hose, a ruler, a rope, a counter, a plastic bucket, a plastic bag, stationery, hoe. The materials are purslane seeds, chicken manure, cow manure, label paper, and water. Population and Sample. The population in this study was purslane plants (Portulaca oleracea). At the same time, the samples were 27 purslane plant samples planted in 27 seedbeds. Research Variables: 1) The independent variable is the treatment dose of manure. 2) The dependent variable is plant growth with the parameters observed, namely vegetative growth: a) plant height and b) number of branches. Results. The single factor of chicken manure fertilization had an effect on the variable content of plant height and stem diameter of purslane at 30 HST. The single factor: Different harvest times influence the number of branches, stem diameter, and crown diameter of purslane plants which are influenced by differences in harvest time with a harvest time of 45 HST as the best treatment. The interaction between manure fertilization and different harvest times affects the variables of plant height, number of branches, stem diameter, crown diameter, and fresh weight of purslane plants. The best combination is chicken manure and a harvest time of 45 HST. The different treatments in cultivating purslane plants affect the omega-3 content, namely the differences in harvest time and the interaction between manure and differences in harvest time with the best harvest time being 35 HST and the best combination of cow manure and first harvest time

Effects of Organic Manures and Inorganic Fertilizer on Growth and Yield Performance of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) c.v. Japanese White

A Field experiment was carried out during Kharif season of 2018 at the research farm in Udai Pratap (Autonomous) College; Varanasi (U.P.), India. The site was adjoining to the Department of Horticulture of the college. The experiment consisted of Six treatments comprising of combinations of recommended doses of organic and inorganic manures (FYM, Vermicompost and poultry manures). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RBD) with six treatment combinations (T0– Control, T1 -Conventional practices- recommended FYM + fertilizer + PPI with chemicals, T2 -100% RDF through Vermicompost T3 (100% RDF through FYM), T4 -50% RDF through Vermicompost +50% RDF through poultry manure and T5 -50% RDF through FYM + 50% RDF through poultry manure. The applications of 50% RDF through Vermicompost at 7.5 ton/ha + 50% RDF through poultry manures at 5 ton/ha (T4) resulted in maximum value of growth and yield attributes viz. maximum growth (leaf length), yield parameters (root length, root weight, root diameter, root yield/ plot) and root yield q/ha. It is revealed from the data obtained that the significantly maximum root yield/ha of radish was recorded with the application of 50% RDF(Recommended dose of Fertilizer) through Vermicompost + 50% RDF through poultry manures (PPI-Pre plant Incorporation with organic methods) (T4) along with maximum net return of and maximum benefit cost ratio.

The Effect of Organic Chicken Manure Fertilizer on the Yield of Chicory Microgreens

Chicory is one of the interesting plants to cultivate microgreens. Microgreens cultivation began to trend carried out by urban communities in Indonesia during the pandemic, considering the Indonesian government's policy on the Implementation of Community Activity Restrictions. The application of organic fertilizers in microgreens cultivation planting media is important as a supplier of nutrients for the sustainability of plant growth and yield. Organic chicken manure fertilizer has been formulated consisting of chicken manure, kokopit, burnt husks and EM4 activator and fermented for 3 weeks, then tested against the growth and yield of chicory cultivated microgreens. How the effect of chicken manure organic fertilizer on the growth of chicory microgreens is the goal of this experiment. The experiment used a single-factor randomized group design consisting of five treatments and six groups. The treatment is the level of organic fertilizer dose of chicken manure, namely, 0, 125, 250, 375, and 500 g on an area of 27.10-2 M 2,100 plants with a total planting media weight of 2.103g per treatment. The experimental results showed that the level of chicken manure fertilizer 250 g per plot was the best for the variable response of fresh weight of plants, and fresh weight of roots, while the dose of 375 g had the best effect on germination, plant height, and root length.

Microbially modified effect of exogenous organic matter on soil chemical and biological indices and plant responses

PurposeExogenous Organic Matter (EOM) enriches and regenerates the soil, while solving the problem of landfilling waste such as sewage sludge and bottom sediments. The main purpose of the presented study was to estimate the influence of type and dosage of applied EOM on soil biological characteristics and supporting plant growth, with consideration of inoculation with PGPR (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria).Materials and methodsThe soil samples were characterized by measuring key enzyme activities, determining the community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) using Biolog EcoPlates, abundance of microorganisms and evaluation physical and chemical properties.Results and discussionApplication of EOM mostly increased enzyme activity as well as overall metabolic activity compared to control sample. Increasing the dose of poultry manure and sewage sludge from 20 to 40 t ha−1 increased dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity. Moreover, the addition of EOM affected the metabolic activity and the number of selected groups of bacteria and fungi.ConclusionsIn the research it was proven that application of EOM leads to relatively rapid and positive changes in soil biological activity. The research also confirmed that the supporting factor for plant growth was the inoculation with PGPR bacteria. This approach, together with the reuse of organic wastes may become an attractive approach in sustainable cropping systems in a circular economy system.Graphical

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN PUPUK KANDANG AYAM DAN POC TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI BAWANG MERAH (Allium cepa L.)

This study aims to determine the effect of chicken manure and liquid organic fertilizer on shallots (Allium cepa L.). This study used a Randomized Group Design (RAK) with 2 factors. The first factor is chicken manure consisting of 4 levels, namely: K0 = Control (without treatment), K1 = 1.83 kg/plot (equivalent to 15 tons/Ha), K2 = 2.44 kg/plot (equivalent to 20 tons/Ha) and K3 = 3.05 kg/plot (equivalent to 25 tons/Ha). The second factor is POC consisting of 3 levels, namely: P1 = 3 ml/240ml water/plant, P2 = 6 ml/240ml water/plant and P3 = 9 ml/240ml water/plant. Data analysis used analysis of variance and Duncan test. The results showed that chicken manure had a significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, number of tubers per sample, number of tubers per plot, wet tuber weight per sample, wet tuber weight per plot, dry tuber weight per sample and dry tuber weight per plot. Increasing the dose of manure will increase the growth and production of shallot plants. Chicken manure has a significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, dry bulb weight per sample and dry bulb weight per plot, but has no significant effect on the number of bulbs per sample, number of bulbs per plot, wet bulb weight per sample, wet bulb weight per plot. Chicken manure had a significant effect on the dry weight of bulbs per plot, but had no significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, number of bulbs per sample, number of bulbs per plot, wet bulb weight per sample, wet bulb weight per plot and dry bulb weight per sample.

Effect Of Managing Fertilizer Types And Dosages Of Kno3 On Plant Growth And Results Red Onion (Allium ascalonicum L)

This research was carried out on the basis of the increasing national market need for shallots while production still needs to be increased. This research was carried out from August 2022 to October 2022 in Semono Hamlet, Tempursari Village, Sambi District, Boyolali Regency. Altitude 184 above sea level, soil pH
 6, Vertisol soil type (PPT = Grumosol). This study used a Complete Randomized Block Design (RAKL) consisting of two factors, the first factor being the type of manure which is divided into three levels, namely Fermentation of Chicken Manure, Fermentation of Goat Manure, Fermentation of Cow Manure ( P1, P2, P3). The second factor is the dose of KNO3 fertilizer which is divided into three levels, namely dose 75 kg/ha, dose 150 kg/ha, and dose 225 kg/ha (K1, K2, K3). each with 3 replications. The parameters observed in this study were the response of shallot plants to each type of manure to the addition of KNO3 fertilizer including Growth Parameters which included plant height, number of tillers (Kaplings), Fresh Stove Weight, and Stove Weight dry while the plant yield parameters include wet tuber weight per sample (g), dry tuber weight per sample (g), tuber wet weight per plot (g), tuber dry weight per plot (g), tuber diameter (cm) to determine the most effective dosage of manure in combination with KNO3 doses to increase shallot crop yields. The results showed that the KNO3 dose of 225 kg/ha had a significant effect on the parameters of wet stover weight and dry stover weight.

Exogenous Application of Organic and Inorganic Nutrients and Their Impact on Agronomical Traits, Yield and Quality of Vegetable Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp

The study was undertaken on heavy black soil at Regional Horticulture Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat (India) in order to analyze the effect of foliar application of organic and inorganic nutrients on growth, yield and quality of vegetable cowpea. The field was thoroughly ploughed and harrowed followed by land levelling using wooden plank. Basal dose of manure and fertilizer of 20:40:00 kg ha-1 was incorporated in the soil during land preparation. The seeds were planted 45 cm between rows and 30 cm between plants laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with nine treatments replicated three times. Treatments were as follows: Control (T1), 2% Panchagavya (An organic solution made from cow dung, cow urine, cow butter, cow curd and cow milk) (T2), 3% Panchagavya (T3), 0.5% Novel plus organic liquid nutrients (T4), 1% Novel plus organic liquid nutrients (T5), 1.5 % Novel plus organic liquid nutrients (T6), 0.5% Micronutrient grade IV (T7), 1% Micronutrient grade IV (T8) and 1.5% Micronutrient grade IV (T9). The observations were made at the intervals of 60 and 90 DAS and data was collected on plant growth, yield and quality parameters. Results showed that the application of 1% Novel plus organic liquid nutrients (NOVEL) (T5) exhibited maximum plant height (35.73 and 56.93 cm, respectively), number of leaves per plant (39.27 and 52.73, respectively) at 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS) and increased leaf area (162.14 cm2). Substantial effect of foliar application of 1% Novel plus organic liquid nutrients (NOVEL) (T5) was detected in yield parameters viz., number of clusters per plant (12.07), number of pods per plant (58.00), marketable pod yield (6.04 kg/plot). Furthuer to this, 1% Novel plus organic liquid nutrients indicated notable effect on protein content of pods (24.04%), iron (Fe) content (220.12 ppm) and zinc (Zn) content (62.76 ppm) of cowpea pods at final harvest. Novel Plus organic liquid nutrient can play a major role in growth, yield and quality in vegetable cowpea production.

Influence of green manure (Leucaena leucocephala) dosages on eggplant (Solanum melongena) growth and yield across diverse soil types

Eggplant cultivation displays versatility across various soil types. However, nutrient depletion, a result of excessive chemical fertilizer utilization, presents a growing concern. The integration of green manure into agricultural practices, catering to diverse soil types, can remediate this nutrient loss. The purpose of this study was to investigate eggplant growth and yield responses to differing green manure quantities across varying soil types. Employing a factorial experimental method, this research was structured in a completely randomized design (CRD). Two independent variables were evaluated: green manure dosage, with three levels (30 g/plant (D1), 60 g/plant (D2), 90 g/plant (D3)), and soil type, also classified into three categories: Latosol (T1), Grumusol (T2), and Regosol (T3). Data interpretation was conducted using analysis of variance, followed by the Tukey test, each executed at α = 5% significance level. Outcomes indicated a notable interaction between green manure dosage and soil type concerning the leaf area and root fresh weight parameters. The optimal combination emerged as a 30 g/plant green manure dosage applied to Regosol soil type. Notably, individual treatments exerted divergent effects on eggplant growth parameters, though no significant impact on eggplant yield parameters was observed. This research underscores the interplay between green manure usage and soil type in cultivating eggplants, adding value to sustainable agricultural practices.

The Effect of Difference Dose Quail Manure Fertilizer on The Population Growth of Daphnia sp. that Cultured in Soy Stew Water

Daphnia sp. is one of the alternative food organisms that potential to be developed on the availability of live food organisms in the hatchery cause has many benefits, like as easy to digest by fish larvae and being able to culture in massal. The study aims to know the effect of the different doses of quail manure on the growth pattern of Daphnia sp. that be cultured in soy stew water and to know the best dose of quail manure to increase the growth rate of Daphnia sp. The experimental method was employed in this research with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of four treatments and four replicates. The treatments tested were the different doses of quail manure organic, that is 0 g/L, 2.5 g/L, 3 g/L, and 3.5 g/L. Daphnia sp. is cultured in a 10L jar with a media volume of 5L. Observation and calculations were carried out for 16 days with the initial density of Daphnia sp. being 30 indv/L. This research result showed that different doses of quail manure had a significant effect (P<0,05) on the growth pattern of Daphnia sp. The time value of the adaptation phase and the specific growth rate in treatment with a dose of 2.5; 3; and 3.5 g/L were not significantly different but better than treatment with a dose of 0 g/L, each of which is 0.243/day, 0.315/day, 0.322/day, and 0.310/day. The maximum density of each treatment was significantly different with the best value obtained at a dose of 3 g/L which was 1725 ind/L and the lowest was obtained at a dose of 0 g/L, which was 475 ind/L. Based on the result of this research, it can be concluded the treatment with a dose of 3 g/L of quail manure was the dose that gave the best growth for Daphnia sp.

Effect of Optimum Levels of Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Quality of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) cv Pant C 1

A field study was conducted in the Village Sabli of district Tehri Garhwal to know the effect of optimum levels of fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) cv Pant C 1. To assess the effect of fertilizers on yield and yield parameters randomize block design (RBD) in field and completely randomized design (CRBD) in laboratory were used with 20 treatment combinations. In this study two levels of nitrogen (40 and 80 kg N ha-1), one level of phosphorus (35 kg P2O5 ha-1), two levels of potassium (35 and 60 kg K2O ha-1) and two levels of farmyard manure (20 and 25 tonns ha-1) were taken. Among all treatment combinations, fertilizer dose of NPK and farmyard manure 80:35:35 kg and 25 t ha-1 (T9 treatment) was found most suitable for cultivation of chilli. A significant increase in yield and yield parameters were recorded like number of fruits plant-1, length of the fruit, 100 fruit weight, fruit yield kg plot-1, fruit yield q ha-1 and dry fruit yield q ha-1. The result found promising when 80 kg nitrogen, 35 kg phosphorus, 35 kg potassium and 25 tonns farmyard manure ha-1 respectively were used and was found significantly superior over other treatments. A significant effect of treatment on mean daily germination, highest value of relative growth index was recorded for T9 treatment. The T7 treatment had registered maximum mean germination time. The various treatments had significant effect on T50 and highest T50 value was observed in T7 treatment. On the basis of above study it can be suggested that fertilizer ratio of N:P:K (80:35:35) with 25 t ha-1 of FYM give good yield and plant growth.

PENGARUH PUPUK KANDANG AYAM DAN NPK SEBAGAI PUPUK DASAR TERHADAP KESUBURAN TANAH DAN HASIL TANAMAN TOMAT PADA ULTISOL KAMBU

This study aims to determine the effect of chicken manure and NPK fertilizer as a basal fertilizer on Ultisol soil fertility and tomato plant yields and to find out the dose of chicken manure and NPK fertilizer as a basal fertilizer that affect both Ultisol soil fertility and tomato crop yields. This research was carried out at the Field Laboratory II of the Faculty of Agriculture and the Integrated Laboratory of Halu Oleo University, from March to June 2022. This study was conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RBD). The treatment tested was chicken manure and NPK fertilizer as a basal fertilizer consisting of 4 treatments, namely treatment without chicken manure (K0), chicken manure 200 g polybag-1 (K1), chicken manure 400 g polybag-1 (K2), chicken manure 600 g polybag-1 (K3). Each treatment was repeated by 3 tests, so there were 12 experimental units. The results showed that the application of chicken manure and NPK fertilizer as a basal fertilizer with various doses had an influence on soil fertility and tomato crop yields. In the K0 and K1 treatment, the fertility status was low, while the K2 and K3 treatment the fertility status increases to moderate, while the dose of chicken manure and NPK fertilizer as basal fertilizers that had higher on ultisol soil fertility and tomato plant yields, namely a dose of 600 g polybag-1 (K3) when compared to and a dose of 0 g polybag-1 (K0).

Perubahan pH, Fe-larut, dan P-tersedia di Tanah Sulfat Masam Aktual (Sulfaquept) yang Diberi Pupuk Kandang Sapi dan Genangan Air

Organic matter application and water management were frequently applied to prevent the oxidation of pyrite in acid sulfate soils. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cow manure application with varying height of inundation on soil pH, soluble-Fe, and available P of acid sulfate soils. This study employed factorial treatments and in a completely randomized design. The first factor was the dosage of cow manure: 0, 10, and 20 t ha-1, while the second factor was various water depths: 5, 10, and 15 cm. Results of study showed that the interaction of cow manure and water depth did not affect soil pH, but single factor of the treatments (cow manure and water depth) significantly affected soil pH. The interaction of cow manure and water depths did not significantly decrease the solubel-Fe in the fourth week. The interaction of cow manure and water depths significantly increased P-availability in the fourth week. Results of this study demonstrated that cow manure application and water depth improved soil pH and P-availability of acid sulfate soils.

Study Of Types And Dosages Of Management On The Growth And Years Of Red Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor)

Red spinach is a vegetable whose demand is very high, so further research is needed to increase theproduction quality of this commodity. The use of organic fertilizers such as manure can help increase the yield and growth of red spinach (Amaranthus sp) cultivation. This study aims to determine the effect of the use and a good dose for growth and obtain good results on red spinach (Amaranthus sp). This study used a randomized block design consisting of 2 factors and was repeated 3 times. The first factor was the type of manure, namely chicken manure and quail manure. The second factor is the dose of manure, namely the dose of 10 tons/ha, the dose of 20 tons/ha, and the dose of 30 tons/ha. From the results of the study, it was found that there was no significant interaction with all the red spinach measurement variables.

Respon Tanaman Kangkung (Ipomea reptans Poir) Terhadap Beberapa Jenis Dan Dosis Pupuk Kandang

Kale plants are plants that are popular with the community and are rich in nutritional sources. One way to increase the production of kale plants is to provide fertilizers such as horse and chicken manure. The purpose of this study that is determine the response of water spinach (I. reptans Poir) to several types and doses of manure. This research was conducted in May-August 2022 in Hambala Village, Waingapu City District, East Sumba Regency. Experiments in this study using completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments, namely PK1 (chicken manure 2.5 tons/ha = 22.68 g/polybag); PK2 (chicken manure 5 tons/ha = 45.37 g/polybag); PK3 (horse manure 2.5 tonnes/ha = 22.68 g/polybag); PK4 (horse manure 5 tons / ha = 45.37 g/polybag). The results of the study found that the best fertilizer application that affected plant height and number of leaves was chicken manure at a dose of 2.5 tons/ha, while for fresh weight the best result was horse manure at a dose of 2.5 tons/ha.

The Combination Effect of Plant Standing and Dosage of Manureon Growth and Years of Corn (Zea Mays L.) Cultivar Sweet Lady

This study aims to determine: (1) the effect of the combination treatment spacing and manure dosage on the growth and yield of sweet corn, (2) the best combination of spacing treatment and manure dosage on the growth and yield of sweet corn, and (3) correlation between growth components and yield of sweet corn plants. The experiment was carried out in Bakung Kidul Village, Jamblang District, Cirebon Regency from November 2022 to February 2023. The experimental method used was an experimental method using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with a further test of the Scott Knott Cluster Test at a 5 percent significance level. It consisted of a combination of spacing and manure treatment, and was repeated three times. The treatment combinations were as follows: A (40 cm x 40 cm and 15 tons of manure/ha), B (40 cm x 40 cm and 20 tons of manure/ha), C (40 cm x 40 cm and 25 tons of fertilizer manure/ha), D (50 cm x 40 cm and 15 tons of manure/ha), E (50 cm x 40 cm and 20 tons of manure/ha), F (50 cm x 40 cm and 25 tons of manure/ ha), G (60 cm x 40 cm and 15 tons of manure/ha), H (60 cm x 40 cm and 20 tons of manure/ha) and I (60 cm x 40 cm and 25 tons of manure/ha). The results showed that: (1) the combination of spacing and manure treatment had a significant effect on the growth and yield of sweet corn, (2) a spacing of 50 cm x 40 cm combined with 20 tons of manure per hectare had the best effect on plant height, number of leaves, cob length, weight of cobs with and without husks per plot. Spacing of 50 cm x 40 cm combined with 20 and 25 tons of manure per hectare gave the best effect on cob diameter, cob weight with and without husks per plant, and (3) there was a significant positive relationship between plant height at 42 days old after planting, the number of leaves aged 28 days and 42 days after planting with cob weight without husk per plot.

Evaluation of the Possibility of Establishing Certain Organic Cultivation Packages as Nutrient Sources for Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Cultivation at Temperate Region of Uttarakhand, India

An utmost attempt was made to investigate the response of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) to certain types and doses of organic manures at under open condition at temperate regions of Uttarakhand during the year 2019-2020. The study comprised of varying levels of three different organic manure sources namely, FYM, compost and vermicompost, along with a check treatment replicating thrice having plot having dimensions 1 m× 1 m with a spacing of 20 cm × 20 cm. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Forty-five (45) days old chamomile seedlings (attained about 10-15 cm in height) were transplanted during October, 2019 under open field condition. The soils of the experimental site were tested favourable with respect to some of the basic physical and chemical properties. The results revealed that maximum plant height (48.26 cm), number of branches per plant (35.40) and plant spread (33.09 cm) were significantly higher under T4 (FYM @ 25 t/ha) application at 180 days after transplanting. Application of T10 (VC @ 4 t/ha) produced early flowering (119.73 days). At bud initiation stage the highest total fresh (33.12 q/ha) and dry (7.59 q/ha) biomass yield were found in T4 (FYM @ 25 t/ha). At flowering stage maximum value of total fresh (60.02 q/ha) and dry (12.70 q/ha) biomass yield were found in T10 (VC @ 4 t/ha). The results, further revealed that T10 provided the fastest crop growth rate (0.86 g/m2/day). The highest number of flowers per plant (139.73), fresh flower yield (67.35 q/ha), dry flower yield (13.95 q/ha) and maximum cost: benefit (1:3.56) were obtained in plots which received FYM @ 25 t/ha. All the organic input treatments performed better over control and the treatment FYM @ 25 t/ha shall be recommended for profitable organic cultivation of chamomile.

Assessing the effect of various doses of organic manures on herbage yield, essential oil, and compositions of sage grown under climate chamber and field conditions

Assessing the effect of various doses of organic manures on herbage yield, essential oil, and compositions of sage grown under climate chamber and field conditions