Dorsolateral Anterior Cingulate Cortex Research Articles

Central autonomic network alterations in male endurance athletes

Physical exercise causes marked adjustments in brain function and the cardiovascular system. Brain regions of the so-called central autonomic network (CAN) are likely to show exercise-related alterations due to their involvement in cardiac control, yet exercise-induced CAN changes remain unclear. Here we investigate the effects of intensive exercise on brain regions involved in cardiac autonomic regulation using resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). We explored rsFC of six core regions within CAN, namely ventromedial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral anterior cingulate cortex, left/right amygdala, and left/right anterior insula, in 20 endurance athletes and 21 non-athletes. We showed that athletes had enhanced rsFC within CAN and sensorimotor areas compared to non-athletes. Likewise, we identified two networks with increased rsFC encompassing autonomic and motor-related areas using network-based statistics analysis. In addition, rsFC displayed an inverse relationship with heart rate, where the stronger rsFC in athletes correlates with their slower heart rate. Despite this significant relationship, mediation analysis revealed that heart rate is a weak mediator of the effect of intensive physical training on rsFC. Our findings prove that physical exercise enhances brain connectivity in central autonomic and sensorimotor networks and highlight the close link between brain and heart.

Maltreatment and brain development: The effects of abuse and neglect on longitudinal trajectories of neural activation during risk processing and cognitive control

The profound effects of child maltreatment on brain functioning have been documented. Yet, little is known about whether distinct maltreatment experiences are differentially related to underlying neural processes of risky decision making: valuation and control. Using conditional growth curve modeling, we compared a cumulative approach versus a dimensional approach (relative effects of abuse and neglect) to examine the link between child maltreatment and brain development. The sample included 167 adolescents (13–14 years at Time 1, 53 % male), assessed annually four times. Risk processing was assessed by blood-oxygen-level-dependent responses (BOLD) during a lottery choice task, and cognitive control by BOLD responses during the Multi-Source Interference Task. Cumulative maltreatment effects on insula and dorsolateral anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation during risk processing were not significant. However, neglect (but not abuse) was associated with slower developmental increases in insula and dACC activation. In contrast, cumulative maltreatment effects on fronto-parietal activation during cognitive control were significant, and abuse (but not neglect) was associated with steeper developmental decreases in fronto-parietal activation. The results suggest neglect effects on detrimental neurodevelopment of the valuation system and abuse effects on accelerated neurodevelopment of the control system, highlighting differential effects of distinct neglect versus abuse adverse experiences on neurodevelopment.