Dorsal Spine Research Articles

Use of Fin Rays and Fin Spines in Nonlethal Age Estimation of Florida Bass

Abstract Nonlethal age-estimation methods for Florida Bass Micropterus salmoides using fin rays and spines would enhance trophy-bass research, management, and conservation. Nonlethal removal of fin structures would also expand opportunities for collecting age-related information, specifically during small-population projects as well as tournaments and citizen-science programs, for which sacrificing fish is not an option. We assessed the bias of age estimates derived from Florida Bass anal-, pelvic-, dorsal-, and pectoral-fin rays and anal-, pelvic-, and dorsal-fin spines by comparing them to age estimates derived from otoliths (i.e., sagittae), which are the standard for ageing Florida Bass. We evaluated the precision of age estimates by calculating the absolute difference between replicate reads of each ageing structure for each reader. Linear-mixed effects model selection indicated that precision was most affected by age, structure, and the age*structure interaction, in which the effect of age varied by structure. Age estimates from otoliths were the most precise whereas pelvic spines were the least precise among all structures examined. Bias was similar across all fin structures, but the effect of age on bias varied by reader. Marginal increment analysis indicated that annulus formation was completed from November to March in Florida Bass dorsal spines, 5 months earlier than in Florida Bass otoliths. Our results suggest that nonlethally removed fin structures, especially dorsal spines, have potential for use in estimating age, growth rates, mortality, and age structure of bass populations, which could be particularly beneficial where bass can reach unusual trophy sizes.

Sociodemographic patterns of spinal tuberculosis patients from a tertiary care teaching hospital: A 5-year cross-sectional study.

The distribution of spinal tuberculosis (STB) differs due to variations in lifestyles, socio-economic conditions, geographical locations, available medical services, and other factors. In the literature, very few studies have been done on demographic profile and morphological distribution of tuberculosis (TB) spine. We conducted this study to identify the disease distribution and various parameters affecting the disease in our area which caters to populations from both plains and hills. This was a cross-sectional study using 5-year retrospective data retrieved from medical records, Department of Orthopaedics of a tertiary care teaching hospital, from April 2015 to October 2020. The patient distribution was studied according to the different variables. A total of 286 patients were enrolled in the study. Females amounted to 54.96% (n = 159) of the total and 46.1% (n = 127) were males. The mean age of the demographic group was 36.9 years (2.5-80 years) (±SD = 17.63). The majority (46.5%) of the patients were young adults in the age group (21-40 years). The majority of deficits were seen in the dorsal spine (n = 27) followed by multifocal contiguous lesions (n = 22). Among the patients having single-segment disease, 33.9% (n = 61) involved the lumbar spine and 28.7% (n = 52) involved the dorsolumbar spine. Multifocal Potts disease amounted to 36.25% (n = 105) of the total patients. Female preponderance was observed in our study. Involvement of the lumbar spine was the most common form involving single-segment disease followed by dorsolumbar, dorsal, and cervical spine. The multifocal contiguous type of affection of STB was found to be the most common type of STB.

#2035 Use of ETElcalcetidefor pReserving vitamiN K-dependent proteInactivitYITAlian Study (ETERNITY-ITA Study)

Abstract Background and Aims Vascular calcifications (VCs) are prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and mineral disorders, associated with aortic calcification and increased bone fracture risk. The complex pathogenesis involves factors like calcium overload, phosphate imbalance, and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Key inhibitors, vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) like matrix Gla protein (MGP) and osteocalcin (BGP), play pivotal roles in VC development. Traditional VC risk reduction focuses on lowering parathyroid hormone, calcium and phosphorus levels. Etelcalcetide, a synthetic peptide activating the calcium-sensing receptor, demonstrates promise in clinical trials. Studies on Vitamin K Italian (VIKI) show that calcimimetic treated hemodialysis patients exhibit higher levels of total BGP and MGP, suggesting a protective effect. These findings underscore the multifactorial nature of VC in CKD, informing refined treatment strategies and targeted pathways for improved outcomes. The proposed study will investigate real world evidence of the effect of Etelcalcetide in preserving active forms of VKDPs among total MGP and total BGP with a resulting reduction of those inactive such as dephosphorylated-undercarboxylated MGP or dp-uc MGP, undercarboxylated BGP or uc-BGP, thus contributing to bone and vascular health in hemodialysis patients (Table 1). Method This is a multi-center comparative effectiveness observational longitudinal study with no predefined interference on drug dosing on the part of the investigators. The study will enroll 160 hemodialysis patients: 80 patients considered in the exposed group (treated with Etelcalcetide) and 80 age and sex matched patients considered in the unexposed group (treated with Calcitriol or vitamin D analogs). The treating nephrologist will base their target dose of Etelcalcetide on an individual-level patient basis in order to achieve the KDIGO PTH target level. In the Etelcalcetide-treated group, the addition of calcitriol is allowed when required by normal clinical practice (for correction of hypocalcemia) (Fig. 1). The primary endpoint is the comparison of the levels of active and non-active forms of VKDP between patients treated with Etelcalcetide and those treated with vitamin D or vitamin D analogues. The two groups will be compared for longitudinal changes in the following biomarkers, measured at baseline and after 3, 9, and 18 months of treatment: total MGP, dephosphorylated-undercarboxylated MGP, total BGP, and undercarboxylated BGP. As secondary outcomes will be evaluated bone vascular markers levels, serum calcification propensity T50 test, anemia markers levels, dialysis routine biomarkers, changes from baseline prevalence VCs (Aorta and Iliac arteries) and vertebral fractures by lateral Dorsal Lumbar spine x-Ray and Bone Mass Density (BMD) by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Results Conclusion

Evaluation of minimally invasive percutaneous transpedicular screw fixation as an evolving modality for the treatment of thoracolumbar fractures

BackgroundPercutaneous transpedicular screw fixation was recently introduced as a minimally invasive approach for the treatment of thoracolumbar spine fracture. This approach is superior to the traditional open surgical approaches in decreasing intraoperative blood loss, infection rates, and paraspinal muscle damage with less hospital stay.ObjectiveThis study aims to report our surgical experience, the feasibility and safety of percutaneous transpedicular screw fixation of thoracolumbar spine fractures.Methodwe retrospectively reviewed the charts of all adult patients with thoracolumbar spine fractures who underwent percutaneous transpedicular screw fixation during the period between January 2020 to January 2023 at Ain Shams University Hospitals and Prince Mohamed Ibn Abdelaziz Hospital. Collected data included: demographics, pre- and postoperative neurological assessment, radiological data including type of fracture and cobb’s angle pre- and postoperatively, operative time and amount of intraoperative blood loss.ResultsForty-three percutaneous pedicle screw fixation procedures were done for 42 patients. Thirty patients were males. Dorsal spine fractures accounted for 18 cases. Preoperative American spinal injury Association score was E in 37 cases. Mean operative time was 133 min (± 46.5), and mean intraoperative blood loss was 107.1 ml (± 84). The mean follow-up period was 8 months, and the average hospital stay was 7.7 days. Radiological complete bony fusion was achieved in 77% of fractures, and 93% had improved kyphotic angle with a mean correction degree of 7.9 (± 9).ConclusionPercutaneous transpedicular screw fixation is a safe and effective treatment option for the management of thoracolumbar spine fractures with or without spine decompression that provides satisfactory functional outcomes.

Saddleback syndrome in the firemouth cichlid Thorichthys meeki (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) in Campeche, Mexico

There are several external and internal abnormalities that affect development in both wild and farmed fish. One of these abnormalities is known as saddleback syndrome (SBS), characterized by abnormalities in the shape, number, or absence of dorsal pterygiophores, causing a concavity in the dorsal region and absence of fin sections. The causes of this syndrome are not yet clear, but could be caused by fishing or predator damage, nutritional deficiencies, genetic conditions and environmental stress from pollutants that may cause alteration in the ontogenetic development of the fish. This study recorded for the first time the SBS in a wild-caught specimen of Thorichthys meeki Brind, 1918 (Cichlidae). Specimens were collected in the locality of Chekubul, municipality of Carmen, Campeche, México on November 18, 2022. The development of the dorsal fin begins from the first to the ninth dorsal spine where there is a dorsal concavity, which ends with the last three dorsal spines. There is no evidence of scoliosis or lordosis from the X-ray analysis; however, the dorsal pterygiophores show irregularities in their development. The specimen with the syndrome showed no other body abnormalities that would have prevented its development to adulthood, although the causative agent is unclear.

Prevalence and Characteristics of Pathological Fractures in Patients Referred to Specialist Palliative Care: A Retrospective Study From India.

Background: Prevalence of pathological fractures in palliative care is less studied. This study aimed to determine the annual prevalence of pathological fractures and describe the characteristics and treatments in patients with pathological fractures referred to a specialist palliative care clinic in a tertiary care cancer center in India. Methods: Data of adult cancer patients newly referred to the specialist palliative care clinic over 1year with a clinico-radiological diagnosis of pathological fracture was included. Key outcomes of interest were annual prevalence, clinical characteristics, symptoms and treatments offered. Results: 75 out of 5800 (1.29%) patients newly referred to the clinic over 1year had pathological fractures. Lung cancer was the most common primary diagnosis (n = 23).Dorsal spine (n = 25) was the most common site of fracture. Pain was the predominant symptom. Mean pain score was 7.04(SD = 1.75) and 42 patients (56%) required strong opioids for analgesia. Only 11 (16%) patients underwent surgical fixation. Median duration from diagnosis of cancer to occurrence of fracture was found to be 329days. Treatment goals changed to best supportive care in 33 patients (44%) post fracture. Patients with bone and soft tissue neoplasms and those who received only chemotherapy previously had a higher risk of occurrence of fractures. Conclusion: Annual prevalence of pathological fractures in patients referred to the specialist palliative care clinic was 1.29%. It was associated with significant symptom burden and affected oncological treatments. Close monitoring of patients with bone metastases is crucial and proactive implementation of prophylactic measures to prevent such skeletal related events is warranted.

Contributions to Odontogryllini (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Landrevinae) with comments on its taxonomic status and description of a new species of Xulavuna de Mello & Campos, 2014.

Odontogryllini is a tribe of ground-dwelling crickets exclusive to America. After several taxonomic rearrangements, this tribe has five genera and 23 species now placed in the subfamily Landrevinae. These crickets have dorsoventrally depressed bodies and are moderately to densely covered with bristles. The males may bear tegminal, metanotal, or tergal glands. In this contribution, we discuss the taxonomic status and the morphological features of Odontogryllini and the other two tribes of Landrevinae: Landrevini and Prolandrevini. The presence of dorsal spines between the outer spurs of the hind tibia distinguishes Odontogryllini from Prolandrevini, and the straight or slightly arcuate but never S-shaped stridulum from Landrevini. We also propose the enlarged and plate-like rami as a diagnostic characteristic to distinguish Odontogryllini from Landrevini. Additionally, we describe a new species of the genus Xulavuna de Mello & Campos from the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest, named Xulavuna krenakore sp. nov..

Outcome of Dual Stability and Decompression through Single Posterior Approach in Tuberculosis of Dorsolumbar Spine

Objective: To evaluate the outcome of dual stability and decompression through a single posterior approach in patients with tuberculosis of the dorsolumbar spine in terms of Oswestry Disability Index and Frankel Neurological Grading. Material and Methods: It was a prospective cohort study involving 34 patients with tuberculosis of the dorsolumbar spine who underwent dual stability and decompression through a single posterior approach. Follow-ups were done at 2nd, 6th, 12th and 16th weeks. The outcome was assessed using the Oswestry Disability Index and Frankel Neurological Grading. Results: In 34 patients, the mean age was 36.59±13.51 years. There were 20 (58.8%) males and 14 (41.2%) females. There were 9 (26.5%) patients who had dorsal spine tuberculosis, while lumbar spine TB and dorso-lumbar spine TB were diagnosed in 13 (38.2%) and 12 (35.3%) patients respectively. The mean surgery time was 4.20±0.66 hours. According to the Oswestry Disability Index, before surgery, 2 (5.9%) patients had minimal disability while after 16 weeks of follow-ups, these numbers increased to 23 (67.7%) showing statistically significant improvements. According to Frankel Neurological Grading, before surgery, 3 (8.8%) patients had normal function while after 20 weeks of follow-up following surgery, 20 (58.9%) had normal functions. Conclusion: Dual stability and decompression through a single posterior approach were found to have good functional and fusion outcomes according to the Oswestry Disability Index and Frankel Neurological grading.

Contribution of Myélo-Computed Tomography in the assessment of slow spinal cord compressions: Retrospective study of 33 cases in Niamey

Purpose: To describe the contribution of Myélo-computed tomography during the assessment of slow spinal cord compressions and to determine the etiological profile. Patients and methods: This is a retrospective, cross-sectional, analytical and descriptive study of 33 cases collected in the radiology and imaging department of the National Hospital of Niamey (HNN) over a period of 14 months (from 31/12/2015 to 10/02/2017). Were included in the study all patients with slow spinal cord compression occurred in a non-traumatic setting, admitted to the service for a Myélo-computed tomography. Results: The mean age of the patients was 47.03 years with extremes ranging from 27 to 75 years. The 30-35 age group was the most affected with 23.2% of cases. In our study, Myélo-computed tomography detected medullary compression in 33 patients (33%). The extra-dural compartment was the most common site of slow medullary compression with 97% and intra dural extra marrow with 3%. The dorsal spine was the most affected stage by slow spinal compression with 52% followed by the cervical (27%) and lumbar (22%) stage. Infectious pathology was the most common cause of spinal cord compression with a frequency of 63.6%, followed by degenerative (27.3%) and tumoral (9.1%) pathology. Conclusion: Myélo-computed tomography plays an important role in topographic and etiologic diagnosis of slow spinal cord compression in the absence of MRI.

Molecular phylogeny of Gryllidea (Orthoptera: Ensifera) by mitochondrial genomes reveals the patterns of subapical spurs and dorsal spines on hind tibiae

Abstract The phylogeny of Gryllidea remains a controversy due to inconsistent findings from morphological and molecular studies. In order to investigate the phylogenetic relationships among subfamilies in Gryllidea, we sequenced and analyzed the mitochondrial genomes of five species from different subfamilies. Our analysis included a total of 41 mitochondrial genomes from Gryllidea, and the resulting phylogenetic trees revealed following relationship (((((Gryllidae + Oecanthidae) + Phalangopsidae) +Trigonidiidae) + Mogoplistidae) + Myrmecophilidae) + Gryllotalpidae. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that Itarinae and Landrevinae were grouped in Gryllidae, and Euscyrtinae grouped together with Podoscirtinae in Oecanthidae. We focused on the presence of subapical spurs and dorsal spines on hind tibiae for ancestral character state reconstruction. The results indicated that hind tibiae of Gryllidea exhibited multiple transitions between only subapical spurs and only dorsal spines states.

A new cave-dwelling species of Charinus (Amblypygi: Charinidae) from northern Brazil.

We present the description and illustration of a new species within the genus Charinus Simon, 1892, discovered in a cave located in the state of Tocantins, situated in the northern region of Brazil. Charinus tocantinensis sp. nov., can be distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of distinctive characters: pedipalp femur with four dorsal spines and four ventral spines; well-developed median eyes and median ocular tubercle; female gonopods sucker-like, slightly longer than wide, opening rounded and margins with fold with each a small posterior slit; cheliceral claw with ten denticles. In addition to the species description, we have included a key for identifying Charinus species in Brazil, along with a distribution map that highlights the known species in the country. This newly described species marks the first formal documentation of a Charinus species within the state of Tocantins. With the addition of this species, the global tally of recognized Charinus species now stands at 98, and Brazil, in particular, is home to a total of 44 formally described species within this genus.

Surgery for Symptomatic Spinal Metastases – When, What, and How?

Abstract Background: Spine is the most common site for metastases in the skeletal system. Longer lifespans of patients with common cancers are translating into increasing incidence of patients with symptomatic spinal metastases. Surgery for spinal metastases offers immediate neurological decompression with stabilization and preservation of quality-of-life parameters. Objectives: To assess the effect of pre operative neurological condition, timing, and type of surgery on post operative neurological function and long-term outcome. To analyze the various sources of primary in cases of symptomatic spinal metastases and the spinal level involved in terms of post operative neurological function and ambulation. Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis of all operated cases of symptomatic spinal metastases at our institute over a period of 5 years was performed. Parameters such as neurological presentation, timing of surgery, source of primary, radiological features of the metastases were assessed and compared with the type of surgery performed, post operative neurological function and long-term outcome. The in house hospital information system was to collect data. Results: A total of ninety-four patients were operated for symptomatic spinal metastases, the dorsal spine was the most common location and haematological malignancies were the most common primary overall and among men whereas breast was the most common primary in females. Overall, 64.8% of the patients had neurological motor deficit of which 72% had an improvement in motor power. We found that patients with a pre operative motor power of 3/5 or more likely to have in improvement in post operative neurological function and ambulatory status. Conclusion: Surgery for symptomatic spinal metastases plays a vital role in preserving the quality of life of the patients. Patients with preoperative motor power of 3/5, spastic tone and features of mechanical back pain alone have good ambulatory outcomes post spine surgery.

Efficacy of dorsal spine manipulation and cranio-cervical flexion in two selected postures in non-specific neck pain

Efficacy of dorsal spine manipulation and cranio-cervical flexion in two selected postures in non-specific neck pain

Morphological comparison for the dorsal fin of Chrysichthys auratus, Synodontis schall, and Synodontis serratus (Teleosti: Siluriformes) collected from the Lake Nasser and the River Nile, Egypt

The anatomy, growth, and differentiation of the dorsal fin spines of three catfish species collected from the Nile River and Lake Nasser. Egyptian waters are described, and terminology is suggested for their parts. Features of the dorsal fin spine that change with growth are also described. The results showed that in all species studied, the dorsal spine is an elongate, compressed, tapered, slightly arched, osseous structure, bearing a series of retrorse dentations along the anterior and posterior surfaces and has a sharp sagittate tip. The retrorse, anterior dentations are most pronounced in the upper third of the spine and gradually alter in form until they appear as a series of distinct notches on the basal third of the spine. The anterolateral surfaces of the dorsal spine are marked by numerous short, irregular, shallow, anastomosing, longitudinal furrows. In three species (C. auratus, S. schall, S. serratus), the posterior process is poorly developed and directed laterally in young individuals and well produced and directed posteriorly in older specimens. In S. schall and S. serratus, the posterior blocking process of the large specimens has a wavy edge, while in S. serratus, it is curved in young individuals and straight in larger specimens.

Description of a New Species Named Cabillus wui of Genus Cabillus (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Gobiidae) from Southeastern China Sea

A tiny goby collected from Taiwan Strait which has been identified as a member of genus Cabillus seems individual, named Cabillus wui sp. nov.. Many pieces of evidence point to it as a new species. This species could be distinguished as follows. There is a dark blotch on the first-dorsal-fin membrane; predorsal scales 6; the first dorsal spine very depressed, is the longest, and is very close to the second dorsal spine; pelvic sucker is emarginated; median predorsal scales is present; all pectoral-fin elements are 20 branched soft rays; every fin nearly completely patternless and transparent except slightly patterned first dorsal fin; dorsal fin possesses 10 soft rays. This species is described in this article with the comparison of the other species in the genus Cabillus. An overview of this genus is also given. Besides, a key for distinguishing the species in this genus is also provided.

A new species of Orchomenella (Amphipoda, Tryphosidae) described from hydrothermal vent in the Okinawa Trough, Northwest Pacific.

A new species of the family Tryphosidae, Orchomenellacompressasp. nov., is described from hydrothermal vents in the Okinawa Trough. This is the first known Orchomenella species found in vent fields. Important morphological characters that differentiate O.compressasp. nov. from its congeners are the absence of eyes, the compressed distal three articles of gnathopod 2, the shape of the posterior margin of epimerons 2 and 3, and the number of dorsal spines on the telson. The genetic divergence of the analyzed COI gene clearly supports this new taxon.

Going deeper and further: a range and depth extension for the deep-sea feather star Paratelecrinuscubensis (Carpenter, 1881) (Comatulida, Atelecrinidae), first record from the Western Pacific.

A specimen belonging to the deep-sea feather-star family Atelecrinidae was collected in April 2018 at the Kocebu Guyot at 1294 m deep. Based on its morphological characters, the specimen was identified as Paratelecrinuscubensis (Carpenter, 1881). This species of feather star is restricted to the deep sea and was known only from 12 records from the Bahamas and Cuba at depths of 567-892 m. The data represent the first record from the Western Pacific Ocean and the deepest record known, extending the depth where this feather star has been found to beyond 1000 m. The morphological characteristics of the Kocebu Guyot specimen were essentially identical to the morphology of the neotype, with a slight difference in the dorsal spine at the end of the cirri. The phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), 16S rRNA genes, 28S rRNA genes, and 18S rRNA genes reveal a close relationship of P.cubensis with P.wyvilli. Results of our molecular phylogenetic analysis are consistent with our morphological identifications. Our find extends the known geographical distribution of the feather star P.cubensis to the Western Pacific Ocean and provide insights into deep-sea biodiversity in the Kocebu Guyot.

Morphometric and meristic traits of giant sea catfish <em>Arius gigas</em> (boulenger 1911) from new Calabar river and Degema River, Rivers State, Nigeria

Morphometric and meristic characters of the Arius gigas species were examined from two study areas (New Calabar and Degema Rivers) for a period of six months in Rivers State, Nigeria. Total of 200 individuals, 100 from each study site, were examined and analyzed. A majority of the values for external morphometric parameters of A. gigas were higher in the New Calabar River than those from Degema River population, with no significant differences exist (p<0.05) across the morphometric parameters except for pre-orbital length, post-orbital length and eye length. The meristic characters revealed variations in the mean values of dorsal fin spine (8.55±0.11 and 7.07±0.38), pectoral fin ray (5.96±0.06 and 4.23±0.26), and pelvic fin ray (14.99±1.21 and 7.51±0.52) in the study. A significant difference was noted in the number of dorsal fin spine (p< 0.05) between the two populations. The mean percentage of the Length of caudal peduncle (LoCP),1st and 2nd dorsal fin (DF), length of interdorsal fin (LoIDF) and length of adipose fin (LoAF) of A. gigas in the New Calabar River were significantly higher (p<0.05) than Degema River. Growth variability for standard length and all external parameters displayed allometric growth of A. gigas from Degema River. Further studies are recommended to corroborate the findings of the two populations using molecular markers for making conservation plans for exploitable A gigas species.

Isolated spinal Intramedullary Neurocysticercosis: A rare case report and review of literature

Neurocysticercosis is Taenia solium infection of the central nervous system and meninges. Although highly uncommon, spinal cysticercosis frequently occurs in conjunction with intracranial cysticercosis. The least frequent are often those involving the intramedullary. We report a 50-year-old male patient who presented with complaints of lower back pain with a burning sensation over bilateral thighs. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of his dorsal spine revealed a relatively well-defined lobulated lesion at T11 vertebral level. Intramedullary cysticercosis is a challenge to diagnose, and neurocysticercosis should also be considered in cases of intramedullary space-occupying lesion.

Morphological and Habitat of Parhippolyte uveae Borradaile 1900 from Tanjung Sanjangan Central Sulawesi

Parhippolyte uveae is a type of shrimp found in the Tanjung Sanjangan Tolitoli area, Central Sulawesi. The availability of red shrimp morphology and habitat data completes basic information, which is important in the sustainable management of the species. This research aims to describe the morphology and habitat of red shrimp from Tanjung Sanjangan, Tolitoli, Central Sulawesi. The sampling method uses a purposive sampling method with 5 sampling stations. The environmental parameters measured are temperature, salinity, pH, and substrate observations. The measurement results show temperatures ranging between 27.9°C -29.9°C, salinity 15-17 ppm, pH 6.29- 6.82 with coral, mud, and sand as a substrate. Morphometric data shows that the samples have a Total Length (PT) between 26-46.85 mm. Abdominal Length 18.3-30.4 mm, Carapace Length (PK) 7.5-13 mm, Carapace Width (LK) 5.25-9.5 mm, Rostrum Length (PR) 1.6-3.4 mm, Telson Length (PTel) 4.45-7.2 mm, First Abdominal Length (PabP) 1.4-2.15 mm and Second Abdominal Length (PabK) ranges from 1.8-4 mm. Meristic data shows that the Tanjung Sanjangan red shrimp has 3 upper rostrum teeth and 3-5 lower rostrum teeth, 3 pairs of dorsal spines, and 2 pairs of posterior spines. The results of these character observations are by the description of the P. uveae species.