Dorsal Portion Research Articles

Third record of Rhodnius amazonicus and comparative study with R. pictipes (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae)

Rhodnius amazonicus Almeida et al. (1973) is a triatomine of rare occurrence. This species was found for the third time in Breves city, Pará state, Brazil. Morphometric and morphological studies were carried out on one male and one female. Lent and Wygodzinsky (1979) considered this species as a synonym of R. pictipes, until its revalidation after 23 years by Bérenger and Pluot-Sigwalt (2002). Considering the synonym mentioned above, a comparative study between these two species was performed in order to report the third encounter of this species, and increase the number of morphological characters that distinguish R. amazonicus from R. pictipes. The dorsal side of the head, the dorsal and ventral portions of the thorax, the dorsal, ventral and posterior sides of the female genitalia, eggs and the median process of the pygophore were examined by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The head, thorax, abdomen and egg parameters of these two species were also measured. The identification of characters on the head, stridulatory sulcus, mesosternum, metasternum, scutellum, process of urotergite I, external female genitalia, pygophore and eggs made the distinction between R. amazonicus and R. pictipes possible. This study has shown the new characters recorded and described for the first time for R. amazonicus and R. pictipes by SEM here made it possible to confirm the morphological separation between these two species. The morphometric analysis also confirmed that the above two taxa are different at specific level.

Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells are paired with GABA neurons in the mouse dorsal cortex: Unbiased stereological analysis

Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) are glial cells that differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes during early stages of post-natal life. However, OPCs persist beyond developmental myelination and represent an important population of cycling cells in the gray and white matter of the adult brain. While adult OPCs form unique territories that are maintained through self-avoidance, some cortical OPCs appear to position their cell body very close to that of a neuron, forming what are known as OPC–neuron pairs. We used unbiased systematic stereological analysis of the NG2-CreERTM:EYFP reporter mouse to determine that close to 170,000 OPC–neuron pairs can be found in the dorsal portion of the adult neocortex, with approximately 40% of OPCs and 4% of neurons in pairs. Through stereological analysis, we also determined that reference memory training does not change the prevalence of OPC–neuron pairs or the proportion of OPCs and neurons that form them. GABAergic agent administration did not affect the proportion of OPCs and neurons that can be found in pairs. However, the GABAB-receptor agonist baclofen and the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin significantly increased the estimated number of pairs when compared to the control group and the GABAB-receptor antagonist (i.e. saclofen) group. Density of OPC–neuron pairs was increased by the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin. Finally, histological analysis of OPC–neuron pairs suggested that in the dorsal portion of the cortex, GABAergic interneurons represent the most common neuronal component of the pairs, and that calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin GABAergic interneurons found in the cortex take part in these pairs. Using previous estimates of the number of GABAergic neurons in the rodent cortex, we estimate that roughly one in four GABAergic neurons are paired with an OPC.

Combined osmotic dehydration and drying process of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) fillets

The osmotic dehydration (OD) and complementary drying of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) fillets were studied. Pieces of the dorsal portion of pirarucu (60mm×20mm×10mm) underwent OD in a binary solution (NaCl-water) with the application of vacuum pulse following a central rotatable composite design. The effect of the following process variables was assessed: temperature (20-40°C), osmotic solution concentration (15-25% NaCl), and vacuum pulse pressure (7-101kPa) on water loss (WL), solid gain (SG), and water activity (aw). OD kinetics was obtained and the Peleg model was fitted to WL and SG data. The osmotically dehydrated pirarucu was dried (40-70°C) in a fixed-bed dryer and mathematical models were fitted to the drying data. The optimal operational condition for the OD process was 35°C, solution with 25% NaCl, and atmospheric pressure, which yielded WL of 14.87±1.46%, SG of 8.56±0.45%, and aw of 0.87±0.02. The Peleg model efficiently predicted the WL and SG kinetics. The increase in the water loss in drying was more evident at low temperatures (40-50°C) with effective diffusivity ranging from 10.85×10-9 to 12.30×10-9 m2/s. The Midilli and Page models efficiently predicted the drying kinetics.

A Remarkable New White-Eyed Glassfrog Species ofSachatamiafrom Colombia (Anura: Centrolenidae), with Comments on the Systematics of the Genus

We describe a striking new species of the genus Sachatamia from the eastern slope of Colombia's Central Andes. The new species differs from the most closely related species (i.e., Sachatamia albomaculata and S. punctulata) by its green dorsal coloration in life with yellow and blue dots, and unique semicirclular, white blotch in the dorsal portion of the iris. With this new species, we increase the currently recognized species in the genus to five. Mitochondrial DNA sequences corroborate both the phylogenetic position of the new species within Sachatamia and its status as a new species. In addition, in light of our results some taxonomic implications are briefly discussed.

Radiometric parameters of the sacrum and pelvis, affecting the spine and pelvic balance in the frontal plane, in healthy volunteers

Objective: to study in healthy volunteers radiometric parameters of sacrum and pelvis, affecting the spinal-pelvic balance in the frontal plane and their relationship to each other. Methods: we examined 36 healthy student volunteers (25 males and 11 females aged 17 to 23 years). The average height was 173 cm (from 168 to 183), average body mass index — 22.23 (from 17.90 to 29.38). Standing X-ray examination performed in all the volunteers. X-rays were measured: 1) the angle of the cra­nial sacral bone plate by the method of R. E. Irvin in frontal plane; 2) the angle of the pelvic tilt; 3) the angle of rotation around the sacrum axis by method of A. Orel; 4) width of sac­roiliac joint in the ventral, dorsal and medial portions. Results were assessed using statistical methods. Results: the majority of volunteers (81 %) had asymmetric joint space width of sacro­iliac joint, which accompanied pelvic and sacral tilt and sacral bone rotation. The sacral slope measured in 95 % of patients, pelvis — 83 %, sacral rotation in 92 %. The width of the joint space of volunteers was (3.3 ± 0.9) mm. Using cluster analysis all volunteers were divided into four clusters (groups), charac­terized by certain parameters. In the first group examined joint space width was symmetrical in all portions, pelvic tilt and sacral slope were the same, the rotation of sacrum decreased. Joint asymmetry found in two groups of volunteers in the third and fourth groups (39 %, 14 persons) and three parts — other (42 %, 15 people). Found that 20 volunteers (56 %) had joint space asymmetry, pelvic tilt and sacral slope, sacral rotatio 3°, the maximum deviation (more than 3°) these indicators are re­corded in 7 volunteers (19 %).

A large neosuchian crocodyliform from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Woodbine Formation of North Texas

ABSTRACTA new taxon of neosuchian crocodyliform, Deltasuchus motherali, gen. et sp. nov., is described on the basis of a partial skull recovered from the Arlington Archosaur Site within the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Woodbine Formation of north-central Texas. This productive locality represents a delta plain ecosystem preserving a diverse coastal fauna, including lungfish, turtles, dinosaurs (ornithopods and theropods), and crocodyliforms. Prior to this discovery, the only identified crocodyliforms from the Woodbine Formation had been the longirostrine taxa Terminonaris and Woodbinesuchus. This new taxon is differentiated from other known crocodyliforms by the presence of dual pseudocanines on both the dentary and maxilla; anterior and posterior rami of jugal comparable in depth; anterolaterally facing margin on the dorsal portion of the postorbital; contact between the descending process of the postorbital and the ectopterygoid; and a large, deep fossa on the ventral surface of the quadrate. Phylogenetic analysis recovers D. motherali as the sister taxon to Paluxysuchus newmani from the Lower Cretaceous Twin Mountains Formation of Texas. This clade lies within Neosuchia basal to Goniopholididae + Eusuchia. The associated cranial elements of this new crocodyliform represent a large, broad-snouted individual, an ecomorphotype often associated with the semiaquatic ambush predator niche in this clade, and one not previously reported from the formation.

Anatomical Study of the First Dorsal Interosseous Tendon for its Use as a Plasty of the Radial Collateral Ligament of the Index Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Purpose The authors present an anatomical study to justify the use of the distal portion of the tendon of the first dorsal interosseous muscle (FDIM) for the repair of the chronic rupture of the radial collateral ligament (RCL) of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the index finger. Methods Ten hands of cryopreserved specimens were used and thawed at room temperature for dissection with optical magnification. Five were hands of women, and their ages ranged from 46–96 years (mean: 72.8), and 8 corresponded to the right hand. Results The length of the tendon of the FDIM ranged from 20 to 40 mm (mean: 25 mm). The length of the RCL ranged from 14 to 24 mm (mean: 18.2 mm). The difference between both structures of the same specimen averaged 6.8 mm (2–16 mm). Therefore, the dorsal portion of the tendon of the FIDM is always at least 2 mm longer than the length of the RCL. Conclusions In conclusion, this is a simple technique that allows the surgeon to perform a plasty of the RCL without sacrificing another tendon in the absence of the palmaris longus, which is more commonly used for this purpose. The maintenance of its distal insertion may also help in the revascularization of the repaired area.

Isolated vestibular syndromes due to brainstem and cerebellar lesions.

Dizziness/vertigo is the most common symptoms of posterior circulation strokes. Isolated vestibular symptoms and signs without other neurologic deficits have been found in infarctions involving the brainstem and cerebellum. In the brainstem, infarctions responsible for isolated vestibular syndrome are usually restricted to the dorsal portion that contains the vestibular nucleus and the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi. Cerebellar lesions confined to the flocculus, tonsil, and nodulus also produce isolated vertigo and imbalance. The cerebellar peduncle, as a conduit between the brainstem and cerebellum, can also produce isolated vestibular syndrome when damaged. Recognition of these isolated central vestibular syndromes aids in defining the function of each structure and in localizing the involved neural structures based upon the vestibular and ocular motor findings.

Two new species of Melanorivulus (Cyprinodontiformes: Cynolebiidae) from Rio Verde drainage, Upper Rio Paraná basin, Brazil.

Two new species of the genus Melanorivulus are herein described from the middle Rio Verde drainage, upper Rio Paraná basin, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Both new species are members of the Melanorivulus pictus clade, diagnosed by having ventral process of angulo-articular vestigial and flanks intense greenish blue or greenish golden to purplish blue above anal fin base in males. Melanorivulus nigropunctatus, new species, from wetlands of a small drainage tributary of right side of the Rio Verde, differs from all other congeners by possessing black dots over the head and body in both sexes and pectoral fin orange with a dark grey margin in males. Melanorivulus ofaie, new species, is found in a similar environment, but at the opposite margin of the Rio Verde. It is distinguished by males presenting flank greenish blue to light blue, with seven to nine oblique chevron-like red bars, ventral portion of head whitish with dark brown spots, dorsal fin yellow with two to three transverse broad red oblique stripes and distal region red, anal fin light orangish yellow, basal area light blue with short red bars and distal portion with a dark red margin, and caudal fin yellow or orangish yellow with three to four vertical red bars in the dorsal and middle portions, sometimes with a orange distal margin. Both new species are considered endangered due to the loss and degradation of their habitat.

In vivo metacarpophalanageal joint collateral ligament length changes during flexion.

We investigated the in vivo length changes of the collateral ligaments of metacarpophalangeal joint during flexion. We obtained computed tomography scans of index, middle, ring and little fingers at 0°, 30°, 60° and 90° of joint flexion from six hands of six healthy adult volunteers. Three of them had their dominant right hand studied, and the other three had their non-dominant left hand studied. We measured and analysed the radial and ulnar collateral ligaments of each metacarpophalangeal joint from the reconstructed images. We found that the dorsal and middle portions of the both radial and ulnar collateral ligament lengthened progressively during digital flexion and reached the maximum at 90° flexion. The length of the volar portion increased from 0° to 30° flexion and then decreased from 30° to 60° flexion, reaching the minimum at 90°. In conclusion, three portions of collateral ligaments on both sides of the metacarpophalangeal joint have variable length changes during flexion, which act to stabilize the joint through its flexion arc.

Regional asymmetry of metabolic and antioxidant profile in the sciaenid fish shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa) white muscle. Response to starvation and refeeding

The objective of the present study is to characterize the metabolic and antioxidant profile of white muscle of shi drum in two sites of the body, anterior dorsal (AM) and posterior dorsal (PM) portions. In addition, it will be analyzed the possible effect of starvation and a subsequent refeeding, with two different protocols, pair feeding and ad libitum. Activities of key enzymes of intermediary metabolism and of antioxidant enzymes, as well as lipid peroxidation, as an index of oxidative stress, were evaluated. The results indicate the existence of a regional asymmetry of the metabolic capacities of the white muscle of shi drum, which is likely related to the different contribution to swimming of the body regions examined. Starvation induces a metabolic depression that is more marked in those activities that support burst swimming in PM, while those activities supporting maintenance requirements are conserved. The greatest energy demands during starvation appear to lie in AM, which showed the highest oxidative metabolism rate. The increased use of fatty acids as energy source for AM leads to oxidative stress. A period of more than four weeks of refeeding for full restoration of metabolic capacities in AM is needed, probably related to the higher muscle mass located in this region. On the contrary, all enzyme activities in PM returned to control levels in both refeeding protocols, but pair feeding seems to be advantageous since compensatory growth has been taking place without signs of oxidative stress. This work was addressed to gain knowledge on the physiology of a promising fish species in aquaculture like shi drum. The results displayed here show how the starving and further re-feeding events could generate oxidative stress situations characterized by high lipid peroxidation levels which may influence negatively on the quality of the edible part of the fish. This study opens an interesting field on this fish species which deserves being investigated in the future.

Regional diaphragm volume displacement is heterogeneous in dogs.

Muscle shortening and volume displacement (VD) are critical determinants of the pressure-generating capacity of the diaphragm. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that diaphragm VD is heterogeneous and that distribution of VD is dependent on regional muscle shortening, posture, and the level of muscle activation. Radioopaque markers were sutured along muscle bundles of the peritoneal surface of the crural, dorsal costal, midcostal, and ventral costal regions of the left hemidiaphragm in four dogs. The markers were followed by biplanar video fluoroscopy during quiet spontaneous breathing, passive inflation to total lung capacity (TLC), and inspiratory efforts against an occluded airway at three lung volumes spanning the vital capacity [functional residual capacity, functional residual capacity + ½ inspiratory capacity, and TLC in both the prone and supine postures]. Our data show the ventral costal diaphragm had the largest VD and contributed nearly two times to the total diaphragm VD compared with the dorsal costal portion. In addition, the ventral costal diaphragm contributed nearly half of the total VD in the prone position, whereas it only contributed a quarter of the total VD in the supine postition. During efforts against an occluded airway and during passive inflation to TLC in the supine position, the crural diaphragm displaced volume equivalent to that of the midcostal portion. Regional muscle shortening closely matched regional VD. We conclude that the primary force generator of the diaphragm is primarily dominated by the contribution of the ventral costal region to its VD.

Redescription of Nothobranchius lucius and description of a new species from Mafia Island, eastern Tanzania (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheilidae)

Examination of specimens listed in the original description of Nothobranchius lucius revealed that they belong to two species. Nothobranchius lucius is redescribed based on the type series and other specimens collected in the type locality area, the Kibasira Swamp area, Rufiji River basin, Tanzania, at elevations between 250 and 300 m. Nothobranchius insularis sp. n. is described on the basis of specimens collected in the north part of Mafia Island, Tanzania, at about 10–15 m elevation. Nothobranchius lucius and N. insularis are considered closely related species based on the shared presence of long jaws; caudal fin, in males, with a broad dark grey to black band on its posterior margin; black dots over the whole flank, in females; metapterygoid curved, with its middle and dorsal portions separated from the sympletic by a broad interspace; and posterior process of the quadrate shorter than the ventral length of the quadrate without process. Characters useful to distinguish them include premaxillary dentition, caudal fin shape, colour pattern of flank and unpaired fins in females, fin length, and number of neuromasts of the posterior section of the anterior supraorbital series. Both species are members of a group that also includes N. elongatus, N. hengstleri, N. interruptus, N. jubbi, N. krammeri, and N. melanospilus, which are all diagnosed by the presence of two neuromasts in the anterior section of the anterior supraorbital series.

Acute flaccid myelitis associated with enterovirus-D68 infection in an otherwise healthy child

BackgroundReporting new cases of enterovirus (EV)-D68-associated acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is essential to understand how the virus causes neurological damage and to characterize EV-D68 strains associated with AFM.Case presentationA previously healthy 4-year-old boy presented with sudden weakness and limited mobility in his left arm. Two days earlier, he had an upper respiratory illness with mild fever. At admission, his physical examination showed that the child was febrile (38.5 °C) and alert but had a stiff neck and weakness in his left arm, which was hypotonic and areflexic. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination showed a mild increase in white blood cell count (80/mm3, 41% neutrophils) and a slightly elevated protein concentration (76 gm/dL). Bacterial culture and molecular biology tests for detecting viral infection in CSF were negative. The patient was then treated with intravenous ceftriaxone and acyclovir. Despite therapy, within 24 h, the muscle weakness extended to all four limbs, which exhibited greatly reduced mobility. Due to his worsening clinical prognosis, the child was transferred to our Pediatric Intensive Care Unit; at admission he was diagnosed with acute flaccid paralysis of all four limbs. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was negative, except for a focal signal alteration in the dorsal portion of the medulla oblongata, also involving the pontine tegmentum, whereas spine MRI showed an extensive signal alteration of the cervical and dorsal spinal cord reported as myelitis. Signal alteration was mainly localized in the central grey matter, most likely in the anterior horns. Molecular biology tests performed on nasopharyngeal aspirate and on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were negative for bacteria but positive for EV-D68 clade B3. Plasmapheresis was performed and corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulins were administered. After 4 weeks of treatment, the signs and symptoms of AFM were significantly reduced, although some weakness and tingling remained in the patient’s four limbs. MRI acquired after 3 weeks showed that the previously reported alterations were no longer present.ConclusionThis case suggests that EV-D68 is a neurotropic agent that can cause AFM and strains are circulating in Europe. EV-D68 disease surveillance is required to better understand EV-D68 pathology and to compare various strains that cause AFM.

Ultraviolet radiation-induced carcinogenesis: Mechanisms and experimental models

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a very prominent environmental toxic agent. UVR has been implicated in the initiation and progression of photocarcinogenesis. UVR exposure elicits numerous cellular and molecular events which include the generation of inflammatory mediators, DNA damage, epigenetic modifications, and oxidative damages mediated activation of signaling pathways. UVR-initiated signal transduction pathways are believed to be responsible for tumor promotion effects. UVR-induced carcinogenic mechanism has been well studied using various animal and cellular models. Human skin-derived dermal fibroblasts, epidermal keratinocytes, and melanocytes served as excellent cellular model systems for the understanding of UVR-mediated carcinogenic events. Apart from this, scientists developed reconstituted three-dimensional normal human skin equivalent models for the study of UVR signaling pathways. Moreover, hairless mice such as SKH-1, devoid of Hr gene, served as a valuable model for experimental carcinogenesis. Scientists have also used transgenic mice and dorsal portion shaved Swiss albino mice for UVR carcinogenesis studies. In this review, we have discussed the current progress in the study on ultraviolet B (UVB)-mediated carcinogenesis and outlined appropriate experimental models for both ultraviolet A- and UVB-mediated carcinogenesis.

A new genus and species of Atalophlebiinae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Palni hills of the southern Western Ghats, India.

A new genus and new species of Atalophlebiinae, Klugephlebia kodai Selvakumar, Subramanian & Sivaramakrishnan, are described based on male and female imagos and larvae from Palni hills of the southern Western Ghats of India. The imago of Klugephlebia gen. n. can be differentiated from all other genera of Atalophlebiinae by having the combination of vein MP forked slightly less than half of the distance from base to margin, MP2 attached at base to vein MP1 by a crossvein, a distinctive shape of the hindwing, dissimilar claws on each leg, and distinctive genitalia structures. The larva can be distinguished from other Atalophlebiinae larvae by having the combination of gills present on abdominal segments 1-7, dorsal and ventral portions of lamellae of gills 1 slender and lanceolate with branched tracheae, dorsal and ventral portions of lamellae of gills 2-7 wider & lanceolate and long & suddenly tapering at apex, fore and mid femora with regular rows of long thin setae on outer margins, denticles on claws progressively larger apically, a distinctive labrum, the maxillary palp short with long setae on third segment, and the third segment of the labial palp with distinct setation. The larvae cling to the underside of boulders in the middle of streams where the boulders lie amidst sand and silt. Updated keys to the genera of south Indian Leptophlebiidae are provided.

Hippocampal subareas arranged in the dorsoventral axis modulate cardiac baroreflex function in a site-dependent manner in rats.

What is the central question of this study? Classically, areas of the brainstem are involved in the cardiac baroreceptor reflex. However, forebrain areas, such as the hippocampus, may also modulate the cardiac baroreflex function. What is the main finding and its importance? According to the hippocampal subarea recruited dorsoventrally, the baroreflex function can be either facilitated or inhibited. These results are according to the new topographical division proposed for the hippocampus, i.e. it can be divided into functionally and anatomically different regions along its dorsoventral axis. From a neuroanatomical point of view, we may split the hippocampal formation into the dorsal (DH) and ventral hippocampus (VH). Although the basic intrinsic circuitry of the hippocampus seems to be maintained throughout its longitudinal axis, dorsal and ventral portions connect differently with cortical and subcortical areas and express different gene patterns, being functionally distinct. Differential stimulation of the DH or VH can evoke either an increase or a decrease in blood pressure, heart rate and sympathetic activity. However, to the best of our knowledge, specific involvement of the hippocampus and its different subareas in the baroreflex function remains to be investigated. In the present work, therefore, we evaluated the involvement of hippocampal subareas arranged on the dorsoventral axis in cardiac baroreflex modulation. Our results suggest that inhibition of hippocampal subareas by CoCl2 , a calcium-dependent synaptic neurotransmission blocker, differentially affects baroreflex sensitivity; administration of CoCl2 into the DH increased cardiac baroreflex function, whereas it diminished cardiac baroreflex function when administered into the VH. In contrast, administration of CoCl2 into intermediate portions of the hippocampus did not affect the baroreflex response. Our findings suggest that the hippocampus influences baroreflex function according to the hippocampal subarea recruited dorsoventrally.

Histomorphological and microanatomical characteristics of the olfactory organ of freshwater carp, Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton)

Abstract The morphoanatomy, cellular organization, and surface architecture of the olfactory apparatus in Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton) is described using light and scanning electron microscopy. The oval shaped olfactory rosette contained 32 ± 2 primary lamellae on each side of the median raphe, and was lodged on the floor of the olfactory chamber. The olfactory lamellae were basically flat and compactly arranged in the rosette. The olfactory chamber communicated to the outside aquatic environment through inlet and outlet apertures with a conspicuous nasal flap in between. The mid dorsal portion of the olfactory lamellae was characterized by a linguiform process. Sensory and non-sensory regions were distributed separately on each lamella. The sensory epithelium occupied the apical part including the linguiform process, whereas the resting part of the lamella was covered with non-sensory epithelium. The sensory epithelium comprised both ciliated and microvillous receptor cells distinguished by the architecture on their apical part. The non-sensory epithelium possessed mucous cells, labyrinth cells, and stratified epithelial cells with distinctive microridges. The functional importance of the different cells lining the olfactory mucosa was correlated with the ecological habits of the fish examined.

Regional-specific effect of fluoxetine on rapidly dividing progenitors along the dorsoventral axis of the hippocampus.

Hippocampus-dependent cognitive and emotional function appears to be regionally dissociated along the dorsoventral (DV) axis of the hippocampus. Recent observations that adult hippocampal neurogenesis plays a critical role in both cognition and emotion raised an interesting question whether adult neurogenesis within specific subregions of the hippocampus contributes to these distinct functions. We examined the regional-specific and cell type-specific effects of fluoxetine, which requires adult hippocampal neurogenesis to function as an antidepressant, on the proliferation of hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs). Fluoxetine specifically increased proliferation of NSCs located in the ventral region of the hippocampus while the mitotic index of NSCs in the dorsal portion of the hippocampus remained unaltered. Moreover, within the ventral hippocampus, type II NSC and neuroblast populations specifically responded to fluoxetine, showing increased proliferation; however, proliferation of type I NSCs was unchanged in response to fluoxetine. Activation or inhibition of serotonin receptor 1A (5-HTR1A) recapitulated or abolished the effect of fluoxetine on proliferation of type II NSCs and neuroblast populations in the ventral hippocampus. Our study showed that the effect of fluoxetine on proliferation is dependent upon the type and the position of the NSCs along the DV axis of the hippocampus.

Abordaje clínico de un caso de "atresia coli" en una ternera

Atresia coli is a congenital defect with disruption of the intestinal flow. Its etiopathogenesis is still unknown and the prognosis is reserved. This paper describes the case of a one week old Holstein Friesian calf that was referred to the HCVC, and was diagnosed with atresia coli. This confirmation was made by contrast radiography and the lesion was detected in dorsal portion of the spiral colon. A cecostomy was performed followed by a marsupialization of the intestinal cecum to the abdominal wall. After 36 hours of surgery, calf’s state worsens dramatically and for reasons of welfare, it was proceeded to sacrifice. The post-operative recovery is possible, even though the mortality rate is high. As in this case, this mortality rate increases when early diagnosis of atresia coli does not take place and there is peritonitis.