Dorsal Surface Of Body Research Articles

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Tongue in the Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker (Dendrocopos kizuki)

The dorsal lingual surfaces of adult Japanese pygmy woodpecker (Dendrocopos kizuki) were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The tip of the tongue become sharp and the shape of the tongue showed spear-like structure. In both lateral sides of anterior lingual apex, some conical processes were observed. The epithelium of the surface of the anterior lingual apex was inclined toward the posterior of the tongue. In the posterior part of the lingual apex, there were many needle processes, the apices of which were pointed towards the posterior part of the tongue. There were not the large conical papillae in border region between the lingual body and root. The dorsal surface of the lingual body presented smooth aspect and in both lateral sides of the root of the lingual body, a pair of openings of the lingual glands was observed. The needle processes were observed on the dorsal surface of the lingual root and laryngeal mound. There were observed many large conical papillae on the posterior end of the laryngeal mound.

A New Species of Atelopus (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Cordillera Oriental of Central Peru

A new species of Atelopus is described from three localities near Oxapampa between 1700 and 2200 m elevation in central Peru, representing the first record for the genus in the Department of Pasco. The new species is readily distinguished from all congeners by its small size (maximum SVL 22.1 mm in males), numerous gray coni on dorsal and lateral body surfaces, and a coloration pattern consisting of a cream dorsolateral stripe, narrow dark brown middorsal stripe, arms and legs dorsally dark brown with grayish brown reticulation, and ventral surfaces of hands and feet reddish orange. Females are unknown.

Data on the pelagic stingray, Pteroplatytrygon violacea (bonaparte, 1832) (myliobatiformes: dasyatidae) caught in the Rio de Janeiro coast

is a thick, dark stingray, with a broadly rounded snout and a trapezoidal disc. This species is easily recognized by its conspicuos pygmentary pattern, displaying a uniform dark-purple on dorsal body surface and light-violet on its ventral surface. The eyes are small and do not protrude from the body as in several other stingrays (Fig. 1) (BIGELOW; SCHROEDER, 1953). This taxon has a circumtropical and subtropical distribution, being caught at depths from 37 to 1463 m. It is the only oceanic-pelagic member of the family Dasyatidae currently known (WILSON; BECKETT, 1970; MENNI; STEHMANN, 2000; MOLLET, 2002). Despite the fact that this species has no comercial value, some captures in longliners for swordfish and tuna as by-catch are reported worldwide (

A new species of the genus Amphiascoides (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from Korean waters

A new species, Amphiascoides coreanus, is described from the sandy beaches of Sangju-ri, Namhae, and Dolsan-do, Yeosu, the south coast of Korea. This species is clearly distinguishable from its congeners with the combined characters of the short bulbous caudal setae IV and V, three-segmented antennary exopod, and only one inner seta of the Leg 3 exopod segment 3. Additionally, the species is easily distinguishable from the congeners by the minute spinules on the dorsal body surface. The new species shares the three-segmented antennary exopod and only four setae on the third exopodal segment of Leg 3 with A. dispar and A. paradebilis but displays the characteristic shape of caudal setae. This is the first record of the genus Amphiascoides in the region.

Three new species of Fissarcturus (Isopoda, Antarcturidae) from the Southern Ocean

Fissarcturus bathyweddellensis sp. nov. and Fissarcturus sandwichi sp. nov. are described from the abyssal Southern Ocean near the Antarctic Peninsula and Fissarcturus rossi sp. nov. is described from the shallow Ross Sea. A list of all described species of Fissarcturus is given. The new species differ from recognized species of the genus in the following respects: F. bathyweddellensis can be distinguished based on spination on the dorsum of the body, which is described in detail herein. It is most similar to F. emarginatus Brandt, 1990, but this has, for example, a shorter and less stout second cephalic spine. F. rossi can also be distinguished from F. bathyweddellensis based on spine pattern. Whereas all dorsal spines of F. bathyweddellensis are smooth, those of F. rossi are covered with spinules. F. sandwichi can be distinguished from the other species of the genus by the strong frontally bent supraocular spines (females with second cephalic spines) and dorsal body surface, which is covered with flat, cauliflower-like elevations in submedial, lateral and coxal rows. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 149, 263–290.

Hypointensity on Postcontrast MR Imaging from Compression of the Sacral Promontory in Enlarged Uterus with Huge Leiomyoma and Adenomyosis

In patients with huge leiomyoma and with adenomyosis of the uterus, a peculiar area of hypointensity was occasionally observed on postcontrast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the dorsal portion of the enlarged uterus near the sacral promontory. We describe the imaging characteristics of these MR findings and correlate them with histopathological findings to examine whether the areas represent specific pathological changes. Ten patients with huge leiomyomas and two with huge adenomyotic lesions whose imaging revealed the hypointensity were enrolled. All had enlarged uteri that extended beyond the sacral promontory. MR findings of the hypointense areas were evaluated and correlated with histopathological findings in 5 patients with leiomyoma and two with adenomyosis who had hysterectomy. The ten patients with leiomyoma showed flare-shaped hypointensity arising from the dorsal surface of the uterine body that extended deep into the tumor. The base of the hypointense areas was narrow in 5 patients with intramural leiomyoma and broad in five with subserosal leiomyoma. Two patients with adenomyosis showed nodular-shaped areas of hypointensity in front of the sacral promontory. Precontrast T(1)- and T(2)-weighted MR images showed no signal abnormalities in the portions corresponding to the hypointensity in any of the 12 patients. Pathological examinations showed no specific findings in the portions corresponding to the hypointensity in the 7 patients who had hysterectomy. The areas of hypointensity may represent functional changes, such as decreased localized blood flow caused by compression of the sacral promontory.

Sensitivity- and Effort-Gain Analysis: Multilead ECG Electrode Array Selection for Activation Time Imaging

Methods for noninvasive imaging of electric function of the heart might become clinical standard procedure the next years. Thus, the overall procedure has to meet clinical requirements as an easy and fast application. In this paper, we propose a new electrode array which improves the resolution of methods for activation time imaging considering clinical constraints such as easy to apply and compatibility with routine leads. For identifying the body-surface regions where the body surface potential (BSP) is most sensitive to changes in transmembrane potential (TMP), a virtual array method was used to compute local linear dependency (LLD) maps. The virtual array method computes a measure for the LLD in every point on the body surface. The most suitable number and position of the electrodes within the sensitive body surface regions was selected by constructing effort gain (EG) plots. Such a plot depicts the relative attainable rank of the leadfield matrix in relation to the increase in number of electrodes required to build the electrode array. The attainable rank itself was computed by a detector criterion. Such a criterion estimates the maximum number of source space eigenvectors not covered by noise when being mapped to the electrode space by the leadfield matrix and recorded by a detector. From the sensitivity maps, we found that the BSP is most sensitive to changes in TMP on the upper left frontal and dorsal body surface. These sensitive regions are covered best by an electrode array consisting of two L-shaped parts of approximately 30 cm x 30 cm and approximately 20 cm x 20 cm. The EG analysis revealed that the array meeting clinical requirements best and improving the resolution of activation time imaging consists of 125 electrodes with a regular horizontal and vertical spacing of 2-3 cm.

A NEW SPECIES OF MONOCOTYLE TASCHENBERG, 1878 (MONOGENEA: MONOCOTYLIDAE) FROM DASYATIS GUTTATA (DASYATIDAE)

Monocotyle guttatae n. sp. is described from the gills of the ray Dasyatis guttata (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) (Dasyatidae) off the coast of Brazil The new species can be readily differentiated from the other species of the genus in having a male copulatory organ with 2 loops and an accessory piece, 5-7 sclerites on the marginal haptoral papillae, and the absence of accessory sclerites on the dorsal surface of the posterior body. The present record confirms the presence of the genus in the subtropical waters of South America.

Escaping flatland: Three-dimensional kinematics and hydrodynamics of median fins in fishes

In the classic book Flatland, E. A. Abbott describes a world of two dimensions, a world in which the inhabitants live in ignorance of the third dimension, a world in which it is impossible to distinguish circles from squares, and squares from pentagons – everything looks like a line in the two-dimensional world of Flatland (Abbott, 1899). Then, a disruptive Sphere enters to make inhabitants aware of a third dimension, causing consternation and ultimately sending the narrator to jail. The Flatland of Abbott’s book is an appropriate metaphor for much of the current literature on undulatory locomotion in fishes, which is largely devoted to analyses of fish swimming in the horizontal (two-dimensional, 2D) plane. This 2D world has, so far, been an appropriate place to conduct our studies of fish locomotion: fewer cameras are needed to acquire data, analyses are simpler, and theoretical models can be generated more easily (e.g. Schultz and Webb, 2002). But fish are three-dimensional (3D), with prominent median and paired fins that project into the water, and with clearly defined edges that demark the dorsal, ventral and caudal body surface. Although thinking in three dimensions may complicate our lives, it is nonetheless a critical next step that experimental and computational analyses of fish undulatory locomotion are only now starting to grapple with. Like the residents of Flatland, we must learn to deal with the 3D world. The 3D nature of fish functional design is clearly seen in the enormous diversity of body shapes and swimming modes in fishes, but the precise advantage of one shape or mode over another is less clear. Generalizations from hydrodynamic theories combined with observations of typical swimming behavior have led to much speculation on the adaptations of certain morphologies to different situations (Lighthill, 1975; Marshall, 1971). Tunas, for example, are highly specialized in many ways, many of which are probably adaptations to their active, pelagic lifestyle (Block and Stevens, 2001). However, eels, which have a different body shape and swimming mode from tunas, also migrate thousands of kilometers The Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 187-195 Published by The Company of Biologists 2008 doi:10.1242/jeb.008128

Cardioelectric Field on the Bird Body Surface during Activation of Atrial Myocardium

Cardioelectric field (CEF) on the body surface of birds (hen and pigeon) at the period of atrial excitation was studied by the method of the 64-channel synchronous electrocardiotopography. At the period of the atrial depolarization in the birds the zone of CEF negative potentials on the body surface is located cranially with respect to the zone of positive potentials. At the initial moments of P wave the minimum is located in the cranial (hen) or middle (pigeon) third of the dorsal body surface, while the maximum—in the area of the heart projection onto the ventral (hen) or left-lateral (pigeon) body surface. The maximum and minimum of the potential reach the greatest value at the period of the middle part of the P wave (near the peak), their amplitude being higher in pigeons. The distribution dynamics of the CEF potentials on the body surface is similar in different bird species and is characterized by stability in mutual disposition of positive and negative zones. The interspecies and intraspecies CEF variability on the body surface at the period of the atrial activation seems to be due to differences in the heart disposition in the chest. At the period of the atrial myocardium activation, CEF on the bird body surface reflects adequately projection of the potential distribution on epicardium and the sequence of spreading of excitation in the atrial myocardium, including that in the presence of several fronts of depolarization waves.

A New Acanthosaura Allied to A. capra Günther, 1861 (Agamidae, Sauria) from Central Vietnam and Southern Laos

A new agamid species from central Vietnam and Southern Laos is described. It is distinguished from A. armata, A. coronata, A. crucigera, and A. lepidogaster by lacking a spine on the occiput between the tympanum and nuchal crest. The new species differs from coronata and lepidogaster by having a large crest and from armata, crucigera, and lepidogaster by lacking a dark marking on the nape. It most closely resembles A. capra, but differs from it by having large keeled scales intermixed with small scales on the lateral and dorsal surface of body (scales relatively uniform in capra). Strong difference in coloration in live of adult males and females of compared species of genus Acanthosaura are described.

First record of Polymerurus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) from Australia with the description of a new species from Queensland and of cuticular ultrastructure in P. nodicaudus

Abstract. Identification of specimens in the genus Polymerurus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) is reported for the first time from Australia. The genus includes 3 species from a freshwater lake in southern Queensland. Two species, Polymerurus rhomboides and P. nodicaudus, are well‐known cosmopolitans: P. rhomboides is now known from every continent except Antarctica, and P. nodicaudus from all continents except Africa and Antarctica. An ultrastructural description of the cuticle in P. nodicaudus is provided and confirms earlier observations on the structure of spined scales in other species of Chaetonotida, suborder Paucitubulatina. The utility of cuticle ultrastructure is discussed in reference to the search for characters defining higher‐level taxa in the Paucitubulatina. A new species, P. andreae, also cohabits the Queensland lake and is distinguished by the following combination of characters: wide mouth ring; pharynx with terminal bulb; simple spineless scales on the dorsal, lateral, and ventrolateral body surfaces; and a column of ventral interciliary scales in rectangular, ovoid, and intermediate shapes.

A NEW SPECIES OF CHIASMOCLEIS MÉHELŸ, 1904 (ANURA, MICROHYLIDAE) FROM THE ATLANTIC RAINFOREST OF BAHIA, BRAZIL

We describe a new species of Chiasmocleis from the municipality of Una, in the Atlantic Rainforest of southern Bahia, northeastern Brazil. The new species is the smallest member of the genus and is characterized by having an ovoid body; a truncate snout in dorsal view, rounded snout in profile; no webbing on hands and feet; fingers lacking disks, toe tips slightly expanded; fingers and toes weakly fringed (less fringed in females), with few lateral dermal spines in males and none in females; the dorsal surface of body and limbs with dermal spines in males, absent in females; in preservative, color on dorsum uniformly grayish brown, paler brown on dorsal surface of limbs; posterior surface of thighs with a white, longitudinal line; and belly boldly marbled in brown and pale cream.

A new species of Phyllodytes (Anura: Hylidae) from the State of Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil

AbstractA new species of the genus Phyllodytes is described from Fazenda Gravatá (10° 47'S, 36° 54'W), Municipality of Santo Amaro das Brotas, State of Sergipe, Brazil. Phyllodytes punctatus sp. nov. is distinguished from all other species of the genus by the small size (SVL 18.2-22.8 mm; x 20.6, s 1.49), dorsum of body pale brown with distinctive brown dots and smaller brown dots on dorsal surfaces of hindlimbs, dorsal surfaces of body and hindlimbs with small rounded tubercles, and presence of a distinctive tubercle on the tip of snout and one to three small tubercles on upper eyelid.

Morphology of the oviduct fluke, Prosthogonimus ovatus, isolated from Indonesian native chickens and histopathological observation of the infected chickens.

Prosthogonimus ovatus infection was detected in 5 of 130 chickens in the oviduct and 4 chickens in the bursa of Fabricius. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the spines of the P. ovatus were densely distributed on the cuticula of the entire dorsal surface of body, but on the ventral surface, they were densely present to the level of ventral sucker but gradually decreased in density posteriorly, and they could not be seen in the posterior 1/3 area. The spines were finger-shaped and denticulate at the tip. Histopathological examination showed that polypous elevations, degeneration and exfoliation of the mucosal epithelium were detected in the bursa of Fabricius possibly by the suction of flukes, in addition to the stratification of the mucosal epithelium, and interstitial cell infiltration.

Generalized post-tetanic changes in excitatory postsynaptic and acetylcholine-evoked currents in neurons in the common snail.

Changes in excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSC) and influx currents induced by local iontophoretic application of acetylcholine (ACh currents) to the surfaces of the bodies of identified neurons LPa3 and RPa3 in the common snail after heteroreceptor tetanic stimulation were studied. The effects of rhythmic application of acetylcholine (0.5-1.0 times per sec for 10-40 sec) on the magnitude of EPSC were analyzed, along with the effects of tetanic stimulation of the nerves (n. intestinalis, n. pallialis dexter, n. pallialis sinister; 1-5 Hz for 1-2 min) on the amplitudes of the ACh current and the magnitudes of EPSC evoked by stimulation of another nerve. The following changes in conditioning responses were found over 1-1.5 h after tetanization: rhythmic application of ACh to the dorsal surface of the cell body resulted in potentiation of EPSC, and tetanic orthodromic stimulation potentiated the ACh current and induced heterosynaptic depression of EPSC. These post-tetanic changes were not local--they developed in those chemoreceptor zones of the membrane which were not activated by the preceding conditioning rhythmic stimulation. It is concluded that generalized post-tetanic changes in neuron responses are induced by activation of its subsynaptic and extrasynaptic mediator chemoreceptors.

Radiation exposure to the spine surgeon during fluoroscopically assisted pedicle screw insertion.

In vitro study to determine occupational radiation exposure during lumbar fluoroscopy. To assess radiation exposure to the spine surgeon during fluoroscopically assisted thoracolumbar pedicle screw placement. Occupational radiation exposure during a variety of fluoroscopically assisted musculoskeletal procedures has been previously evaluated. No prior study has assessed fluoroscopy-related radiation exposure to the spine surgeon. Bilateral pedicle screw placement (T11-S1) was performed in six cadavers using lateral fluoroscopic imaging. Radiation dose rates to the surgeon's neck, torso, and dominant hand were measured with dosimeter badges and thermolucent dosimeter (TLD) rings. Radiation levels were also quantified at various distances from the dorsal lumbar surface using an ion chamber radiation survey meter. The mean dose rate to the neck was 8.3 mrem/min. The dose rate to the torso was greatest when the surgeon was positioned ipsilateral to the beam source (53.3 mrem/min, compared with 2.2 mrem/min on the contralateral side). The average hand dose rate was 58.2 mrem/min. A significant increase in hand dose rate was associated with placement of screws ipsilateral to the beam source (P = 0.0005) and larger specimens (P = 0.0007). Radiation levels significantly decreased as distance from the beam source and dorsal body surface increased. The greatest levels of radiation were noted on the side where the primary radiograph beam entered the cadaver. Fluoroscopically assisted thoracolumbar pedicle screw placement exposes the spine surgeon to significantly greater radiation levels than other, nonspinal musculoskeletal procedures that involve the use of a fluoroscope. In fact, dose rates are up to 10-12 times greater. Spine surgeons performing fluoroscopically assisted thoracolumbar procedures should monitor their annual radiation exposure. Measures to reduce radiation exposure and surgeon awareness of high-exposure body and hand positions are certainly called for.

Opisthorchis viverrini: ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the glycocalyx of the tegument

AbstractThe ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the glycocalyx of the tegument of Opisthorchis viverrini during maturation from newly excysted juvenile to adult stages were investigated using colloidal iron, ruthenium red and lectin stainings. The results showed that the glycocalyx was intensely stained by the first two dyes, thus indicating the presence of relatively high amounts of negative charges. However, the thickness and intensity of the staining decreased during the fluke's maturation. Binding studies using lectin probes on the surface of adult parasites showed that binding sites for Canavaliaensiformis (Con A), Triticum vulgaris (WGA) and Ricinus communis I(RCA I) were present in relative large amounts on the glycocalyx of the adult tegument, whereas those for Dolichos biflorus (DBA) were relatively fewer in number, and those for Ulex europaeus I (UEA I) were absent. The binding patterns of Con A, WGA, RCA I and DBA were generally similar, and the reaction product was uniformly distributed over the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the parasite's body. These bindings, therefore, indicate the presence of D-mannose/D-glucose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine/sialic acid, D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues on the glycocalyx of the adult tegument.

Opisthorchis viverrini: ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the glycocalyx of the tegument

The ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the glycocalyx of the tegument of Opisthorchis viverrini during maturation from newly excysted juvenile to adult stages were investigated using colloidal iron, ruthenium red and lectin stainings. The results showed that the glycocalyx was intensely stained by the first two dyes, thus indicating the presence of relatively high amounts of negative charges. However, the thickness and intensity of the staining decreased during the fluke's maturation. Binding studies using lectin probes on the surface of adult parasites showed that binding sites for Canavalia ensiformis (Con A), Triticum vulgaris (WGA) and Ricinus communis I (RCA I) were present in relative large amounts on the glycocalyx of the adult tegument, whereas those for Dolichos biflorus (DBA) were relatively fewer in number, and those for Ulex europaeus I (UEA I) were absent. The binding patterns of Con A, WGA, RCA I and DBA were generally similar, and the reaction product was uniformly distributed over the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the parasite's body. These bindings, therefore, indicate the presence of D-mannose/D-glucose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine/sialic acid, D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues on the glycocalyx of the adult tegument.

Occurrence of the genus Chiasmocleis (Anura: Microhylidae) in the State of Alagoas, north‐eastern Brazil, with a description of a new species

AbstractThe range of the genus Chiasmocleis found in the south‐eastern and southern parts of the Atlantic rainforest of eastern Brazil, is expanded to the north‐eastern region. Chiasmocleis alagoanus sp. nov. is described from two localities in the State of Alagoas. It is characterized by: medium size (snout–vent length 25.5–27.8 mm in females, 22.7–23.4 mm in males); snout short, tip truncate in dorsal and rounded in lateral profile; hand and foot not webbed; fingers and toes without lateral dermal spines; dorsal and ventral surfaces of body and limbs smooth, without dermal spines; colour on dorsum uniformly dark brown; venter roughly marbled in dark brown and pale cream.