Erbium Doped Research Articles

Influence of erbium doping on conduction behaviour of Y6-xSr4(SiO4)6F2 fluorapatite ceramic prepared by solution combustion method

This paper reports the electrical conduction mechanism of Y6-xSr4(SiO4)6F2:xEr3+ (x = 1,1.25, 1.5, 1.75 mol%) fluorapatite ceramic prepared by solution combustion method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the formation of hexagonal structure with crystallite size in the nano meter range. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of prepared ceramic show elongated spheroid grains with higher grain connectivity. Frequency dependent dielectric studies in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 100 KHz were done. Dielectric constant of prepared ceramic with different doping concentration decreases with increase in frequency of applied a.c field. Dielectric loss follows the same trend along with dissipation of energy. Complex impedance spectroscopy is used as a tool to investigate the change in real part of impedance (Z′), imaginary part of impedance (Z″), and a.c conductivity (σ) with the applied frequencies. Drastic increase in impedance value is being governed by aggregations of grains which is confirmed by cole-cole plots showing dielectric response of prepared ceramics. A.C conductivity shows an enhancement towards upper range i.e. dispersive region with an increase in applied frequency by giving a view on the electrical conduction behaviour of the ceramic.

Synthesis, Structure and Luminescence Characterization of Erbium Doped Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles by Precipitation Method

Introduction: Hydroxyapatite, Ca10 (PO4)6(OH)2, a ceramic material is the major inorganic component in bones and teeth of animals and humans. Although erbium is one of the prominent representative elements among the lanthanides, erbium doped hydroxyapatite has not been studied to a greater extent. This study reports the synthesis of erbium doped hydroxyapatite using the simple precipitation method and its structural and optical properties. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to synthesize erbium doped hydroxyapatite and to study the structural and optical properties. Materials and Methods: Nanocrystalline erbium doped hydroxyapatite was successfully prepared using simple precipitation method. Average particle size of the synthesized particle was around 8-10 nm. Results: The typical absorption spectra of the erbium doped hydroxyapatite sample shows almost well defined peaks of the erbium ions. The absorption bands were observed at 360 nm, 373 nm, 448 nm, 490 nm, 524 nm and at 653 nm. The photoluminescence spectrum showed the presence of a green band at 550 nm and a red band which peaked at 750 nm. Conclusion: Spherical shaped nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite, Ca10 (PO4)6(OH)2 substituted with Erbium(III) were obtained using precipitation method. The synthesized Er3+ doped hydroxyapatite can be used for biophotonic applications, which exploits their exquisite optical properties and infrared imaging and several other therapeutic applications.

Performance analysis of sistem komunikasi kabel laut (SKKL) using edfa amplifier link java-bali using optisystem

The underwater communication cable is an example of an undersea backbone link communication system that connects between islands and between countries. Backbone is the main track or channel in a network with very high speeds. Because the distance to be traveled in the link of this sea cable communication system is very far, it is necessary that devices such as optical amplifier to overcome the lost power when transmitted so that the communication can be delivered to the receiver. Optical amplifier used in the form of EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier), EDFA is an optical amplifier used to increase signal level that works on Waves 1530 nm to 1570 nm. This research analyzes the influence of the use of optical amplifier against SKKL network on link java-Bali by using Brancing Unit configuration and without Brancing Unit, Brancing Unit is a device to divide the optical path and connect more than one landing station, and measure the performance based on the performing parameters such as BER (Bit Error Rate), Q-Factor, Power Receive, and SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio). This research successfully simulates the configuration of Brancing Unit and without Brancing Unit. Simulated results by varying the power of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 dBm, Of the two configurations used have a good performance with the highest value of the BER parameter of 2.83×10-115, Q-Factor of 24.35139, Power Receive of-16.1937 dBm, and Signal to Noise Ratio of 31.1411947 dB power at 8 dBm.

Analysis of Attenuation Compensation Using Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers on Wavelength Division Multiplexing Networks as Optical Amplifiers in Communication Systems

Communication technology is currently very rapidly growing that causes the need for data flow speed increase significantly. These needs could be met through the technology of a fiber optic. The addition of use wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks can increase the bandwidth value because this network system can enter several wavelengths in a block diagram that is a multiplexer. This paper will discuss concerning a WDM that uses optical amplifier EDFA to strengthen a transmitted signal with input signal is sent two channel in one axis a fiber optic. Approach was used in the study simulations with three types of variation. The results of the simulation showed the variations of this type of circuit, the circuit is a form of consumption preline most excellent attenuation coefficient has 0.593 dBm/km, the variation of the value of the bandwidth on the value of 200 GHz is the value that best has a attenuation coefficient dBm 0.026/km and variations of long fiber optics at a distance 1 km that is the distance transmission of maximum.

Comparison of semiconductor lasers at wavelength 980 nm & 1480 nm using InGaAs for EDFA pumping scheme

Long distance Optical Communications are affected by many problems; loss of signal is one of them. Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) is the key to solve it. By using Semiconductor Laser as pumping source for EDFA, the signal can brought back the performed of EDFA into normal condition. EDFA has a good wavelength operation at 980nm & 1480nm, in that case Semiconductor Laser using InGaAs at 980nm & 1480nm is suitable for them. By using selected wavelength and materials, the Semiconductor Laser can be produced properly. Also, determining the parameter is the important things to construct the Laser. By using Rate Equation, the performed of Semiconductor Laser can obtained several result. Those are injection current as a function of voltage, carrier density, photon density and output power as a function of injection current.

Comparison of semiconductor lasers at wavelength 980nm & 1480nm using InGaAs for EDFA pumping scheme

Long distance Optical Communications are affected by many problems; loss of signal is one of them. Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) is the key to solve it. By using Semiconductor Laser as pumping source for EDFA, the signal can brought back the performed of EDFA into normal condition. EDFA has a good wavelength operation at 980nm & 1480nm, in that case Semiconductor Laser using InGaAs at 980nm & 1480nm is suitable for them. By using selected wavelength and materials, the Semiconductor Laser can be produced properly. Also, determining the parameter is the important things to construct the Laser. By using Rate Equation, the performed of Semiconductor Laser can obtained several result. Those are injection current as a function of voltage, carrier density, photon density and output power as a function of injection current.

Effect of Erbium doping on GaN electronic and optical properties: First-principles study

In this work, we studied the electronic and optical properties of [Formula: see text] with a concentration [Formula: see text]. Based on a first-principle calculation and using the FP-LAPW full-linearized augmented plane wave method, to see the doping phenomenon with Erbium (Er) [Formula: see text], we used the three approximations: local spin density approximation (LSDA), the LSDA[Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] is the Hubbard potential and the Becke–Johnson modification (mBJ). Our results show that the values of the structural parameters increase with the substitution of Ga by the Erbium atom. The analysis of the electronic structures in this study shows that the Er-doped GaN has a semi-metallic ferromagnetic character with the LSDA and mBJ approximations and a semiconductor behavior when we apply the Hubbard potential [Formula: see text]. The real and imaginary part of the dielectric function, refractive index, and extinction coefficient are also calculated and presented in the photon energy range up to 14 eV. In the optical spectrum, the intensity of the absorption coefficient is observed in the imaginary part of both doped and undoped GaN in the ultraviolet regions.

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing using Dispersion Fibre with Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

Dense wavelength division multiplexing is used in various broadband communications. It combines information from distinct sources on an optical fiber, each signal being transmitted simultaneously on its own distinct light wavelength. Radio over fibre is a hybrid system that has both fibre optic link and free space radio path. This paper aims to evaluate the performance of the system using Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier, Single Mode Fibre and Dispersion compensating Fibre. Single beam of light is passed by the SMF and is used for long distance signal transmission. DCF is used to reduce the dispersion in the optical signal. EDFA reduces the degradation of the signal by cancelling the effect of attenuation. It is an optical repeater used to raise the intensity of the optical signal. Mach – Zehnder modulator is used for the modulation. The simulation is carried out by using optisystem software version 15.0. Various parameters like Q-factor, BER pattern, threshold, minimum BER are compared and estimated.

Erbium doped anatase TiO2 nanoparticles for photovoltaic applications

Doping of rare earth metal erbium (Er) into the nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) was identified to enhance the performance of photocatalytic and photovoltaic applications. Herein, TiO2 was doped with different concentrations of erbium through hydrothermal method and then employed to photocatalytic and photovoltaic applications. XRD, FT-IR, TEM, AFM, UV–visible DRS and photocatalytic measurements were carried out to examine the impact of erbium doping on TiO2. The photovoltaic study revealed that the Er doped TiO2 exhibited the better power conversion efficiency with high short-circuit current density (Jsc) and open-circuit voltage (Voc). This enhancement may be due to the reduced charge recombination, increased dye absorption ability and fast photoelectron injection.

Improving and manipulating green-light electroluminescence in solution-processed ZnO nanocrystals via erbium doping

Regulating green electroluminescence (EL) of ZnO is an important but difficult task to produce white-light sources due to its strong background green emission. We have demonstrated that the green EL from solution-processed ZnO nanocrystals (NCs) can be improved and manipulated by erbium (Er) doping. Er3+ ions can be doped and activated without any high-temperature post-annealing treatment. Incorporation of the Er3+ ions in the ZnO host induces lattice expansion primarily along the (002) direction. Er3+-related characteristic green emissions are observed at 535 and 556 nm and manipulated with increasing Er concentration under forward bias. The EL mechanism is investigated and found to be driven by the energy transfer from the deep-level defects of the ZnO NCs to the nearby Er3+ ions. Our findings have demonstrated the feasibility of producing green light-emitting diodes by solution-processable Er-doped ZnO NCs and inspired a promising way to develop white-light sources based on printable ZnO NCs simply by incorporating different rare earth ions into the ZnO NCs simultaneously.

Vickers microhardness and indentation creep studies for erbium-doped ZnO nanoparticles

The effect of erbium (Er) doping on the structural, magnetic and mechanical properties of Zn1−xErxO, with 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.10, samples was studied using X-ray powder diffraction, M–H magnetic hysteresis and digital Vickers microhardness tester, respectively. The samples were prepared by wet chemical co-precipitation method. Vickers microhardness (Hv) measurements were carried out at different applied loads (0.25–10 N) and dwell times (t = 10–60 s) to study the mechanical performance of the samples. Experimental results of Hv were analyzed using Meyer’s law, and modeled according to Hays–Kendall, elastic/plastic deformation, modified proportional specimen resistance (MPSR) and Indentation Induced Cracking models. It was observed that the MPSR model was the most appropriate model for describing the load independent microhardness data of Er-doped ZnO nanoparticle samples. Indentation creep behavior of Zn1−xErxO samples was studied at room temperature by measuring the variation of Hv with the dwell times (t = 10–60 s) at fixed applied loads F = 1, 5 and 10 N, respectively. The results showed that Er-doped ZnO nanoparticles samples possessed grain boundary sliding and dislocation climbs at low loads followed by dislocation creep for higher loads within the operative creep mechanism.

Design and Analysis of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier for Optical Communication Network

Optical system that be valid wave-length division multiplexing (WDM) is by and by extensively utilized in present media communications structures and is assessed to have an imperative influence in cutting edge schemes and the future Internet supporting a substantial decent variety of administrations having extremely assorted necessities as far as transfer speed, idleness, unwavering quality and different highlights. The main decision of this paper is to execute Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) in the scope of C-band. The gain and commotion figure at every variety of both length and siphon control are exploratory, reenacted by utilizing Matlab programming. The EDFA optical intensifier is presented in the Wave-length Division Multiplexing (WDM) plan to trigger in various contributions at various wavelength in the range between 1538 to 1565nm.

Frequency Mode Locking in Erbium Doped Fiber Laser

Frequency Mode Locking in Erbium Doped Fiber Laser

Effects of rare-earth erbium doping on the electrical performance of tin-oxide thin film transistors

Erbium doped tin-oxide thin film transistors (ErSnO-TFTs) were fabricated by Radio-Frequency magnetron sputtering (RFMS) using SnO target and Er foil. Effects of Er concentration on crystallinity, optical band-gap, surface chemical information, defect states, surface morphology, along with the electrical properties of ErSnO-TFTs, were investigated. The results indicate that moderate Er concentration is beneficial to the performance of ErSnO-TFTs. The relatively good device performance was obtained at the Er concentration of 3.1 at.% within our experimental conditions. The optimum field-effect mobility (μFE), subthreshold swing (SS), threshold voltage (Vth), on-off current ratio (Ion/off) and the total interfacial trap states (Nt) are 3.9 cm2/V, 0.49 Vdec−1, -0.4 V, 2.9 × 107 and 5.1 × 1011 cm−2. This work may pave the way for the development of lanthanides doped Sn-based thin film devices.

Effect of erbium doping on structural, vibrational and physical properties of CuTe2O5

The crystal structure of CuTe2O5,2%Er2O3 was determined from X-ray powder diffraction data using Rietveld refinements. The new structure was solved in monoclinic system through the P21/c space group with parameters equal to a = 6.868 Å, b = 9.316 Å and c = 7.601 Å. The structure can be described as a three dimensional network made of layers parallel to the (010) which contain two kinds of polyhedra TeO4 and TeO5 connected through a corner. These sheets are interconnected by Cu2O10 dimers. A deep spectroscopic study was carried out using the Infrared and Raman techniques in order to prove the presence of different polyhedron CuO6, Te(1)O5, and Te(2)O4E.The dielectric data were analyzed using complex permittivity (ε′), (ε″) and tan (δ) for the sample at various temperatures. The CuTe2O5,2%Er2O3 exhibited strong red-green emissions due to homogeneously occupied Er3+ ions in the host lattice which is confirmed by Photoluminescence.

Effect of erbium doping on vibrational and optical properties of TiTe3O8

A new mixed doped tellurium oxide, TiTe3O8: 2%Er, was synthesized by the conventional solid-state reaction method at a temperature T = 700 °C for 10 h. The structure of the ceramic was investigated using X-ray powder diffraction at room temperature. This compound crystallizes in the Ia3¯ cubic space group, with cell parameter a = 10.9549(4) Å, Z = 8.A sequence of TeO4E (E = Electronic lone pair of Te(IV)) disphnoids and regular Er/TiO6 peripheral octahedra characterize the structure of the compound. According to Raman spectroscopy analysis, Er3+ doping results in a local structural disorder without affecting long-range symmetry. Also, photoluminescence investigation revealed green and red emissions which refer to interesting transitions.

Photoluminescence features and nonlinear-optical properties of the Ag0.05Ga0.05Ge0.95S2[sbnd]Er2S3 glasses

Preparation technology, the structure determination, multiband luminescence and nonlinear optical properties (NLO) of the chalcogenide glasses are subject of present work. The Ag0.05Ga0.05Ge0.95S2Er2S3 glass samples with two different 0.12 and 0.27 at.% Er content were prepared by classical two-stage melt-quenching method. Glass state and morphology were confirmed by X-ray and EDS techniques. Influence of the Erbium doping on the luminescence and NLO properties was investigated. Based on the diagram of energy levels for the Er3+ ions, we proposed a model that explains photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanism. It should be emphasized that investigated glasses (in comparison with other materials) are exceptional in that all bands of PL are intense due to small energy losses at excitation and emission of ions Er3+. The photoinduced second and third harmonic generations have been measured in the reflected geometry and compared with reference – BiB3O6 (BBO): 10%Nd crystal.

Luminescent properties of stoichiometric Er:LiTaO3 submicron particles synthesized by a modified solid-state combustion route

Erbium-doped lithium tantalate submicron phosphor particles were produced by an efficient one-step solid-state combustion method. Well-crystallized products with uniform grain morphology were confirmed by X-ray diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis were used to further analyze the combustion reaction process. In addition, down- and up-conversion luminescence (DCL, UCL) as well as the relationship between luminescence intensity and erbium doping level were revealed. The luminescence spectra for the UCL processes under different excitation intensities showed a remarkable three-photon absorption phenomenon in Er-doped system. These results demonstrate that the modified solid-state combustion method possesses practical value for large-scale synthesis of rare earth-doped submicron phosphors and has great potential for application in solid-state laser and display fields.

High temperature molten flux growth, structural and optical characteristics of KTiOPO4:Ho and KTiOPO4:Er single crystals

KTiOPO4:Ho and KTiOPO4:Er single crystals are grown by a top-seeded solution growth method from potassium phosphate and MoO3 flux. The crystalline phase, packing structure and chemical composition of the crystals are analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectrum (EDS). The doping of Ho and Er induced strain in the crystal is determined from Williamson–Hall relation. The bonding between titanium and oxygen of Ho and Er doping in the KTP crystal is changing the pseudo-symmetrical deviation in the lattice. The bonding of O and Ti decreases with doping Ho and Er and Ti3+ content in the crystal. The bonding, distortion of the TiO6-TiO6 chain and change in inter-atomic distances by erbium and holmium doping are assessed by Raman spectroscopy and low temperature ESR spectroscopy which evidences the low concentration of Ti3+ presence in the crystal. The KTiOPO4:Ho and KTiOPO4:Er single crystal shows second harmonic generation properties which shows that the efficiency ratio of ηKTiOPO4:Ho/η KTiOPO4 = 0.63 and ηKTiOPO4:Er/η KTiOPO4 = 0.80.

Transmission line method for the simulation of fiber Bragg gratings.

A new method for the analysis and design of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) based on the theory of transmission lines has been developed and verified both theoretically and experimentally. The method is an extension of the coupled-mode theory and utilizes the equivalent transmission lines in order to simulate any type of grating, with an easy and direct implementation. The method provides the ability to analyze the optical devices without using full wave approaches, while also facilitating the incorporation of core materials with a complex or non-linear refractive index, non-uniform distributions of the grating's refractive index, and tilted and phase-shifted gratings. The approach also allows the design of the grating for a given reflection spectra. Numerical results of the method's application on a randomly varied inscription of the refractive index of a FBG have also been simulated and discussed. Using this method, the characteristics of an erbium-doped (ED)-FBG have been simulated and the predictions verified experimentally.