Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles Research Articles

Investigation of photocatalytic and corrosion resistance properties of Zr-Ag doped SnO2 Nanoparticles: The impact of calcination temperature

Investigation of photocatalytic and corrosion resistance properties of Zr-Ag doped SnO2 Nanoparticles: The impact of calcination temperature

Influence of Temperature on the Performance of Metal Semiconductor Metal Photodetector Fabricated by Pure and Cationic Doped (Mg2+ and Cu2+) SnO2 Nanoparticles

Research based on various temperatures always provides beneficial awareness in the fabrication of a vital photodetector for significant applications. Increasing temperature and including dopants in photodetector materials will influence the functioning of the photodetector. This study included the influence of temperature on pure and doped SnO2 photodetectors. The crystal structure of stannic oxide has been modified by adding cationic dopants, namely Mg2+ and Cu2+, through co-precipitation techniques. Various characterization techniques were employed to examine the impact of Mg2+ and Cu2+ on the Sn4+ lattice. The electrical properties of the materials were studied at different temperatures using the Hall effect. Pure SnO2, Mg-doped SnO2, and Cu-doped SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesised separately and used as photodetectors using fluorine-doped tin oxide film as a conductive medium. The fabricated photodetectors are optimized by current-voltage characteristics at different temperatures. The effects of defects in crystal structure, oxygen vacancies, carrier concentration, and temperature on the photodetectors were studied. Comparative studies of pure and doped SnO2 photodetectors revealed that temperature and crystal defects play a significant role in photoconduction.

Structural and magnetic properties of Fe and Ni co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles prepared by co-precipitation method

In this research work Fe and Ni co-doped Tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles have been prepared by co-precipitation method. The samples were prepared at various combination of Fe and Ni from 0% up to 10%. The produced nanoparticles were studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV–vis Spectrophotometer, Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). The XRD study reveals the formation of rutile structure of the undoped and doped SnO2 nanoparticles with the average crystallite size of 1.5–10.8 nm. Metal oxide bonding is confirmed through FTIR measurement. Optical band gap redshift (3.9 to 3.64 eV) with doping of Fe and Ni atom is observed. SEM image confirms the formation of spheroidal nanoparticles and size of the nanoparticle varies from 36 to 15 nm. The VSM study shows the ferromagnetic phase transition at 7% Ni, Fe doped SnO2 nanoparticles. This ferromagnetism arises for the oxygen vacancies and defect states. Further, increase of doping concentration of 10%, nanoparticles show the phase transition from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic. Such transition can be applicable in hyperthermia treatment and memory devices.

Ce Doped SnO2 Nanoparticcles: Investigation of Structural and Optical Properties

Tin oxide (SnO2 ) and (1 wt%, 3 wt%, 5wt %) Ce-doped SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by the Co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction investigations have been confirmed that the synthesized nanoparticles are polycrystalline in nature with tetragonal rutile phase. The particle size is determined using Scherrer’s formula and it is found to increase with the “Ce” dopant. High resolution scanning electron microscope (HRSEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed spherical morphology composed of fine crystallites with diameters around ∼200 nm. Optical band gap was decreased by the doping confirming the direct energy transfer between f-electrons of rare earth ion and the SnO2 conduction or valence band. This study demonstrates the Ce doped SnO2 nanoparticles for applications in optoelectronic devices.

Support of Cd doping in SnO2 nanoparticles to enhance its thermoelectric parameters

In the present study we have successfully synthesized undoped and Cd doped SnO2 nanoparticles using the Sol-gel method with different concentrations of Cd solutions, and Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity have been reported at various temperatures. The structural, morphological, thermoelectric and electrical properties of undoped and doped samples were by XRD, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Seebeck effect and two point probe electrical measurement. XRD show the rutile tetragonal structure and the enhanced particle size in the range of 18.12 nm to 25.08 nm, and Raman active mode at 479cm-1 , 632cm-1 and 775cm-1 were measured by Raman spectroscopy. Morphology of the nanoparticles by using Scanning electron microscopy have revealed the random spherical shape and cluster formation of these nanoparticles. The maximum value of seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity and power factor for 6% doped SnO2 samples were found to be -297.92μV/°C, 33.33Ω-1 m-1 and 0.129117 x 106 Wm-1 /°C2 , respectively. These results reveal that the Cd doped tin dioxide (SnO2) nanoparticles can be used as a good candidate for thermoelectric applications.

Investigation of sunlight driven SPR assisted photocatalytic activity of Ag doped SnO2 nanoparticles

Photocatalysis triggered by visible light has emerged as a viable method for addressing environmental pollution and the energy crisis in our society. Numerous metal oxide semiconductors are transformed into visible light active photocatalysts by adopting some straightforward methods. One such efficient way of creating a visible light active photocatalyst is doping a pure semiconductor with plasmonic metal nanoparticles. Our work thoroughly investigates the photocatalytic properties of pure SnO2 nanoparticles (NP) and SnO2 doped with 1%, 3%, and 5% ‘Ag’ under sunlight. These samples are prepared using a straightforward sol–gel approach, followed by a hydrothermal procedure. To examine the different properties and morphology of the synthesized samples, several analytical tools, including UV–visible spectrometer, XRD, XPS, TEM, PL spectrometer and FTIR are used. Analysis of UV-visible absorbance spectra shows a noticeable narrowing of the band gap with increased ‘Ag’ doping. XRD analysis confirms the tetragonal structure of all samples. Methyl orange (MO) dye is used as an imitation of an organic pollutant to examine the photocatalytic activity under sunlight. When compared to pure SnO2 NP, every ‘Ag’ doped SnO2 NP sample exhibits a considerable improvement in the photodegradation of methyl orange. Analysis of PL spectra of SnO2 NPs doped with ‘Ag’ suggests that the major causes of this enhancement in photocatalysis are surface defects and the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect caused by ‘Ag’ doping. The scavenging test claims that the holes are the primary and the superoxide radicals are the secondary reactive species which are responsible for MO degradation under sunlight.

Cobalt ions doped SnO2 nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic and supercapacitor applications

Pure and Cobalt (Co)-doped SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. The SnO2 NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive spectra (EDS), High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), UV –Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Photoluminescence (PL) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The photocatalytic (PC) results of Co-doped SnO2 NPs showed a higher degradation efficiency than the pure SnO2 NPs. The electrode made of Co-doped SnO2 exhibited a maximum specific capacitance (Cs) of 317 F/g at the current density of 5A/g. The device gave the retention of 89.95% after 1000 continuous charge /discharge cycles. The experimental results demonstrated that the optimum concentration of Co-doped SnO2 NPs is an excellent bifunctional material for photocatalytic (PC) and supercapacitor (SC) applications

Chemical assist rapid sonochemical synthesis of Cr doped SnO2 nanoparticles for the hydrogen gas sensing application

An effective chemical assist Sonochemical method was used to synthesize facile and homogenous undoped and Cr (3, and 6 at. %) doped SnO2 nanoparticles within aqueous solution. Different characterization methods, including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), UV–vis spectroscopy Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman Spectroscopy and gas sensing were used to examine the structural, optical and chemical behavior of the synthesized SnO2 nanoparticles. The XRD results showed that the synthesized SnO2 nanoparticles exhibit high crystallinity and rutile phase. The synthesized SnO2 nanoparticles had an average crystallite size of 7.8 ± 2 nm. Crystallite size is found to be decreased when chromium is doped in SnO2 at different concentrations.The morphology of SnO2 nanoparticles was studied by FESEM, and the results showed that the developed SnO2 nanoparticles are uniform, spherical, and evenly dispersed. The SnO2 nanoparticles were investigated by EDS's chemical technique. The chromium, oxygen peak and Sn peak are present, according to the EDS spectra. The doping concentrations of Cr (3 % and 6% wt.) confirmed from the EDS spectrum. The Optical band gap of Undoped and Cr doped SnO2 nanoparticles were evaluated by UV–Vis Spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that band gap of the SnO2 nanoparticles increased with addition of the Cr contents. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical characteristics of SnO2 nanoparticles. The Sn-O band stretching was confirmed from the FT-IR investigation. Further, the rutile tetragonal phase confirmed the A1g vibration mode of the Rutile SnO2 symmetry from Raman spectroscopy. Finally, the gas sensing characteristics of the SnO2 nanoparticles were studied at 270 °C the resistances versus ambient gas time. It has been observed that sensitivity of the prepared sample was higher than reported in the literature.

Structural and optical characteristics of Sb doped SnO2 nanoparticles and their boosted photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation

Recent developments in nanomaterials have shown that multifunctionality in materials can be best achieved by using doping techniques. In this work, a simple sol-gel approach is employed to successfully prepare Sb-doped SnO2 nanoparticles. XRD, FESEM, UV–Vis spectra, Pl, and XPS were used to observe the imprints of Sb doping on the structural and optical features of SnO2 and the photocatalytic capabilities of prepared nanoparticles. The prepared SnO2 has a tetragonal rutile-type structure, and the crystallite size was found to decrease with an increase in Sb doping from ATO-0 to ATO-4 and then increase with further increment in Sb doping for ATO-6. Band gap energies of 3.5 eV, 3.67 eV, 3.71 eV, and 3.73 eV were observed for ATO-0, ATO-2, ATO-4, and ATO-6, respectively, using UV–Vis spectroscopy. Band gap changes, owing to Sb doping, in the prepared samples, which enhances the absorption in the visible light range. The inherent property of the sample to degrade the methylene orange solution was used to measure the higher photoactive response of the doped sample; this is ascribed to the enhanced efficiency with which photogenerated electron-hole pairs get separated. There is a pronounced effect on the photocatalytic activity of catalysts with antimony doping. Using a Sb–SnO2 catalyst, the photocatalytic degradation of methylene orange is studied in depth. The improved ability to catalyse a chemical reaction using light has been observed in materials that have been intentionally modified by the introduction of impurities or doping.

Analyzing the role of Ni dopant to change the structural, optical and photocatalytic properties of SnO2 nanoparticles

SnO2 and 5 wt% Ni doped SnO2 nanoparticles (SnO2:Ni NPs) were successfully synthesised by a template-free hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns depicted polycrystalline nature of the NPs in rutile-type cassiterite phase with dominant (110) and (101) Bragg diffraction peaks. Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns supported single phase tetragonal crystal structure having space group P42/m n m. With Ni doping, crystallite size of NPs decreased from 39 nm to 35 nm whereas lattice strain increased from 3.56 × 10−3 to 3.99 × 10−3. This is attributed to the substitution of Sn4+ ion by Ni2+ ions. The morphology of the SnO2 NPs also changed from regular spherical shape to elongated irregular shape upon Ni doping. The dominant Raman peak obtained at 634 cm−1 matched with the signature peak for rutile SnO2 (Raman A1g mode). Further, we observed disappearance of E g mode due to Ni doping, which indicated the formation of oxygen vacancies. Also, XPS analysis indicated an increase of oxygen vacancy concentration in the doped NPs due to charge imbalance between Sn4+ and Ni2+. The direct optical band gap of SnO2 increased from 3.97 eV to 4.11 eV when doped with 5 wt% Ni and it is ascribed to Burstein–Moss effect. Irrespective of higher optical band gap of SnO2:Ni NPs, they showed enhanced photocatalytic activity to degrade Rhodamine B (RhB) dye molecules under UV-visible irradiation. The first order kinetic reaction rate constants for degradation of RhB were found to be 0.014 min−1 and 0.045 min−1 in case of SnO2 and SnO2:Ni NPs respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic activity in SnO2:Ni NPs is explained by relating to the formation of more oxygen vacancies and chemisorptions of O2 and H2O molecules followed by generation of radicals. This work demonstrates the superiority of SnO2:Ni NPs for use as photocatalytic material for industrial waste water treatment.

Development of niobium doped tin oxide nanostructure via hydrothermal route for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and antimicrobial study

In this work, we discuss the effect of niobium (Nb) doping concentrations of 2% and 4% on the physicochemical characteristics and photocatalytic properties of tin dioxide nanostructure, which were successfully developed by a basic hydrothermal route. Nb-doped SnO2 were characterized with regards to their optical, structural and photocatalytic features. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses display that both pristine and doped tin dioxide had a fine crystalline structure having tetragonal structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that materials exhibited the irregular shaped nanoparticles morphology. Optical absorption analysis using UV–visible spectroscopy revealed a redshift in the bandgap energy for Nb3+ doped SnO2 nanoparticles. Methylene blue aqueous (MB) dye was degraded by 93.78% in 120 min when exposed to 4% Nb doped SnO2 NPs under visible light. The 4% Nb doped SnO2 shows elevated photocatalytic activity owing to their greater surface area containing greater active zones responsible for adsorption of larger dye species and good structural stability. Similarly, the 4% Nb doped SnO2 photocatalysts maintained their excellent stability and photodegradation efficiency over 89% even after being subjected to 5th cycles. The scavenger analysis demonstrates that the superoxide (O2) radical, a major active substance, performed a crucial role in the mineralization of the aqueous MB dye. The 4% Nb doped SnO2 also shows remarkable antimicrobial activity. Our finding suggests that doping strategy considered as efficient method that can help to increase the photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity.

Phyto-synthesis of Pure and Mn Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles: Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Photocatalytic Activities

Phyto-synthesis of Pure and Mn Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles: Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Photocatalytic Activities

Highly sensitive H2S gas sensor containing simultaneously UV treated and self-heated Ag-SnO2 nanoparticles

A gas sensor to detect H2S gas based on SnO2 nanorods (NRs) and Ag doped SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) was fabricated by growing SnO2 NRs on an interdigitated Au substrate and spin coating Ag doped SnO2 NPs on the NRs’ surface. The morphology, chemical, optical, and electrical properties of this nanostructure were examined using FESEM, EDAX, XRD, PL and absorption spectroscopy. The fabricated sensor was further enhanced by doping the SnO2 NPs with Ag as well as utilizing an innovative method of simultaneous exposure to UV illumination and self-heating. The proposed design has proven to reduce the destructive effect of humidity due to its photocatalytic properties. This unique nanostructure design enhanced the sensing response of the device from 2.7 to 8 (in the detection range of 500 ppb-10 ppm). This improvement caused by an increase of the electron injection on the NPs’ interfaces and a multiplication of the available active sites on which H2S gas is trapped. In addition, the sensor’s response and recovery time toward 10 ppm H2S gas increased from 11 and 14 s to 5 and 8 s respectively. The sensor’s cross-sensitivity toward C6H6, C2H5OH, CO2, and NH3 was also examined to determine the selectivity.

Green energy induced photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue and crystal violet dyes by strontium doped tin oxide nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity

Sunlight driven strontium doped tin oxide (SnO2) photocatalyst was synthesized with different strontium (Sr) concentrations by the simplest sol-gel methodology. The XRD diffractogram findings revealed the decrement in the average crystallite size from 13 nm to 8 nm and shifting of diffraction peaks towards lower diffraction angle signifies the incorporation of Sr2+ ions in the host lattice sites. Optical studies unveiled the reduction in the energy bandgap values with respect to doping concentration i.e. 2.94 eV for pristine SnO2 to 2.43 eV for 1.5% Sr:SnO2. The photocatalytic measurements showed that the action of Sr doped SnO2 nanoparticles (1.5%) on methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV) dyes exhibited momentous photocatalytic performance of about 83.3% in 100 minutes and 67.8% in 150 minutes under natural sunlight. Additionally, an efficient antibacterial activity of Sr doped SnO2 nanoparticles (at 1.5% doping) was estimated against a gram negative bacteria E. Coli.

Cauliflower-like strontium-doped SnO2 nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation

Three-dimensional (3D) cauliflower-shaped Strontium (Sr)-doped SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesised at ambient temperature through a simple co-precipitation technique. The 3D cauliflower-shaped 7 wt-% Sr-doped SnO2 nanoparticles increase light harvesting features and also promote electron transport across grain boundaries. 3D cauliflower-shaped Sr-doped SnO2 nanoparticles offer low charge transfer resistance, which is validated by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy spectrum. XRD studies of SnO2 and Sr-doped SnO2 have revealed a tetragonal structure, and PL spectra corroborate the greater charge splitting. This study may be the first ever report on the 3D microstructure of cauliflower-shaped 7 wt-% Sr-doped SnO2 nanoparticles that demonstrated higher photocatalytic activity under visible-light for MB dye solution.

Review on: Applications of Pure and Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles

Review on: Applications of Pure and Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles

The Al-Containing Silicates Modified with Organic Ligands and SnO2 Nanoparticles for Catalytic Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation and Aerobic Carboxylation of Carbonyl Compounds.

The Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation (BVO) of ketones and aldehydes produce lactones and formates, while aerobic carboxylation of aldehydes manufactures carboxylic acids, both having high added value. This work prepared a series of Al-containing silicates modified with organic ligands and SnO2 nanoparticles, which were then employed as catalyst in BVO and carboxylation. Characterizations revealed the morphology of the synthesized catalyst was changed from micron-sized thin sheets to smaller blocks, and then to uniform nanoparticles (size of 50 nm) having the doped SnO2 nanoparticles with a size of 29 nm. All catalysts showed high BET surface areas featuring silt-like mesopores. In determining the priority of BVO and carboxylation, an influence evaluation of the parameters showed the order to be substrate > oxidant > solvent > catalyst. Cyclic aliphatic ketones were suitable for BVO, but linear aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes for carboxylation. Coordination of (S)-binaphthol or doping of Sn into catalyst showed little influence on BVO under m-CPBA, but the Sn-doped catalyst largely increased BVO under (NH4)2S2O8 and H2O2. Calculations revealed that the catalyst containing both Al and Sn could give BVO intermediates lower energies than the Sn-beta zeolite model. The present system exhibited merits including wider substrate scope, innocuous catalytic metal, greener oxidant, as well as lower catalyst cost.

A simple fabrication of Mn doped SnO2 nano particles towards improved congored degradation photocatalytic activity

A simple fabrication of Mn doped SnO2 nano particles towards improved congored degradation photocatalytic activity

Effect of dopant concentration Mn in SnO2 nanoparticles on photocatalytic, magnetic and optical properties

Mn doped SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized in a sol-gel technique at various concentrations. A wide range of properties are analyzed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM with EDAX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), UV-Visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), and photocatalytic studies. Results from EDAX confirmed the presence of Sn and Mn ions in SnO2 nanoparticles doped with Mn. As a result of analyzing the luminescence of all synthesized samples, blue emission characteristic of lighting applications was observed. Furthermore, 0.2M Mn doped SnO2 sample shows the enhanced ferromagnetism at room temperature with elevated saturation magnetization value. The 0.2M Mn doped SnO2 nanoparticles show the significant increase in photocatalytic efficiency of SnO2 among the other doped samples. Thus, all experiment results demonstrated that the concentration of dopant influences the structure, optical properties, photocatalytic properties, and magnetic properties of SnO2.

Preserved crystal phase and morphology: Improving the magnetic and electrochemical performance of sulfur doped tin oxide nanoparticles synthesized via the hydrothermal method

Herein, we report synthesis of bare and Sulfur (S) doped SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) using simple and low cost hydrothermal method. S with different concentration (0, 2, 4 and 6) were doped in SnO2 and named as bare SnO2, 2%S:SnO2, 4%S:SnO2 and 6%S:SnO2, respectively. The synthesized NPs were characterized for structural, functional, optical, morphological, electrochemical and magnetic properties. XRD confirms the tetragonal structure of bare SnO2 2%S:SnO2, 4%S:SnO2 and 6%S:SnO2 NPs. The crystallite size and microstrain was calculated using the Scherrer equation, W-H plot, SSP plot, and H-W plot and are in well agreement with each other. The FTIR confirmed formation of S-O and Sn-O bonding. The direct energy band gap values of bare SnO2, 2%S:SnO2, 4%S:SnO2 and 6%S:SnO2 are 3.8 eV, 3.6 eV, 3.1 eV and 2.2 eV, respectively. The electrochemical performance (ECP) of bare SnO2 and 2%S:SnO2 NPs were studied by making their electrodes through CV, GCDs, and EIS measurements. The bare SnO2 and 2%S:SnO2 electrodes show the specific capacitance of 125 F/g and 225 F/g at a current density of 3 A/g proves S doping enhances the capacitive performance of SnO2 NPs. The VSM shows paramagnetic behavior changes into ferromagnetic behavior with S doping.