Doped Phosphate Glasses Research Articles

Insights into the Structural, Thermal/Dilatometric, and Optical Properties of Dy3+-Doped Phosphate Glasses for Lighting Applications

Insights into the Structural, Thermal/Dilatometric, and Optical Properties of Dy³⁺-Doped Phosphate Glasses for Lighting Applications

Investigation of structural, optical characteristics of Gd3+ doped phosphate glass for radiation shielding applications

Gadolinium doped phosphate glass was created with a composition of 70 P2O5 + 5Al2O3 + 5 Ba2CO3 + 9 KF2 + 5 MnO2 + 5 SnO+1 Gd2O3 by using the melt-quenching process. The prepared glass sample’s amorphous nature was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction analysis. FT-IR examination confirms the presence of phosphate functional groups. Glass’s optical band gap was found to be 3.5 eV using Tauc’s plot method. The photoluminescence analysis indicates that the emission band at around 311 nm. The Commission International de I’Eclairage (CIE) was employed. It was identified that the computed chromaticity coordinate values (x = 0.3164 and y = 0.3371) were situated in the summer sunlight zone, close to the white light region. The attenuation capabilities of the gadolinium-doped phosphate glass sample were validated by the gamma ray shielding parameters. The mass attenuation coefficient and Mean free path of the prepared glass were fund to be 4.41 × 105 cm2/g at 0.015 MeV and 12.4 cm at 15 MeV respectively. In terms of infiltration deepness up to 40 MFP, the energy-related energy buildup factor (EBF) and energy absorption buildup factor (EABF) of glasses were calculated using the five (a, b, c, d, and Xk) parameters of the G-P fitting scheme. All of the results show that the synthetic glass can be used as shielding materials against gamma radiation.

Blue and white light emissions and energy transfer in Tm3+ and Dy3+/Tm3+ doped lithium-aluminum-zinc phosphate glasses

Lithium-aluminum-zinc phosphate glasses doped with thulium and dysprosium ions are characterized by using spectroscopy techniques. The Judd-Ofelt parameters were evaluated to calculate the radiative parameters of thulium 1D23F4 and 1G43H6 visible transitions and 3H43F4 near infrared transition, which shows the highest optical amplification parameters. Upon 356 nm excitation, the Tm3+ doped phosphate glass emits blue light with CIE1931 chromaticity coordinates x = 0.1540 and y = 0.0283 and color purity around 96.8%. With excitations at 347 and 350 nm, the Dy3+/Tm3+ doped phosphate glass emits neutral and cold white light with correlated color temperature values of 4716 and 6628 K, respectively. The dysprosium emission decay time in the codoped glass is shorter than that in the Dy3+ single-doped glass, indicating a non-radiative energy transfer from Dy3+ to Tm3+. The dominant electrical interaction involved in the energy transfer, following the model Inokuti-Hirayama, is of dipole-dipole type. The energy transfer probability and efficiency are 769.0 s-1 and 0.53, respectively. Tm3+ doped and Dy3+/Tm3+co-doped lithium-aluminum-zinc phosphate glasses could be appropriate for blue and neutral/cold white light-emitting device applications.

Hybrid Layer, Shear Bond Strength, and Fracture Patterns of Titanium Dioxide–Doped Phosphate Glass–Filled Universal Dental Adhesives

Abstract Objectives The aim of the study was to explore the potential effects of incorporating 5 and 10 wt% of TiO2-doped phosphate glass powder as fillers into the universal adhesive system. Materials and Methods Human permanent premolars and molars were used in the study. Five and 10 wt% of TiO2-doped phosphate glass powder as fillers were added into the universal adhesive system. Unmodified universal adhesive was used as control. The effects of the added filler in the universal adhesive were examined on hybrid layer formation at the resin composite and dentine interface (mesio-occlusal-distal [MOD] cavities) under scanning electron microscope (SEM), shear bond strength (SBS) of resin composite to dentine using shear bond testing machine, and the patterns of fracture at the resin composite–dentin interface, which were examined under stereomicroscope. The SBS analyses were performed with (8 samples per group, n = 24) and without (8 samples per group, n = 24) 5,000 cycles of thermocycling. Statistical Analysis One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data of the SBS. For bond strength, the effects of adding fillers into the universal adhesive were analyzed. Results The SEM images showed that the hybrid layers were similar in all the groups of unmodified and modified adhesives. An ANOVA test revealed that the SBSs of control and modified adhesives were not significantly different before (p = 0.15) or after (p = 0.39) thermocycling for all the groups. The patterns of fracture revealed various types of fracture in all adhesive groups including composite resin, adhesive, and dentine failure. Composite resin fractures are the most encountered pattern of fracture. Conclusion Adding 5 and 10 wt% of TiO2 into universal adhesive did not adversely affect the hybrid layer, SBS, or mode of failure of composite resin to dentine. The pattern of fracture at the resin composite and dentine interface showed a favorable bonding with more cohesive than adhesive failure, particularly with the 5 wt% glass-modified adhesive group.

Prediction of optical properties of rare-earth doped phosphate glasses using gene expression programming

The progression of optical materials and their associated applications necessitates a profound comprehension of their optical characteristics, with the Judd–Ofelt (JO) theory commonly employed for this purpose. However, the computation of JO parameters (Ω2, Ω4, Ω6) entails wide experimental and theoretical endeavors, rendering traditional calculations often impractical. To address these challenges, the correlations between JO parameters and the bulk matrix composition within a series of Rare-Earth ions doped sulfophosphate glass systems were explored in this research. In this regard, a novel soft computing technique named genetic expression programming (GEP) was employed to derive formulations for JO parameters and bulk matrix composition. The predictor variables integrated into the formulations consist of JO parameters. This investigation demonstrates the potential of GEP as a practical tool for defining functions and classifying important factors to predict JO parameters. Thus, precise characterization of such materials becomes crucial with minimal or no reliance on experimental work.

Study on temperature-sensitive factors relevant to thermographic features of Tb3+-doped phosphate glasses

Intensities of the 5D4 luminescence with the 5D3 level populated by GSA and ESA transitions of Tb3+ in ternary phosphate glass were measured at different temperature between 300 K and 675 K. Acquired 5D4 luminescence intensities related to GSA and ESA excitation transitions from thermally coupled 7F6 and 7F5 levels were treated to assess luminescence intensity ratios (LIR) as a function of temperature and resulting values of relative sensitivity SR. To understand origin of marked dissimilarity of SR values observed in some few Tb3+-doped hosts reported thus far an in-depth analysis of the excitation energy flow in systems under study is made. Spectra of absorption cross section and temperature dependent absorption coefficient for ESA transition were evaluated. Rates of temperature dependent cross relaxation process governing energy transfer between 5D3 and 5D4 were calculated. It was supposed that temperature-dependent absorption of colour centres in the blue region may affect adversely relative thermal sensitivity.

Ultrasonic attenuation with relaxation at low temperatures of Nd3+ doped phosphate glasses for potential solid-state laser applications

The glass set, with varying compositions of (1-x) (0.659 P2O5, 0.095 ZnO, and 0.244 PbO), was used to investigate longitudinal ultrasonic attenuation at different frequencies (2 and 14 MHz) and different temperatures (120 and 300 K). The glass samples contained different mole percentages of Nd2O3, specifically x = 0.00, 0.0046, 0.0092, 0.0138, and 0.0271. Based on the glass construction and switching frequency in well-defined broad absorption curve reaches its highest points at different temperatures. These peaks shifted to higher temperatures, indicating a relaxing mechanism, as the overall frequency increased. A thermally driven relaxation process led to the development of an approach, that the activation mechanism's average energy was mainly influenced by the mole percent content of Nd2O3. The observed diminish of the acoustical energy of activation worth's, quantifiably expressed in terms of the diminished amount of oxygen atoms moving at a double-well potential, that was determined based on the number of loss centers. Such decrease in average activation energy was correlated with the increase in; Bulk elastic modulus, linear expansion coefficient, glass transition temperature and average bond dissociation energy with Nd2O3.

Thermoluminescence study of indium doped phosphate glass

The phosphate glass doped with indium oxide was synthesized and studied for the influence of the dopant on thermoluminescence behavior. During studies, high doses of radiation were used (up to 35 kGy, β−). TL studies were investigated using various methods, such as direct measurements of TL response vs. radiation dose, TMax-Tstop method, and Computing Glow Curve Deconvolution (CGCD) method. It has been established, that doping phosphate glass with indium oxide with an amount of 0.5% (w/w) leads to a decrease of total thermoluminescence signals in comparison to native glass (sensitivity decrease ca. 5 times). On the other hand, using indium oxide leads to increasing the linearity range from 6.5 kGy (for native glass) up to 23.0 kGy. Data from signal loss in time and CGCD analysis indicates a reduction in signal loss over time and the formation of 7 defects with multiple kinetics. The collected data indicate the potential use of indium oxide as a dopant in ionizing radiation dosimeters based on phosphate glasses. Indium can potentially be an alternative to rare earth metals - the most commonly used dopants in phosphors.

Examination of bioactivity studies of phosphate glasses doped with strontium

Glass samples of the composition 45P2O5-xNa2O-(50-x)CaO-5SrO (x = 20, 25, 30, 35 mol%) were prepared by conventional melt quench method and were subjected to in vitro bioactivity studies by immersing in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) solution with pH = 7.4 at 37 °C. In vitro bioactivity study of strontium doped phosphate glasses involves examining the interaction between the glass material and biological systems, such as cells or tissues. The crystalline phase, functional group analysis, surface morphology and elemental composition of the synthesised samples were evaluated using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analyses respectively. Strontium doped phosphate glasses are a type of biomaterials that have prospective applications in the field of bone tissue engineering and regeneration. The formation of hydroxyapatite layer on the surface of glasses post immersion in SBF was confirmed by XRD and FTIR spectra. SEM micrographs revealed the formation of crystal agglomerates on the surface of glasses. EDX confirmed the presence of Ca and P ions. The fixed concentrations of phosphorus oxide and strontium oxide have been found to have an impact on the properties of the glass material, even as the amounts of sodium oxide and calcium oxide are varied. The results of these studies can yield valuable insights into the bioactivity of the glasses and their potential applications in the fields of bone tissue engineering and regeneration.

Characterization of optical waveguides in Ce3+-doped phosphate glasses formed by He+ion implantation

In this work, the Ce3+-doped phosphate glass is carried out to fabricate the planar waveguides by the 400 keV He+ ion implantation with a dose of 6.0 × 1016 ions cm−2. The dark-mode spectrum of the waveguide at a wavelength of 632.8 nm is obtained by the prism coupling technique. The SRIM 2013 software is used to analyze the energy deposition induced by the ion implantation and the RCM is employed to reconstruct the refractive index profile of the planar waveguide. The end-face coupling technique is applied to the measurement of the propagation mode image of the waveguide at 632.8 nm. The Ce3+-doped phosphate glass waveguide has the potential for an integrated optical device.

Optical characterization of Sm3+ doped phosphate glasses for potential orange laser applications

Undoped and Sm3+doped 45P2O5–45Na2O–2Al2O3–8BaO glasses were synthesized by the melt-quenching technique. The glass structure and luminescence properties were investigated by using Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), spectroscopic ellipsometry, Judd-Ofelt theory and photoluminescence. Electron microscopy showed the homogeneity of samples. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the overall structure of the glass was unaffected by the doping of Sm3+ and ellipsometry was used to measure the optical constants. Judd-Ofelt (JO) analysis was performed on the absorption bands of Sm3+ (4f5) and the three phenomenological parameters (Ω2, Ω4, and Ω6) were computed and then used to determine radiative properties such as the radiative transition probability (Ar), the fluorescent branching ratio (βr), the stimulated emission cross-section (σe) and the radiative lifetime (τrad). Photoluminescence (PL) spectrum showed the typical four transitions of Sm3+ at wavelengths of 564, 600, 645 and 703 nm corresponding to 4G5/2 → 6H5/2, 6H7/2, 6H9/2 and 6H11/2, respectively. The spectroscopic quality factors Ω4/Ω6, the predicted lifetime (τrad) calculated using the JO method and the experimentally lifetime (τexp) for the 4G5/2 level were calculated and discussed. The glass color purity is as high as 98%, which makes it a potential candidate for laser emission.

Influence of controlled crystallization and SrF2 content on the structure and properties of Eu3+ doped phosphate glasses

New phosphate glasses and glass-ceramics P2O5–Bi2O3–K2O–Nb2O5-SrF2 doped with Eu were synthesized and studied in this work. The influence of the SrF2 content (0–15 mol%) and the parameters of the heat treatment on their structural and optical properties were investigated. For the above purpose, the structural characterization by FTIR spectroscopy and XRD measurements was carried out, which showed a significant effect of SrF2 on the obtained crystal phases and the structure of the glass matrix. The results of combined DSC/DTA techniques enabled the determination of thermal properties and complemented the investigated crystallization characteristics of the glasses. Based on the measurements of the luminescence properties and the decay curves, it was confirmed that the Eu3+ ions were partially incorporated into the crystallites embedded in the glass matrix, which resulted in a significant enhancement of the luminescence. The conducted research confirms that the presented materials are a promising candidate for resistant phosphors in visible LEDs.

Time-resolved study of pump-induced refractive index changes in Tb[formula omitted]-doped phosphate glasses: Discrimination of electronic and thermal contributions

Time-resolved Z-scan measurements were performed in Tb3+-doped Zinc Phosphate (PZABP) glasses. The electronic and thermal contributions to the Z-scan signal were unequivocally discriminated. The electronic component was shown to increase linearly with the Tb3+ concentration in the glasses and explained by the polarizability difference (Δαp) between excited and ground states of the Tb3+ ions. Open aperture Z-scan measurements indicate the presence of excited state absorption due to a spin-forbidden transition from the metastable (5D4) 4f level of Tb3+ to the 4f75d1 state. The Δαp value obtained in the PZABP glass matrix is two orders of magnitude smaller than the observed in aluminosilicate glasses, indicating that Δαp of Tb3+-doped materials is very sensitive to the host crystal field, as compared to other rare-earth ions such as Nd3+ and Yb3+. These results are justified by the host dependence of energy position of the 4f75d1 levels of Tb3+.

Effects of alkali ions on luminescence and scintillation performance of Ce3+ doped phosphate glasses for radiation detection

The luminescence and scintillation properties of Ce3+ doped alkali phosphate glasses 56P2O5:8Gd2O3:5Al2O3:1CeBr3:30XCl (PGAC:X, X = Li/Na/K/Rb/Cs) were studied for their potential applications in gamma and alpha detection. In the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Luminescence (XRL), Photoluminescence (PL), and transmittance spectra, the red shift was found and explained by the concept of optical basicity. Broad Ce3+ emission and energy transfer from Gd3+ to Ce3+ were observed in XRL and PL measurements. Scintillation performance was studied by irradiating the samples under 137Cs gamma and 241Am alpha sources. The fast, intermediate, and slow decay components under gamma and alpha excitation were found around 30, 200 and 3000 ns, respectively. The decay time increased slightly from PGAC:Li to PGAC:Cs, indicating the less effective transition from Gd3+ to Ce3+. The alpha decay time was longer than the gamma decay time, revealing the Pulse Shape Discrimination (PSD) capability of the glasses for particle identification. The XRL intensity reduced significantly from PGAC:Li to PGAC:Cs samples did not reflect the scintillation tendency. By successfully detecting gamma and alpha scintillation signals, the scintillation performance of all samples was found to be similar. In general, all samples can be used for gamma and alpha detection. Using Rb+ or Cs+ ions is favorable in terms of high density and light yield, while Li+ ions enhance the transmittance and homogeneity. Furthermore, a correlation between P–O–H groups within the glass matrix and scintillation performance was also observed.

Physical and spectroscopic properties of variable Yb2O3 doped phosphate glasses containing SnO as UV sensitizer for Yb3+ NIR emission

Barium phosphate glasses were prepared with variable Yb2O3 added within 0–3.0 mol% and fixed SnO at 10 mol% (quantities relative to P2O5) to assess physical and spectroscopic properties emphasizing the Sn2+-promoted ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared (NIR) photoluminescence (PL) down-shifting. The various characterizations performed involved refractive index (d-line), density, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, UV–Vis–NIR absorption, and PL spectroscopy (steady-state & dynamic) measurements. The refractive indices and densities increased within the ranges of ∼1.60–1.62 and ∼3.70–3.83 g/cm3, respectively, with increasing Yb2O3 contents. The glasses were shown to be X-ray amorphous, whereas Raman spectra indicated slight Yb3+-induced phosphate network depolymerization. Optical absorption was consistent with Sn2+ occurrence in the glasses while increasing the Yb3+ concentration. Visible emission spectra obtained under 290 nm excitation concurred with Sn2+ emission wherein the Yb2O3 increments caused continuous Sn2+ PL quenching. The UV to NIR down-shifting promoted by Sn2+ upon 290 nm excitation was favored with increasing Yb2O3 added within 0.5–2.0 mol%, but decreased for 3.0 mol%. From the NIR emission decay curves obtained by exciting Sn2+ at 290 nm, the Yb3+2F5/2 state decay times were estimated which decreased linearly with increasing Yb3+ concentration. Strong Yb3+-Yb3+ interactions following Sn2+ → Yb3+ energy transfer are suggested to be at the origin of the PL weakening observed at the highest Yb3+ concentration.

Stark splitting and spectroscopic properties improvement of Yb3+-doped phosphate glass with SiO2 modification

This study focuses on the Stark splitting and spectroscopic properties of Yb3+-doped phosphate glass with SiO2 modification. Stark splitting levels were calculated through deconvolution absorption and emission spectra. The coordination environment of Yb3+ ions was investigated to explain the enlarged Stark splitting. Spectroscopic parameters were given to characterized the effect of SiO2 on spectroscopic properties. The increased crystal field parameter and more asymmetric coordination environment lead to the enlargerd Stark splitting with the increase of SiO2 content. The constantly enhanced absorption cross-section, emission cross-section, and systematic factor values suggest that spectroscopic properties were improved through the addition of SiO2. The glass with 9 mol% SiO2 addition has largest Stark splitting and optimum spectroscopic performances, indicating that it is most likely to be applied to laser application.

Breadboard of Microchip and Avalanche Photodiode in Linear and Geiger Mode for LiDAR Applications

This paper reports the implementation of two critical technologies used in LiDARs: 1) A microchip Q-switched laser breadboard and 2) breadboard of an Indium gallium arsenide avalanche photodiode working at 300 K with high reverse polarization voltages. Microchip Q-switched lasers are small solid state back pumped lasers, that can generate high energy short pulses. The implemented breadboard used an Erbium and Ytterbium co doped phosphate glass, a COMALO crystal with 98% (initial transparency) and an output coupler of 98% reflectivity. For the sensor test, a system for the simultaneous operation in vacuum and wide range of temperatures was developed. Avalanche photodiodes are reverse polarized photodiodes with high internal gain, due to their multiple layer composition, capable of building up high values of photocurrent from small optical signals by exploiting the avalanche breakdown effects. The test avalanche photodetector was assembled to be operated in two modes: Linear and Geiger mode, to achieve this behavior, a transimpedance amplifier circuit was implemented. These two technologies are critical for mobile LiDAR applications, due to its low mass and high efficiency. The paper describes the breadboard implementation method and sensor characterization at low temperature and high voltage (beyond breakdown voltage).

High-Q lasing in Nd3+-doped phosphate glass microsphere resonators.

Nd3+-doped glasses are the most widely used laser gain media. However, Nd3+-doped non-silica microsphere lasers generally have lower quality (Q) factors due to the presence of non-radiative energy-loss impurities in traditional glass systems. In this work, we report the first, to the best of our knowledge, Nd3+-doped phosphate glass microsphere laser with the highest Q-factor of 1.54 × 106 among all Nd3+-doped non-silica glass microsphere lasers. Whispering gallery modes in the 1020-1120-nm band can be obtained for a typical microsphere with a diameter of 82.57 µm. When the pump power exceeds the threshold of 0.17 mW, single- and multi-mode microsphere lasing can be generated under 808-nm laser diode (LD) pumping. Typical Q-factors of the phosphate glass microspheres can reach 106, which is at least an order of magnitude higher than those of other Nd3+-doped non-silica glass microsphere lasers. The Nd3+-doped phosphate glass microsphere laser reported in this work can be considered as an active optical/photonic device with low pump thresholds.

Zn_{1-x}Ni_xTe semiconductor nanocrystals in transparent glass for optoelectronic device applications

Doping glass with semiconductors, particularly with nanostructured semiconductors, has attracted attention due to the large optical absorption cross-sections of the latter. Based on this property, Ni^{2+} (5 wt%) doped phosphate glass and Zn_{1-x}Ni_xTe (x = 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 wt% of Ni^{2+}) nanocrystals (NCs) doped phosphate glasses (GCs) were prepared by fusion method and subsequent heat treatment. Influence of Ni^{2+} on structural, thermo-optical and third-order nonlinear optical properties have been analysed through various spectroscopic characterizations. The XRD pattern of the glass (G) exhibits the amorphous nature of the host material while GCs exhibit not only amorphous halo but also the presence of quantum dots (QDs) or nanocrystals (NCs) phases. TEM analysis of the studied GCs samples confirm the presence of quantum dots (QDs) and bulk NCs with an average diameter of approximately 4.2 {pm } 0.3 nm and 13.4 {pm } 0.2 nm, respectively. Several phosphate groups were observed and reported from Raman and FTIR-ATR spectra. The absorption band positions confirmed that Ni^{2+} ions resemble to the octahedral symmetry. The intensity of absorption band around 1352 nm (^3T{_1}(F) rightarrow^3A{_2}(F)) increased with the increase of Ni^{2+} in GCs which is an indicative of the ^{[6]}Ni^{2+} coordination. The emission properties such as emission cross-sections ({sigma }_{emi}) full width at half maxima (FWHM) for the ^1T{_2}(D) rightarrow^3T{_2}(F) (visible) and ^3A{_2}(F) rightarrow^3T{_1}(F) (near-infrared) emission transitions were reported. Among the glass-containing semiconductor nanocrystals (GCs), the emission cross-sections in GC4 sample (x = 10% of Ni^{2+}) are the largest for both the visible (11.88 times 10^{-18} cm^2) and infrared (0.98 times 10^{-20} cm^2) transitions. Thermal diffusivity (D), thermal conductivity (K) and temperature dependent optical path length change (ds/dT) were obtained through time-resolved thermal lens (TL) and thermal relaxation (TR) methods. The D and K parameters do not change significantly with increase of Ni^{2+} ions (0.5–5%) in GCs. Nonlinear-refractive index and nonlinear absorption of the studied samples were also obtained using femtosecond Z-scan technique. The increase of nonlinear absorption coefficient (beta) is observed from GC2 (2.53 {times } 10^{-10} cm/W) to GC4 (7.98 {times } 10^{-10} cm/W). The GC4, sample with 10 wt% of Ni^{2+}, showed the lowest ds/dT (1.22 times 10^{-6} K^{-1}) with good lasing (FOM and emission cross-sections) and nonlinear absorption properties suggesting that it can be a good candidate for visible-red emission light conversion in LED technology.

Titanium dioxide doped phosphate glasses modulating pro-inflammatory macrophages reponses for tissue regeneration application

ObjectivesThere is an urgent need to understand how novel biomaterials interact with the immune system to improve patients’ safety. This study aimed to explore the immune-inflammatory responses of titanium dioxide doped phosphate glass (TDPG) using RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. MethodsThe ion release was investigated using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy and Ion Chromatography. Cell attachment, viability, percentage apoptosis, cell cycle stages, release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory (IL-6, IL-β & TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines expression were explored for cells grown directly or indirectly in presence of TDPG using different microscopy techniques, XTT assay, flow cytometry, ROS Assay and RT-PCR respectively. The commercially available ProRoot® MTA was used as a control material and cells grown in the normal tissue culture medium was used as control cells. ResultsTDPG released less calcium but more phosphorus than ProRoot® MTA. Aluminum release was only seen with ProRoot® MTA, but sodium, and titanium were detected with TDPG. Macrophages grown in presence of TDPG or its extract showed rounded morphology with expression of F4/80 surface marker, comparable viability and percentage apoptosis to control cells while with ProRoot® MTA, cells showed an enlarged morphology, lower viability, higher percentage apoptosis than control cells. TDPG even at twice dose as ProRoot® MTA did not affect the cell cycle stages as control cells while ProRoot® MTA induced significant changes in the G1, S, G2/M phases and increased cell granularity. ROS level significantly increased in presence of ProRoot® MTA when compared with TDPG and control cells. A transient induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL1β, TNF-α) was observed with TDPG treatments whereas their levels sustained for longer time periods with ProRoot® MTA. ConclusionsTDPG showed better immune response than ProRoot® MTA and can modulate tissue regeneration.