Doped Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate Research Articles

An extensive investigation of crystalline, nonlinear, piezoelectric, optical, phase purity and electro-optic properties of doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals

Pure single crystals of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) and crystals containing 1, 3, and 5[Formula: see text]mol% of itaconic acid (ITA) were generated by the slow evaporation of an aqueous solution. With the help of powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, we were able to show that doping puts a lot of stress on crystals. According to the of Vickers microhardness results, the addition of ITA causes the ADP to have a greater degree of abrasiveness. The SHG efficiency of ITA-doped ADP is greater than that of pure ADP. The presence of dopant was established using the energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The [Formula: see text]-scan method was used to investigate the third-order nonlinear optical characteristics of ITA–ADP crystals formed by the slow evaporation method on a variety of planes. A He–Ne laser with a wavelength of 632.8[Formula: see text]nm was used to carry out the investigation. The nonlinear absorption coefficient, nonlinear refractive index, and third-order nonlinear susceptibility of the ITA–ADP crystals were also plotted in detail. The piezoelectric charge coefficient of pure ADP is lower than that of the ITA-doped ADP. Analysis of the electro-optic investigation reveals lesser half-wave voltage of doped ADP.

The influence of l-ornithine monohydrochloride on growth and various properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystals

In the present work, an aim is to investigate the influence of l-Ornithine monohydrochloride (LOMHCl) doping on structural, optical and electrical properties of pure ADP crystals. It is analyzed by following various characterizations. Pure and LOMHCl doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals have been grown by using slow solvent evaporation technique at room temperature in dust free laboratory. The powder XRD patterns show the single phase nature of pure and doped ADP crystals. The average crystallite size and strain are found from X-ray peak broadening analysis. The UV–Vis spectra indicate slight decrement in the transmittance and band gap values of doped ADP crystals. The SHG efficiency of doped ADP crystals found to increase compared to pure ADP and pure KDP. Z-scan analysis shows increased nonlinear optical properties of doped ADP crystals. The dielectric constant and loss plots show usual behavior with respect to frequency and reduction in the values of doped ADP. The Jonscher's power is studied for ac conductivity. The complex impedance and modulus plots show single semicircle for both pure and doped ADP due to grain contribution only. The stretch exponent parameter values indicate the non-Debye type relaxation process.

Effect of TGS on crystal growth and properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP)

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) is an excellent inorganic nonlinear optical material having scalenohedral class of tetragonal structure provides order disorder phase tansitions used in various instrumental applications. Good quality of pure and three different wt% of TGS doped ADP single crystals have been grown by natural evaporation method at room temperature. The structural, optical and dielectric characterization of as-grown pure and doped ADP crystals was made using powder XRD, UV–Vis and dielectric spectroscopy. Band gap energies of the pure and doped crystals have been calculated at cut off frequencies using the UV–Vis spectrum analysis. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the grown crystals is measures using VNA with frequency ranges 200 MHz to 20 GHz at room temperature.

Study of Dielectric Constant of Glycine Doped Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate (ADP) Crystal

To enhance the properties of Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals, it has been doped with simplest amino acid, Glycine. ADP with Glycine dopant and Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals have been grown by slow conventional, rotation and SR methods and subjected to dielectric characteristics. The dielectric constant has been measured which increases with rise in temperature for pure ADP crystals and conventional, rotation and SR method grown Glycine doped ADP crystals. It is beingnoted that doped crystals have higher dielectric constant than pure ADP crystal and found to agree with the reported values. SR method grown crystals were found to possess highest dielectric constant among all the grown crystals. Higher dielectric constant directs that the grown crystalspossess good crystalline quality with lesser defects.

Second harmonic generation, optical, thermal, piezoelectric and mechanical properties of adipic acid-doped ADP crystals

Single crystals of pure and 2[Formula: see text]mol.% adipic acid (hexanedioic acid) -doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) were grown by conventional slow evaporation of aqueous solution technique. The powder X-ray diffraction and FT-IR analyses indicate that the crystals undergo considerable stress as a result of doping. UV–Vis studies show that the absorption of the adipic acid-doped crystals is less than that of pure ADP. Thermal studies (TG/DTG) disclose that the decomposition temperature of doped ADP is more than that of pure ADP. Vicker’s microhardness study reveals that the addition of adipic acid increases the hardness of the ADP. SHG efficiency and piezoelectric charge coefficient of adipic acid-doped ADP are higher than that of pure ADP.

FTIR spectral analysis of glycine doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystal

Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate crystals doped with Glycine (GADP) has been grown by slow evaporation method, Rotation method and Sankaranarayanan - Ramasamy (SR) methods with different molar concentration. The Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) studies have been investigated on the as grown GADP crystals. The FTIR spectrum shows the interaction between ADP and the dopant by the additional peaks which corresponds to the functional groups of Glycine. The standard spectrum statistics of FTIR confirms the presence of all the functional groups. The spectrum for ADP crystals doped with Glycine grown by Rotation and SR methods have similar peaks with slight variation as that of conventional slow evaporation method grown Glycine doped ADP crystals.

Synthesis and Characterization of NLO Material L-Valine L-Valinium Perchlorate Monohydrate for Photonics Applications

L-valine L-valinium perchlorate monohydrate single crystal has been synthesized by slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The crystal structure and space group of the crystal were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffractometer. Optical behavior of the crystal was analyzed by using UV-visible spectrophotometer. Thermal stability was discussed by using thermo gravimetric analysis. Mechanical strength of the grown crystal was studied using Vickers microhardness tester. Nonlinear optical property was explored to confirm the second harmonic generation efficiency of the grown crystal. These preliminary investigations suggest that the title compound can serve as a potential material for photonics applications. Full Text: PDF ReferencesD. J. Williams, "Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic and Polymer Materials" (ACS Symposium series 233, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1983). CrossRef K. Bouchouit, Z. Sofiani, B. Derkowska, S. Abed, N. Benali-cherif, M. Bakasse and B. Sahraoui, "Investigation of crystal structure and nonlinear optical properties of 2-methoxyanilinium nitrate", Opt. Commun. 278, 180 (2007), CrossRef K. Bouchouit, H. Bougharraf, B. Derkowska-zielinska, N. Benali-cherif and B. Sahraoui, "Reversible phase transition in semi-organic compound p-Nitroanilinium sulfate detected using second harmonic generation as a tool", Opt.Mater. 48, 215 (2015), CrossRef J. H. Joshi, S. Kalainathan, M. J. Joshi and K. D. Parikh, "Crystal growth, spectroscopic, second and third order nonlinear optical spectroscopic studies of L-phenylalanine doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals", Arab. J. Chem. 13, 5018 (2020), CrossRef A. Vijayakumar, A. Ponnuvel and A. Sasikala, "Growth and characterization of α and β form of L-histidine dihydrochloride single crystals", Mater. Today 14, 338 (2019), CrossRef C. Usha, R. Sathakuamri, Lynnette Joseph, D.Sajan, R.Meenakshi, and A.Sinthiya, "Growth and combined experimental and quantum chemical study of glycyl-L-Valine crystal", Heliyon 5, e01574 (2019), CrossRef P. Maadeshwaran and J. Chandrasekaran, "Synthesis, growth and characterization of l-valine cadmium chloride monohydrate—A novel semiorganic nonlinear optical crystal", Optik 122, 1128 (2011) CrossRef S. Pandiyaran, M. Umadevi, R. K. Rajaraman and V. K. Ramakrishnan, "Infrared and Raman spectroscopic studies of l-valine l-valinium perchlorate monohydrate", Spectrochim. Act A Mol. 62, 630 (2005) CrossRef S. Pandiarajan, B. Sridhar and R. K. Rajaram, "L-Valine L-valinium perchlorate monohydrate", Acta Crystallogr. E, 57, 0466 (2001) CrossRef M. Lydia Caroline and S. Vasudevan, "Growth and characterization of l-phenylalanine nitric acid, a new organic nonlinear optical material", Mater. Lett. 63, 41 (2009) CrossRef J. Tauc, R. Grigorovici and A. Vancu, "Optical Properties and Electronic Structure of Amorphous Germanium", Phy. Solid. Stat. 15, 627 (1966), CrossRef J. Tauc, A. Menth and D.L. Wood, "Optical and Magnetic Investigations of the Localized States in Semiconducting Glasses", Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 749 (1970) CrossRef B. Thirumalaiselvam, R. Kanagadurai, D. Jayaraman and V. Natarajan, "Growth and characterization of 4-methyl benzene sulfonamide single crystals", Opt.Mater. 37, 74 (2014) CrossRef J. Bowman and M. Bevis, "The evaluation of the structure and hardness of processed plastics by the Vickers microhardness test", Colloid Polym. Sci. 255, 954 (1977) CrossRef S. K. Kurtz and T. T. Perry, "A Powder Technique for the Evaluation of Nonlinear Optical Materials", J. Appl. Phy. 39, 3798 (1968) CrossRef M. Prakash, D. Geetha and M. Lydia Caroline, "Crystal growth, structural, optical, spectral and thermal studies of tris(l-phenylalanine)l-phenylalaninium nitrate: A new organic nonlinear optical material", Spectrochim. Act A Mol. 81, 48 (2011) CrossRef

Tailoring the low dielectric constant in glutamic acid doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystal by virtue of MPa shock waves for microelectronic applications: the complex impedance and modulus formulation studies

Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate, ADP, (NH4H2PO4) crystal has a wide range of applications in integrated and nonlinear optics. The amino acid-like l-glutamic acid (C5H9O4N) causes the defect in the framework of ADP crystal. The 0.6wt% l-glutamic acid doped ADP crystal is grown using the slow evaporation technique. The grown crystal is subjected under the shockwave of Mach number 1.7 and shock number 2, 4 and 6. The Powder XRD study shows the lattice strain introduced in the structure of grown crystals due to impose of the shockwave. The Photoluminescence confirmed the presence of D-defect and Self Trapped Excitons. The influence of shockwave on dielectric, impedance and modulus properties of glutamic acid doped ADP crystal is well studied in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 10 MHz and the temperature range of 323 K to 373 K. The shockwave is reduced the dielectric constant, A.C. Conductivity, strength of polarizibility and the grain capacitance. The Correlation Barrier Hopping (CBH) conduction mechanism is well studied for pristine and shocked glutamic acid doped ADP crystals over the temperature range considered. The presence of grain over the frequency range considered is identified and confirmed using the complex impedance and the complex modulus spectroscopy. The pristine and shocked glutamic acid doped ADP crystals have possessed the temperature-independent, Non-Debye type relaxation process. The results are discussed here.

The complex impedance, dielectric relaxation, complex modulus and photoluminescence studies of pure and L-Methionine doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate

The ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) is one of the pioneer nonlinear optical materials utilized for frequency doubling experiment of Nd:YAG laser. The amino acids are bifunctional material that contains the weak hydrogen bonded side chain. In the present study the authors have studied influence of L-Methionine on structural, photoluminescence and a.c.electrical properties of ADP. The powder XRD study suggested tetragonal structure symmetry and single phasic nature of all the samples. The photoluminescence is confirmed existence of the Self Trapped Excitons. The Correlation Barrier Hopping and Nonoverllaping Small Polaron Tunnelling kind of conduction mechanism is observed in present system. The Complex Impedance and Complex Modulus spectroscopy have suggested presence of grain and grain boundary within the samples.

Crystal growth, spectroscopic, second and third order nonlinear optical spectroscopic studies of L-phenylalanine doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals

The frequency doubling and tripling can be reached for Nd:YAG laser beam using the single crystal of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP). The growth and characterization of pure and L-phenylalanine doped ADP crystals are considered in the present contribution. The transparent good quality single crystals are grown using low temperature solution growth technique. The functional group alteration is studied using FT-IR spectroscopy. The larger improvement is observed in linear and nonlinear optical properties of ADP crystals on doping by L-phenylalanine. The reduction in charge carrier density is observed in photoconductivity spectra of all the grown crystals.

Crystal growth and optical properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals doped with Fe(II) and Fe(III): Oxidation number effects

Single crystals of Fe(II) and Fe(III) (1 mol %) doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystals were obtained by slow evaporation solution growth technique (SEST). Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of doped samples shows slight structural changes. The obtained crystals was further characterized by FT-IR, SEM, UV-DRS. The band gap energies of the crystals were estimated by the application of Kubelka-Munk algorithm. Second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of Fe(II) and Fe(III) crystals let out that Fe(II) doping in ADP has better nonlinear optical (NLO) property than Fe(III) due to lattice stress.

Sunset yellow dye doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals with enhanced optical, mechanical and piezoelectric properties

Pure and 0.1 mol% sunset yellow dye (SSY) doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) single crystals were grown by solvent evaporation technique with an aim of improving the properties of pure ADP crystals. The crystal structure and unit cell dimensions of both the crystals were analysed by using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was carried out to identify the functional groups present in grown crystals. In UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectra, four characteristic absorption bands were observed at ~ 234, 314, 412 and 481 nm for the dyed crystals, due to the inclusion of SSY dye in ADP matrix. Various optical constants i.e. optical band gap (Eg), extinction coefficient (K), refractive index (n) and optical conductivity (σ) were calculated for both the samples using transmittance data. In photoluminescence spectrum, a broad emission peak centred at 582 nm in addition to blue emission band (406–462 nm) indicates yellow emission. The mechanical strength of the crystals was analysed using Vickers microhardness test in the load range 5–100 g and was found to be higher for dyed ADP crystal. Raman analysis revealed that no structural changes were induced due to indentation thereby confirming the robustness of crystals. The piezoelectric charge coefficient of the ADP crystal got enhanced from 1.8 to 2.4 pC N−1 as a result of dye doping.

Influence of l-serine on microstructural, spectroscopic, electrical and nonlinear optical performance of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystal

To doubling the frequency of Nd: YAG and Nd: YLF laser sources the ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) single crystal is widely used. In the present communication, the effect of amino acid namely as l-serine on the growth and properties of ADP crystal is been reported. The slow solvent evaporation technique is adopted to grow pure and different weight percentage i.e. 0.4 wt%, 0.6 wt% and 0.8 wt% l-serine doped ADP crystals. The structural study suggested tetragonal structure symmetry of all grown crystal with single phasic nature of all of them. The amino acid dopant alters the functional group vibrations of ADP crystal as suggested in FT-IR spectroscopy. The change in morphology and presence of various elements is observed in SEM and EDAX spectroscopy. The improvement is observed in various optical properties like energy band gap, skin depth, SHG, third order nonlinear susceptibility, laser damage threshold etc. on doping the l-serine in ADP crystal. The spectra variation of refractive index of all grown crystals is studied. The pure and l-serine doped ADP crystals have posses negative kind of photoconductivity.

Complex impedance, FT-Raman, and photoluminescence spectroscopic studies of pure and L-phenylalanine doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals: the correlation with hydrogen bonding defect

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) is an important nonlinear optical (NLO) material used for electro-optical applications. The aromatic side chain contained dopant like L-phenylalanine causes defect in ADP. The pure and L-phenylalanine doped ADP crystals are grown using slow solvent evaporation technique at room temperature. The Powder XRD spectra suggest tetragonal crystal system and slit shifting of peak. The FT-Raman shows strong absorption peak at 922 cm−1 due to v1 group symmetry of P - OH for all grown crystals without shifting indicating the single phase nature of all the crystals. The photoluminescence study suggests the presence of defects in doped crystals compared to the pure one due to increase of Stokes shift and vibrational energy relaxation phenomena. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss have shown the usual behavior with respect to frequency and temperature. The calculated electro-optic coefficient is found to be in accordance with dielectric constant. The protonic conduction is prevailing for electric transport, and from Jonscher’s plot, the correlation barrier hopping (CBH) is confirmed. The Nyquist plot and modulus spectra of pure ADP show the presence of grain and grain boundary while the same plots for L-phenylalanine doped ADP show the presence of grain only. The stretch exponent exhibits non-Debye-type relaxation.

Crystal growth, A.C. electrical and nonlinear optical studies of pure and dl-methionine doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals

The pure and 0.1 wt% dl-methionine doped ADP crystals are grown using slow solvent evaporation technique at room temperature. The powder XRD study shows single phase nature of both grown crystals with tetragonal structural symmetry. The UV–Vis transmittance spectroscopy shows improvement in optical transmittance, energy band, and low refractive index of doped ADP crystal compare to pure ADP crystal. The Wemple–DiDomenico single oscillator model is found to be appropriate for the refractive index dispersion below the energy band edge of ADP crystal. The Nyquist plots of pure and doped ADP crystals represent presence of grain and grain boundary. The Jonscher’s powder law is successfully applied to the conductivity phenomena in pure and doped ADP crystals. The complex modulus spectroscopy helps to discriminate the grain and grain boundary in grown crystals clearly. The Non-Debye type relaxation is observed in both crystals. The nonlinear optical properties such as second harmonic generation efficiency and third order susceptibility are improved on doping the dl-methionine in ADP crystal.

Growth and Characterization of L-Leucine Doped Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate (ADP) Single Crystal A Nonlinear Optical Application

The crystal structure of L-Leucine (0.4%) doped Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate (LLADP) was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The molecular associations and bonding structure due to chemical reactions were analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. It also confirms the functional groups present in the grown crystals. The lower cut-off wavelength and band gap energy of the grown single crystal has been identified by UV-Visible study. Second harmonic generation (SHG) test adopting Kurtz-Perry technique revealed that the SHG efficiency of LLADP is 1.6 times greater than reference KDP crystal. Photoluminescence studies can be used to observe the intensity of grown LLADP single crystal

Growth, Spectral and Electrical Properties Of L-Isoleucine Doped Ammonium Dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) Single Crystal A Nonlinear Optical Application

The nonlinear optical single crystal of L-Isoleucine (0.2%) Doped Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate (LIADP) was grown by slow evaporation solution growth techniques. The grown crystal was subjected to single crystal XRD studies to confirm the crystal structure. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was carried out to identify the functional groups of the grown crystal. The UV–vis spectrum was carried out and the calculated band gap energy was found to be 3.18eV. The electrical properties of the grown crystal have been analysed by dielectric constant and dielectric loss with frequency. The Kurtz-Perry powder technique was used to analyse second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of the grown crystal. Kurtz-Perry technique revealed that the SHG efficiency of LIADP is 0.8 times greater than reference KDP crystal. Photoluminescence studies can be used to observe the intensity of grown LIADP single crystal.

Growth and Spectroscopic Studies on the L-Tartaric Acid Doped Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate Non-Linear Optical Single Crystals

Single crystals of L-Tartaric acid doped Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate (LTADP) were grown by slow solvent evaporation technique at ambient conditions. Single Crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) analysis was carried out to know the lattice parameters and structure of the grown crystal. Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis was carried out to examine the presence of various functional groups in the LTADP single crystals. Thermo gravimetric (TG) and Differential thermal analyses (DTA) were used to study the thermal properties of the grown crystal. Second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency measurement was done to examine the enhancement in the nonlinear optical characteristics of the grown crystals. Intensity can be observed from the photoluminescence study. The close and open aperture Z-scan configuration has been used to evaluate the nature of third order nonlinear optical refraction (n2) and absorption (β) for the grown LTADP single crystal

Dielectric relaxation, protonic defect, conductivity mechanisms, complex impedance and modulus spectroscopic studies of pure and L-threonine-doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) has a wide range of applications in integrated and nonlinear optics. The dopant-like L-threonine has hydrogen-bonded side chain that causes defects in ADP. The pure and L-threonine-doped ADP crystals are grown using slow evaporation technique. The powder XRD patterns show the single-phase nature of pure and doped ADP. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss have shown the usual behaviour with respect to frequency and temperature. The protonic conduction is prevailing for electric transport, and from Jonscher’s plot, the correlation barrier hopping (CBH) and non-overlapping small polaron tunnelling (NSPT) conduction mechanism is confirmed. The Nyquist plot and modulus spectra show the presence of grain and grain boundary. The stretch exponent exhibits non-Debye-type relaxation. The activation energy of relaxation time for all samples is calculated. The modulus master curve and variation of Z″ and M″ versus angular frequency confirmed the proposed conduction. The nonlinear optical counterpart is in accordance with dielectric results.

Effect of Sr2+ on growth and properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystal

The ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals have wide range of non-linear optical applications. The doping of bivalent impurity like strontium can strongly retard growth rate and modify properties of ADP crystals. The pure and 0.5 mol% Sr2+ doped ADP crystals are grown by using the slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The powder XRD indicates the single phase nature of both samples. The FT-IR spectra indicate the shifting of absorption peaks for the doped sample. The thermal study indicates that the doped sample is thermally less stable than the pure sample. The EDAX study confirms the presence of strontium in the doped sample. The UV–Vis spectra indicate slight decrement in the transmittance due Sr2+ doping. The Wemple–DiDomenico model is satisfactorily applied to dispersive behaviour of refractive index. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss decreases with frequency increased. The Jonscher’s power law is studied for A.C. conductivity. The Nyquist plot and complex modulus plot exhibits two semicircles for pure ADP due to grain and grain boundary contributions and the same plots show single semicircle for doped ADP due to grain contribution only. The stretch exponent (β) is obtained less than unity, indicates the non-Debye type relaxation process. The second harmonic generation efficiency of fundamental laser beam is found to be 2.07 and 1.54 times higher than the pure KDP for pure ADP and Sr2+ doped ADP, respectively. The Z-scan study reveals the self focusing and reverses saturable absorption kind of nonlinear response for both samples.