Doped Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate Crystals Research Articles

The influence of l-ornithine monohydrochloride on growth and various properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystals

In the present work, an aim is to investigate the influence of l-Ornithine monohydrochloride (LOMHCl) doping on structural, optical and electrical properties of pure ADP crystals. It is analyzed by following various characterizations. Pure and LOMHCl doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals have been grown by using slow solvent evaporation technique at room temperature in dust free laboratory. The powder XRD patterns show the single phase nature of pure and doped ADP crystals. The average crystallite size and strain are found from X-ray peak broadening analysis. The UV–Vis spectra indicate slight decrement in the transmittance and band gap values of doped ADP crystals. The SHG efficiency of doped ADP crystals found to increase compared to pure ADP and pure KDP. Z-scan analysis shows increased nonlinear optical properties of doped ADP crystals. The dielectric constant and loss plots show usual behavior with respect to frequency and reduction in the values of doped ADP. The Jonscher's power is studied for ac conductivity. The complex impedance and modulus plots show single semicircle for both pure and doped ADP due to grain contribution only. The stretch exponent parameter values indicate the non-Debye type relaxation process.

Effect of TGS on crystal growth and properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP)

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) is an excellent inorganic nonlinear optical material having scalenohedral class of tetragonal structure provides order disorder phase tansitions used in various instrumental applications. Good quality of pure and three different wt% of TGS doped ADP single crystals have been grown by natural evaporation method at room temperature. The structural, optical and dielectric characterization of as-grown pure and doped ADP crystals was made using powder XRD, UV–Vis and dielectric spectroscopy. Band gap energies of the pure and doped crystals have been calculated at cut off frequencies using the UV–Vis spectrum analysis. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the grown crystals is measures using VNA with frequency ranges 200 MHz to 20 GHz at room temperature.

Study of Dielectric Constant of Glycine Doped Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate (ADP) Crystal

To enhance the properties of Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals, it has been doped with simplest amino acid, Glycine. ADP with Glycine dopant and Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals have been grown by slow conventional, rotation and SR methods and subjected to dielectric characteristics. The dielectric constant has been measured which increases with rise in temperature for pure ADP crystals and conventional, rotation and SR method grown Glycine doped ADP crystals. It is beingnoted that doped crystals have higher dielectric constant than pure ADP crystal and found to agree with the reported values. SR method grown crystals were found to possess highest dielectric constant among all the grown crystals. Higher dielectric constant directs that the grown crystalspossess good crystalline quality with lesser defects.

FTIR spectral analysis of glycine doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystal

Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate crystals doped with Glycine (GADP) has been grown by slow evaporation method, Rotation method and Sankaranarayanan - Ramasamy (SR) methods with different molar concentration. The Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) studies have been investigated on the as grown GADP crystals. The FTIR spectrum shows the interaction between ADP and the dopant by the additional peaks which corresponds to the functional groups of Glycine. The standard spectrum statistics of FTIR confirms the presence of all the functional groups. The spectrum for ADP crystals doped with Glycine grown by Rotation and SR methods have similar peaks with slight variation as that of conventional slow evaporation method grown Glycine doped ADP crystals.

Crystal growth, spectroscopic, second and third order nonlinear optical spectroscopic studies of L-phenylalanine doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals

The frequency doubling and tripling can be reached for Nd:YAG laser beam using the single crystal of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP). The growth and characterization of pure and L-phenylalanine doped ADP crystals are considered in the present contribution. The transparent good quality single crystals are grown using low temperature solution growth technique. The functional group alteration is studied using FT-IR spectroscopy. The larger improvement is observed in linear and nonlinear optical properties of ADP crystals on doping by L-phenylalanine. The reduction in charge carrier density is observed in photoconductivity spectra of all the grown crystals.

Crystal growth and optical properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals doped with Fe(II) and Fe(III): Oxidation number effects

Single crystals of Fe(II) and Fe(III) (1 mol %) doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystals were obtained by slow evaporation solution growth technique (SEST). Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of doped samples shows slight structural changes. The obtained crystals was further characterized by FT-IR, SEM, UV-DRS. The band gap energies of the crystals were estimated by the application of Kubelka-Munk algorithm. Second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of Fe(II) and Fe(III) crystals let out that Fe(II) doping in ADP has better nonlinear optical (NLO) property than Fe(III) due to lattice stress.

Influence of l-serine on microstructural, spectroscopic, electrical and nonlinear optical performance of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystal

To doubling the frequency of Nd: YAG and Nd: YLF laser sources the ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) single crystal is widely used. In the present communication, the effect of amino acid namely as l-serine on the growth and properties of ADP crystal is been reported. The slow solvent evaporation technique is adopted to grow pure and different weight percentage i.e. 0.4 wt%, 0.6 wt% and 0.8 wt% l-serine doped ADP crystals. The structural study suggested tetragonal structure symmetry of all grown crystal with single phasic nature of all of them. The amino acid dopant alters the functional group vibrations of ADP crystal as suggested in FT-IR spectroscopy. The change in morphology and presence of various elements is observed in SEM and EDAX spectroscopy. The improvement is observed in various optical properties like energy band gap, skin depth, SHG, third order nonlinear susceptibility, laser damage threshold etc. on doping the l-serine in ADP crystal. The spectra variation of refractive index of all grown crystals is studied. The pure and l-serine doped ADP crystals have posses negative kind of photoconductivity.

Complex impedance, FT-Raman, and photoluminescence spectroscopic studies of pure and L-phenylalanine doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals: the correlation with hydrogen bonding defect

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) is an important nonlinear optical (NLO) material used for electro-optical applications. The aromatic side chain contained dopant like L-phenylalanine causes defect in ADP. The pure and L-phenylalanine doped ADP crystals are grown using slow solvent evaporation technique at room temperature. The Powder XRD spectra suggest tetragonal crystal system and slit shifting of peak. The FT-Raman shows strong absorption peak at 922 cm−1 due to v1 group symmetry of P - OH for all grown crystals without shifting indicating the single phase nature of all the crystals. The photoluminescence study suggests the presence of defects in doped crystals compared to the pure one due to increase of Stokes shift and vibrational energy relaxation phenomena. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss have shown the usual behavior with respect to frequency and temperature. The calculated electro-optic coefficient is found to be in accordance with dielectric constant. The protonic conduction is prevailing for electric transport, and from Jonscher’s plot, the correlation barrier hopping (CBH) is confirmed. The Nyquist plot and modulus spectra of pure ADP show the presence of grain and grain boundary while the same plots for L-phenylalanine doped ADP show the presence of grain only. The stretch exponent exhibits non-Debye-type relaxation.

Effect of Sr2+ on growth and properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystal

The ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals have wide range of non-linear optical applications. The doping of bivalent impurity like strontium can strongly retard growth rate and modify properties of ADP crystals. The pure and 0.5 mol% Sr2+ doped ADP crystals are grown by using the slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The powder XRD indicates the single phase nature of both samples. The FT-IR spectra indicate the shifting of absorption peaks for the doped sample. The thermal study indicates that the doped sample is thermally less stable than the pure sample. The EDAX study confirms the presence of strontium in the doped sample. The UV–Vis spectra indicate slight decrement in the transmittance due Sr2+ doping. The Wemple–DiDomenico model is satisfactorily applied to dispersive behaviour of refractive index. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss decreases with frequency increased. The Jonscher’s power law is studied for A.C. conductivity. The Nyquist plot and complex modulus plot exhibits two semicircles for pure ADP due to grain and grain boundary contributions and the same plots show single semicircle for doped ADP due to grain contribution only. The stretch exponent (β) is obtained less than unity, indicates the non-Debye type relaxation process. The second harmonic generation efficiency of fundamental laser beam is found to be 2.07 and 1.54 times higher than the pure KDP for pure ADP and Sr2+ doped ADP, respectively. The Z-scan study reveals the self focusing and reverses saturable absorption kind of nonlinear response for both samples.

Effect of l-threonine on growth and properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystal

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) is an important nonlinear optical (NLO) material used for electro-optical applications and finds various NLO applications using Nd:YAG and Nd:YLF Lasers. The Amino acids have properties like molecular chirality and zwitter ionic nature helps to improve NLO properties of ADP. The pure and l-threonine doped ADP crystals are grown using slow solvent evaporation technique at room temperature. The Powder XRD spectra suggest tetragonal crystal system and slight shifting of peak. The FT-IR spectra verify the presence of various functional groups of pure and doped ADP crystals. The FT-Raman shows strong absorption peak at 922 cm−1 due to asymmetric stretching of PO43− for all samples without shifting indicating the single phase nature of all samples. The photoluminescence study suggests the presence of defects in doped samples compared to the pure one due to increase of Stokes shift and vibrational energy relaxation phenomena. The presences of constituent elements are indentified using CHN analysis. The optical transmittance, energy band gap, skin depth, refractive index and extinction coefficient is study using UV–Visible spectroscopy and the dispersive behaviour of refractive index below absorption edge is study using Wemple-DiDomenico single oscillator model. The variation of capacitance and conductance is study using complex admittance spectroscopy. All the grown crystals have possessed negative photoconductivity. The second and third harmonic generation efficiency is increased nearly to double for l-threonine doped ADP crystals compared to pure Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP). The laser damage threshold is measure for pure and doped ADP crystals.

Uncovering the influence of Ni2+ on optical and dielectric properties of NH4H2PO4 (ADP) crystal

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystal hold strong impetus in photonic industries for distinct applications therefore in current investigation slow solvent evaporation technique has been employed to grow pure and Ni2+ ion doped ADP crystal at room temperature and emphasis was given to explore the synchronized influence of each mole concentration of dopant Ni2+ ion on studied properties of ADP crystal. The qualitative analysis of grown crystals has been achieved by means of energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis. The grown crystals were subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to determine the crystal structure, space group and unit cell dimensions. The UV–vis spectral analysis has been employed within wavelength range of 200–900nm to uncover the effect of increasing concentration of Ni2+ ion on optical transmittance of ADP crystal. The pure and Ni2+ ion doped ADP crystals were subjected to dielectric measurements at 30°C to assess the frequency response of dielectric constant and dielectric loss.

Effect of Ni2+ doping on structural, optical, mechanical and dielectric properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) single crystals: A novel NLO material

Owing to its exceptional applications in nonlinear optical devices, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) is considered as potential candidate in modern era of hi-tech applications. Therefore, in the present work we have grown good quality single crystals of pure and Ni2+ doped (1, 2.5% and 5%), ADP using slow evaporation technique. X-ray study has been carried out in order to see the effect of dopant on the structural parameter of ADP. The UV–vis–NIR studies confirmed that 1.0mol%, 2.5mol% doped crystals have high transmittance compare to 5.0mol% Ni2+ doped ADP crystals. Surface studies have been carried out on pure and doped crystals. Typical striations are observed on the (100) faces of pure and doped crystals, suggest that the growth occurs by 2D nucleation. The microhardness studies of pure and doped crystals carried out at different loads. The hardness of 5.0mol% Ni2+ doped crystals shows higher hardness value compare to 1.0mol%, 2.5mol% doped crystals. The mechanical properties such as fracture toughness (Kc), brittleness index (Bi) and yield strength (σy) are presented. The dielectric studies were carried out in the high frequency range (1–6MHz) and all the results indicate that the grown crystals are of good quality.

Investigation on fluorescence, third order non-linear optical and mechanical performance of glycine doped ADP crystal for applications of photonic devices

Optically transparent glycine doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystals have been grown from aqueous solution by slow solution evaporation method. Crystallographic data of the grown crystal has been determined using the single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The photoexcited colour centred fluorescence emission spectrum of the grown crystal has been analysed at an emission wavelength of 254 nm in the range of 300 to 700 nm. Z-scan studies have been performed at 632·8 nm to confirm the negative third order non-linear refraction behaviour of the grown crystal. The non-linear refractive index (n2), non-linear absorption coefficient (β) and third order non-linearity susceptibility (χ3) of the grown crystal were calculated using the Z-scan data to explore the material suitability for photonic applications. Vicker's microhardness test was carried out to analyse the mechanical stability and determine the hardness parameters of the grown crystal.

Effects of semi-organic additives on the solubility, growth, optical, thermal, mechanical, dielectric and NLO behaviors of ADP crystals for optoelectronic applications

Effects of the addition of semi-organic NLO materials potassium hydrogen malate monohydrate (PHMM) and sodium acid phthalate (NaAP) on the growth and various properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) single crystal grown by the slow cooling method have been studied. The metastable zonewidth of pure and doped ADP were determined and compared. Nucleation studies show that metastable zonewidth and growth rate of ADP are enhanced by the dopants PHMM and NaAP. The grown crystals were subjected to Powder XRD, FT-IR, UV–vis, TG/DSC, microhardness and dielectric studies. The grown crystal has good optical transparency in the entire visible region, which is an essential requirement for a nonlinear crystal. Dielectric measurements reveal that doped ADP crystals have low dielectric loss and higher dielectric constant than pure ADP. The relative SHG efficiency measurements revealed that the dopant has enhanced the efficiency. Presence of dopant was confirmed by energy-dispersive spectrometry.

Effect of Sodium Metasilicate on Structural, Optical, Dielectric and Mechanical Properties of ADP Crystal

For the first time, sodium metasilicate (SMS) doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystal was grown by slow evaporation solution technique. The unit cell parameters of grown crystal were determined by means of single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The qualitative analysis of SMS doped ADP crystal was carried out using energy dispersive X-ray and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The increase in optical transparency of doped ADP crystal was ascertained in the range of 200–900 nm using the UV-visible spectral analysis. The vital optical constants were evaluated using the transmittance data to explore various optical device applications of crystal. The assertive influence of SMS on mechanical and dielectric behavior of ADP crystal was investigated by means of Vickers microhardness analysis and dielectric studies, respectively. The enhancement in second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of SMS doped ADP crystal with reference to potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) and ADP was confirmed from Kurtz–Perry SHG test. The Kerr lensing nonlinearity in SMS doped ADP crystal was identified by means of Z-scan analysis and the third order nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ3) was found to be 6.19 × 10−5 esu, which vitalizes its application for laser stabilization systems.

Effect of l-cysteine on optical, thermal and mechanical properties of ADP crystal for NLO application

Abstract The ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystal doped with amino acid l -cysteine (LC) was grown by a slow evaporation technique. The grown crystal was transparent in the entire visible region, which is an essential requirement for a nonlinear crystal. The LC doping enhances the optical band gap of ADP (5.35 eV). The TG/DTA analysis of LC doped ADP crystal confirms the optimum thermal stability of grown crystal. The enhancement in the mechanical stability after LC doping was confirmed by Vicker׳s microhardness test. The LC doping showed significant impact on dielectric properties (dielectric constant and dielectric loss) of grown crystal. The third order nonlinear behavior of LC doped ADP crystal was investigated using a Z-scan technique at 632.8 nm and effective nonlinear optical parameters were evaluated.

Investigation on the Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of L-Lysine Doped Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate Crystal for NLO Applications

In present investigation L-lysine doped ADP crystal has been grown by slow evaporation technique. The crystalline nature of the grown crystal was confirmed using powder X-ray diffraction technique. The optical studies were carried to examine optical transparency and determine the optical constants of the grown crystal quenching the optoelectronics applications. The optical band gap of grown crystal is found to be 4.7eV. The third order nonlinear behaviour has been investigated using Z-scan technique at 632.8 nm. The nonlinear third order susceptibility of grown crystal is found to be 1 .578 x 10 -5 esu. The nonlinear index of refraction and absorption coefficient were determined to explore the optical limiting applications of the grown NLO crystal. The kurtz powder test confirmed the second harmonic generations by the grown crystal.

Growth of cerium(III)-doped ADP crystals and characterization studies

Single crystals of Ce(III)-doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) are grown by conventional slow evaporation of aqueous solution and Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy (SR) technique. High-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) studies reveal that the crystalline perfection is substantially better in the case of SR-grown crystal. Morphological changes are observed in the doped specimen. Doping has some influence on the DRS spectra and the band gap energy is estimated by Kubelka–Munk algorithm. Lattice parameters are determined by single crystal XRD analysis. The powder X-ray diffraction and FT-IR analyses indicate that the crystal undergoes considerable stress as a result of doping. The incorporation of Ce(III) into the crystalline matrix of ADP is confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Thermal studies reveal no decomposition up to the melting point and no significant changes are observed as a result of foreign ion incorporation in ADP crystalline matrix.

Structural, Optical, Electrical and Thermal Characterizations of Pure and L-alanine Doped Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate Crystals

Pure ammonium diyidrogen phosphate and L-alanine doped ammonium diyidrogen phosphate crystals were grown from aqueous solutions by natural evaporation process. The grown crystals are characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray, UV-visible spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis. Crystal structure has been studied by powder X-ray diffraction. Pure and doped crystals both possessed tetragonal structure. The optical transparency is found to increase with the increase of doping concentration in the grown crystals and band gap energies of all crystals have been calculated at their cut off frequencies. It is found that the optical band gap increases with doping concentrations. D.C.electrical conductivity of grown crystals along the growth axis was carried out at temperatures ranging from 35-140°C by the conventional two-probe method. The conductivity of the crystals increases with temperature and also increases with the L-alanine concentration. The decomposition temperatures and weight loss have been estimated from the Thermo Gravimetric Analysis and Differential Thermal Analysis and hardness was found from the Vicker’s microhardness measurement.

Investigations on the solubility, growth, structural, optical, mechanical, dielectric and SHG behaviour of ammonium acetate doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystals

Ammonium acetate doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals have been grown by slow cooling along with bidirectional seed rotation method. Effects of ammonium acetate on the solubility, growth rate, structural, optical, mechanical, dielectric properties, crystalline perfection and second harmonic generation efficiency of the crystals have been investigated. The high-resolution X-ray diffraction study shows that the crystalline perfection of the doped crystal is good. Fourier transform infrared studies confirm the functional groups of the crystals. It is seen from UV–vis studies that the optical transparency is increased much by the dopant. Vickers hardness measurements reveal the mechanical stability of the crystals. Low dielectric losses were observed from the dielectric measurements for the doped ADP crystals at higher frequencies. The relative SHG efficiency measurements revealed that the dopant has enhanced the efficiency.