Door Status Research Articles

Practical design and implementation of IoT-based occupancy monitoring systems for office buildings: A case study

This study introduces a scalable, cloud-based approach to occupancy monitoring designed to optimize HVAC operations in office buildings. It addresses the challenges of developing and implementing a multi-parameter IoT-based occupancy monitoring system by integrating various off-the-shelf sensors—CO2, infrared (IR), motion (PIR), and door status detection—into a cohesive system. Leveraging wireless LoRaWAN and novel cloud technologies, the system ensures easy installation, efficient maintenance, and robust data management. CO2-based occupancy detection models were trained using data from a reference office and validated in another office environment. Among the various models evaluated, the four best-performing ones—Decision Trees, Random Forest, LightGBM, and K-Nearest Neighbors—were selected for integration into a multi-parameter detection system. To further enhance system performance and identify optimal sensor combinations and configurations for cost-effective and accurate occupancy detection, a data fusion methodology was employed. This methodology, validated with ground-truth data from a test bed, tested the monitoring system in different office settings, ranging from single to quadruple-occupant rooms. Integration of additional parameters into the developed data fusion approach significantly improved system performance, achieving a True Positive Rate (TPR) of 95% compared to 81% with a simple baseline data fusion method. This approach also reduced false detections during unoccupied periods, as tested in multiple rooms within the studied building, thereby enhancing the system's reliability for integration into occupancy-aware HVAC control strategies.

An experimental study of fire development under varying ventilation conditions during the depressurization process in pressurized buildings

Hermetic pressurized buildings are a new type of building in high-altitude areas that efficiently addresses issues such as high-altitude reactions. The indoor pressure is higher than the external pressure under working conditions, and pressure relief must be carried out first during emergencies. The emergency pressure relief process during a fire may lead to complex fire behavior that is different from that in regular buildings. In this study, we focus on the impact of ventilation conditions and the status of doors in such buildings on fire evolution and smoke plume characteristics through experiments. The temperature variation in the fire room and corridor is measured under different ventilation power, ventilation time, and door opening width conditions. This shows that the width of the door has the greatest impact on fire development. A smaller gap in the door opening restricts air circulation between the interior and exterior of the room, resulting in a rapid decrease in the oxygen concentration within the fire room and a decrease in the combustion reaction rate of wood fires. The ventilation power exerts the most significant influence on the temperature variation in the corridor. These findings provide empirical data and a basis for fire science studies in high-altitude hermetic pressurized buildings and can guide existing fire protection design and management for improved safety.

Analysis of window opening in arctic community housing and development of data-driven models

Achieving low-energy, comfortable buildings in remote Arctic regions like Nunavik, Canada, presents multiple challenges due to high heating demand and limited energy supply. Understanding human behavior and the impact of practices on energy use is a key element in improving building performance. While previous research on building performance in Arctic regions has often adopted a building-centered approach, this study offers a complementary approach by investigating occupant behavior, focusing on window openings. The sample includes 10 monitored houses in the village of Quaqtaq, Nunavik. Data on weather conditions and window and door status were collected from September 2018 to August 2020. Behavior trends were identified using metrics such as the opening ratio, median duration of an opening, and number of openings. Correlations between opening/closing actions and the conditions of the outdoor environment were analyzed. Findings indicate that occupants interact more with common room windows and tend to leave bedroom windows open for longer periods. Time of the day, temperature, and relative humidity influence both opening and closing actions. Solar irradiance is also an important driver for open actions, while mean wind speed is significant in predicting closing actions. Data-driven models were developed using logistic regression. Comparison between predicted and real data demonstrated a good performance in estimating the opening ratio over the year and seasonal variations but a tendency to overestimate the number of openings and underestimate the duration of an opening.

Implementation of an Open Door Policy on Two Acute Care Units

Since the amendments to the Baden-Württemberg Psychiatric Assistance Act, psychiatric patients who are treated involuntarily can be admitted to open wards. As a result, a comprehensive research project was carried out to implement an open-door policy. This work evaluates the attitudes of patients and therapeutic teams. Over the course of a year, 8 focus groups with 6 to 11 participants were conducted with patients and staff before and at the end of the intervention phase and analyzed qualitatively. The concept of open doors was received positively. The staff raised safety concerns whereas on the patient side the door status seemed to be of limited relevance regarding the experience of autonomy or stigmatization. The elaboration of conflict issues allows a further development of specific concepts towards the implementation of open doors on psychiatric acute wards.

GLASS PARTITIONS FOR FIRE PROTECTION IN CONSTRUCTION

The main purpose of fire doors is to prevent the spread of fire, smoke and heat inside a building and to enable the safe evacuation of people. In the event of a fire, they close automatically. There are also sliding doors suitable for operation in the event of a fire alarm. They are equipped with automation systems that allow them to open automatically when a fire is detected, making it easier to evacuate people and allowing faster access for the emergency services. There are many additional factors and solutions associated with fire doors and automatic doors that are worth considering in terms of fire safety. Fire doors can be fitted with alarm and monitoring systems that will automatically open the door when a fire is detected, send a signal to the emergency services and activate other safety systems such as smoke extraction or fire suppression systems. Innovative solutions related to fire doors are now being used, such as thermally active doors that automatically react to a rise in temperature and close in the event of a fire. Door control and monitoring systems are also becoming increasingly sophisticated, enabling remote management and real-time monitoring of door status. The drive components and automation of fire doors are subject to specific requirements, as defined by standards and regulations.

GAM-YOLOv8n: enhanced feature extraction and difficult example learning for site distribution box door status detection

GAM-YOLOv8n: enhanced feature extraction and difficult example learning for site distribution box door status detection

Space-Level air conditioner electricity consumption and occupant behavior analysis on a university campus

In China, despite only 2 % of the population residing on university campuses, these campuses account for 8 % of the total energy consumption. Understanding the space-level energy consumption characteristics and energy-related occupant behaviors on a university campus can help improve campus buildings' energy efficiency. This study investigates 21 office spaces on a university campus to better understand the space-level electricity consumption of air-conditioners (AC) and the occupant behaviors (OB), thermal comfort needs, and window operation. First, Internet of Things (IoT) sensors were installed in the 21 office spaces to collect the indoor temperature and humidity, the electricity consumption of the AC, and the status of doors. The data were collected for the entire cooling season. The space-level occupancy patterns were then analyzed based on the quality of the doors, including the first occupant’s arrival time and the last occupant’s departure time. Moreover, the indoor temperature, humidity, and illuminance were combined to evaluate occupants’ thermal and visual comfort need. In addition, statistical and clustering analyses were conducted on air conditioner operations' duration, frequency, and electricity consumption. The results showed that the spaces were typically occupied from 9:21 to 22:25, with 10 h and 53 min daily. The average indoor temperature was 26.1 °C, ranging from 22.1 °C (5th percentile) to 34.9 °C (95th percentile) when the room was occupied and ranging from 21.7 °C (5th percentile) to 32.5 °C (95th percentile) when the AC was on. The air conditioner's electricity consumption ranges from 11.7 to 152.2 kWh/m2 with a median of 68.9 kWh/m2 and from 46.84 to 1883.7 kWh/person with a median of 464.7 kWh/person. The different occupancy densities often lead to a significant difference in the electricity consumption of air conditioners. The findings of this study can be used to support the development of prototype energy models and occupant-centric control (OCC) models for campus office buildings.

Influence of indoor and outdoor noises on the speech intelligibility in classrooms

There are many noise sources inside the classrooms such as heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning(HVAC) noises. Also, there are outdoor noises near classrooms such as road traffic noises. Under these situations, teachers are using loudspeaker system in order to enhance the speech transmission. The present study aims to investigate the students’ subjective responses to teacher’s speech under many different noise situations. in order to this, questionnaire survey was undertaken to 60 students in two different classrooms. They were asked to mark their subjective listening comprehension and speech intelligibility in 5-points scale at every cases when three conditions were changed including opening status of doors and windows, operating HVAC system, and usage of loudspeaker system. Also, sound levels were measured in each case. As a result, it was found that only 17% of subjects responded that they were prevented from noises from outdoor and HVAC system. Also, it was responded that using loudspeaker system can enhance the listening conditions 2.7 times more than normal condition. Nevertheless, there are 33% of negative responses to loudspeaker system due to the artificial tone of speech. Thus, it can be concluded that indoor and outdoor noises cause by opening windows and operating HVAC system do not affect student’s speech intelligibility much in general cases, Also, using loudspeaker system in small classroom should be used cautiously considering students’ preferences.

Automatic Garage Door and Smart Lighting System

The inconvenience of manually opening your garage door, driving your car out, and then closing the door while you are in a rush is what our application aims to solve. By interacting with an IoT network, smart garage doors may control your garage door using the power of your smartphone. Additionally, it does away with the trouble of physically locking the door. This will also provide intelligent notifications for enhanced monitoring, are some of the system's remarks. The goal of this project is to design and build a low-cost system that monitors garage doors and transmits their status to a receiver unit located in a convenient location inside the user's home. This allows the user to monitor their garage doors from the comfort of their own home, rather than having to go outside and inspect the garage. The receiver unit includes a screen for displaying system information as well as LEDs for viewing the status of the garage door from a distance. The system has enough range to place the receiver anywhere in the house while providing accurate garage door status. By designing and building this, we hope to increase home security.

Biomechanical energy harvested wireless sensing for food storage

Biomechanical energy in food cold storage is a promising sustainable energy for realizing the self-powered wireless sensing for guaranteeing the food quality and safety by door status monitoring. This paper proposes a biomechanical energy harvested wireless sensing system for food cold storage. The system includes the biomechanical energy harvester (BEH), the micro-supercapacitor, the wireless transmitter and the wireless receiver. The biomechanical energy from the door opening and closing was harvested by the BEH with four gear sets as the speed increaser and an electromagnetic generator (EMG) as the electric generator driven by a crank. The generated electricity was then stored by a micro-supercapacitor. The wireless transmitter was powered by the micro-supercapacitor for transmitting the door status sensor data to wireless receiver by 433 MHz wireless radio frequency (RF). The wireless receiver could indicate the door status by light emitting diodes (LEDs) and also wirelessly transmit to smartphone by Bluetooth. The system could monitor the door status in real time by harvesting the biomechanical energy from door opening and closing, improve the sustainability of the wireless sensing system and guarantee the food quality and safety in food cold storage.

Vehicle security monitoring system

A vehicle left in a parking lot may be the target of a potential theft or damage. In orderfor the vehicle owner to have information about the condition of his vehicle, it is necessary to applyappropriate security measures. Therefore, a proprietary vehicle security monitoring system has beendeveloped. In order to obtain adequate information about the condition of the secured vehicle, thevehicle security system has been designed and constructed. It allows you to monitor such parametersas: vehicle inclination (related to, for example, lifting the car in order to put it on a trailer), temporaryvehicle acceleration (related to, for example, a car crash in a parking lot), GPS location (related tovehicle displacement in relation to a fixed position), temperature and humidity. In addition, themovement in the vehicle is monitored by a passive infrared detector, the door status (open/ closed)by reed switches, and the gas concentration (LPG, propane butane) by a gas sensor. Information aboutthe vehicle sensors is sent to the user in the form of an SMS message, either at the users request orin the form of an alarm. The designed vehicle security monitoring system is a solution that allowsthe user to both use and add new useful functionalities. It is also possible to add additional sensors,as well as to expand with new innovative functions (e.g. access control). This results in an increasedsense of security for the user regarding his vehicle.Keywords: security, system, vehicle, sensors

Real-Time Monitoring and Controlling of Refrigerated Truck Using IoT

Abstract: Transportation is an important part of food chain, aiming at monitoring the temperature, humidity inside the refrigerator trucks and tracking the location of the refrigerator trucks. In this system, we have designed an intelligent monitoring system based on the Internet of thing, realized monitoring temperature and humidity inside the refrigerator trucks , and tracking the location of refrigerator trucks real-time in the entire transportation process by using advanced technologies like MQTT, Cloud Computing, sensor technology and the wireless communication technology. The proposed system uses an ESP32 as main control unit, DHT22 , proximity sensor, RTC, and GSP module. The system is very capable to monitor refrigerated truck from anywhere and anytime using a mobile application. This system is capable of monitoring data which can be displayed through mobile application and if any problem is detected the issue can be solved by human intervention. We can achieve good results of data monitoring such as temperature, humidity, door status and location with MQTT protocol. It is satisfied with the performance through the analysis of monitoring system and experiment results for the designed refrigerated truck monitoring system. Moreover, this proposed system has main advantages which minimizes the human efforts for the manual monitoring and product loss due to uncontrolled environment. Keywords: Refrigerator Trucks, Internet of Things, MQTT, ESP 32, Live GPS Location

Field Measurements of Bedroom Environment in Winter and Summer on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Field measurements of the bedroom environment on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was conducted by continuously measuring the air temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 concentration in the bedrooms of 197 residents (100 in winter and 97 in summer) for 7 days. And the daily environmental controls of residents were recorded. The results showed that the night-time thermal environment in bedrooms on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was more warmer and wetter in summer than in winter, but the CO2 concentration was lower in winter. On both winter and summer nights, drops in air temperature, relative humidity and CO2 concentration in the bedrooms were found when doors or windows were opened, increases in relative humidity and CO2 concentration in bedrooms were found when there were more occupants in the bedrooms. This study also found there was a greater reduction of CO2 concentrations when doors or windows were opened in the bedrooms of multiple occupants compared to the bedrooms of a single occupant. And on winter nights, the humidity increase in the bedrooms caused by the action of the humidifier was not affected by the status of doors and windows.

AUTOMATIC SPEED VARIATION SYSTEM IN AUTOMOBILE LINKED WITH DOORS

The sudden accidents often occur when passengers traveling on the footpath of public transport at high speed. The sudden fall from footsteps at that speed may cause serious risk to passengers. In this paper, we present a passengers safety system that has two major features, one is to detect the passengers present in the footpath of the vehicle and the other one is to maintain the speed of the vehicle based on the detection of passengers in the footpath. The present work used IOT system that contains an ultrasonic sensor to detect passengers in a given area. Based on the sensor output of detection of passengers, the door of public transport will automatically open/close and also it will maintain or increase the speed of the bus based on the results. The development of this IOT system also implements an IEEE 802.11 technology to transmit the signal from public transport to mobile apps. The monitoring and controlling mobile application are developed which can receive/transmit the data from/to the controller of the system by using IEEE 802.11. This mobile application shows the status of detection of passengers, door status, and also the real-time speed of the public transport. Keywords – Passenger safety, IoT, Monitoring system, Wireless Communication.

IOT Warehouse Monitoring System

Aiming at monitoring the temperature and humidity inside the refrigerator and managing information of the refrigerator internal. In this system, there is a design of an intelligent monitoring system based on the Internet of thing, realized monitoring temperature and humidity inside the refrigerator unit and the intelligent cargo identification process by using advanced technologies like MQTT, Cloud Computing, sensor technology and the wireless communication technology. The proposed system used an ESP32 as main control unit, DHT22, E18 Infrared sensor. The system is very powerful to monitor refrigeration unit from anywhere and anytime using mobile application. This system will be capable to do control and monitoring through mobile and web application. We will achieve the good result to data monitoring such as Temperature, humidity and door status with MQTT. It is satisfied with the performance through the analysis of monitoring system and experiment results for the designed refrigerated unit monitoring system. Moreover, this proposed system has main advantages which are minimize the human effort for the manual monitoring and loss due to uncontrolled environment.

Smart Door Lock

Internet of Things (IoT) has become a phenomenon in many researchers. A smart digital automated system based on IoT plays major role which helps in reducing human work by applying interaction technology in daily life. This research introduces the IoT Smart Door Lock where smartphone uses Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) to activate the door lock. By using Android software, the smartphone will automatically activate the door lock within a specific range. Data transmission will be done using Wi-Fi technology. So, the user does not have to worry whether the door has been locked or not because user can control it by using their smartphone within a specific range. The user also does not have to worry about losing the door key anymore because there is no device required except user’s smartphone. This project consists of hardware and software development. The main purpose on the design is to prevent the situation where the user is unable to unlock the door when the key is missing also to give a solution for users to monitor door status when they forget the door has been locked or not. This system aims to eliminate the use of keys to access the door, where the daily struggle faced to bring along a bunch of keys anywhere. Besides that, the door locking system must function efficiently. The prototype of this system is successfully done, the procedure and the software and hardware requirement has been compiled in this report.

Opening the Doors of a Substance Use Disorder Ward-Benefits and Challenges From a Consumer Perspective.

Open doors in psychiatry have been a subject of controversy in recent years. While some studies postulate the clinical necessity of closed doors, others challenge the theoretical advantages of this setting, mention numerous drawbacks of closed wards, and focus on the advantages of open-door settings. With regard to patients diagnosed with substance use disorders (SUD), other standards may apply. Very little research has been done on this topic. Some studies adopted a consumer perspective (i.e. asking involved parties about their experience of the door status). To the authors’ knowledge, no study has so far addressed the ideal setting for the treatment of SUD. With our data from the opening of a specialized SUD ward, we take one step to closing this knowledge gap. Applying a qualitative design, we asked patients and health care professionals (HCP) to report changes following the opening of the ward. The results are mainly in line with the literature on the general psychiatric population. The newly introduced open-door setting was mostly perceived as positive, but some disadvantages were mentioned (e.g. less protection of patients, less control over who enters/leaves the ward, the theoretically increased risk of patients absconding). Moreover, HCP (but not patients) mentioned potentially increased substance use on the ward as an additional disadvantage that could arise. Opening a previously closed ward was generally perceived as a positive and progressive decision. These findings support the trend towards an overall open-door policy in psychiatry.

Experimental Investigation on Temperature Profiles at Ceiling and Door of Subway Carriage Fire

Previous studies usually used the common tunnel model and paid little attention to the propagation characteristics of fire in the carriage structure with multiple lateral openings. In the current study, experiments were carried out in a reduced-scale (1:5) subway carriage model to study the propagation characteristics of carriage fire. The main focuses were on the temperature contour profiles and distribution laws under the ceiling and at different doors inside the carriage. Results show that although the status of the side door of the carriage does not have a significant effect on the mass loss rate of fuel combustion, the temperature distribution under the ceiling will be affected under the effect of the smoke overflow of the door opening. The effect of door status on the longitudinal ceiling temperature is mainly on the area between the fire source and the adjacent door. For the transverse ceiling temperature above the fire source, the effect of the status of the door is significant with the increase of the fire source. Besides, the temperature contour profile at the door shows regular distribution. In the process of gradually increasing the temperature as the height increases, the isotherm gradually changes from a horizontal straight line to two inverted triangular sides, the temperature at the door has been basically in the ambient temperature from the dimensionless height (normalized by the height of the door) below 0.6. The measured radiation at the upper part of the carriage end is about 5 times higher than that in the middle of the door adjacent to the fire source, and the ratio is not significantly affected by the heat release rate. The results of this study can be of use to the fire-protection community to better understand fire dynamics.

Ward Atmosphere and Patient Satisfaction in Psychiatric Hospitals With Different Ward Settings and Door Policies. Results From a Mixed Methods Study.

Background: Open-door policies in psychiatry are discussed as a means to improve the treatment of involuntarily committed patients in various aspects. Current research on open-door policies focuses mainly on objective effects, such as the number of coercive interventions or serious incidents. The aim of the present study was to investigate more subjective perceptions of different psychiatric inpatient settings with different door policies by analyzing ward atmosphere and patient satisfaction. Methods: Quantitative data on the ward atmosphere using the Essen Climate Evaluation Scale (EssenCES) and on patient satisfaction (ZUF-8) were obtained from involuntarily committed patients (n = 81) in three psychiatric hospitals with different ward settings and door policies (open, facultative locked, locked). Furthermore, qualitative interviews with each of 15 patients, nurses, and psychiatrists were conducted in one psychiatric hospital with a facultative locked ward comparing treatment in an open vs. a locked setting. Results: Involuntarily committed patients rated the EssenCES’ subscale “Experienced Safety” higher in an open setting compared with a facultative locked and a locked setting. The subscale “Therapeutic Hold” was rated higher in an open setting than a locked setting. Regarding the safety experienced from a mental health professionals’ perspective, the qualitative interviews further revealed advantages and disadvantages of door locking in specific situations, such as short-term de-escalation vs. increased tension. Patient satisfaction did not differ between the hospitals but correlated weakly with the EssenCES’ subscale “Therapeutic Hold.” Conclusion: Important aspects of the ward atmosphere seem to be improved in an open vs. a locked setting, whereas patient satisfaction does not seem to be influenced by the door status in the specific population of patients under involuntary commitment. The ward atmosphere turned out to be more sensitive to differences between psychiatric inpatient settings with different door policies. It can contribute to a broader assessment by including subjective perceptions by those who are affected directly by involuntary commitments. Regarding patient satisfaction under involuntary commitment, further research is needed to clarify both the relevance of the concept and its appropriate measurement.

Experimental Study on Fire Plume Characteristics in a Subway Carriage with Doors

The widespread use of subway system provides convenience for the fast transportation in the cities, but the subway fire accident has the risk of causing serious consequence. Therefore, it is important and helpful to do research on the characteristics of fire plume in subway carriage to recognize and control subway fires. The experiments were carried out in a 1/5th scale model subway carriage to investigate the fire plume characteristics. Two series of experiments with different door statuses (open and closed) were considered. Each series includes two fire source locations, one in the center of the carriage and one facing the door. Experimental results show that both the fire location and door status have little impact on the fire development in the current experiment. Similar to the study of Megret and Vauquelin (Fire Saf J 34(4):393–401, 2000), the average mass loss rate per unit area $$\dot{m}^{\prime\prime}$$ is related to the equivalent diameter D, but the slope of the fitted line obtained from the experimental data is approximately 5.6 times that of the model of Megret and Vauquelin. The measured radiant heat flux away from the fire source (0.5 m longitudinal distance) is generally less than half of that near the fire source. The maximum temperature values in this experimental condition are higher than the literature data obtained from the common tunnel scenario, especially for the low heat release rates. Besides, an empirical correlation for predicting the maximum smoke temperature rise in the subway carriage was proposed and compared with other models. The predicted values of obtained correlation are higher than those of other models in the intermittent flame zone, while almost equal in the continuous flame zone. This related research outcomes can provide a reference for further understanding of the subway carriage fire.