Donor Recognition Research Articles

Promotional Products: Adding Tangibility to Your Nonprofit Promotions

SUMMARY Promotional products have become a very important part of the promotional communication tools used by non-profits, with 2000 sales to the industry of almost $500 million. The strengths and weaknesses of the medium are discussed and winning examples of various non-profit promotions in the areas of fundraising, donor recognition, organizational awareness, member recruitment, event promotion and behavior modification programs.

Analysis of the Adenosylcobinamide Kinase/Adenosylcobinamide-phosphate Guanylyltransferase (CobU) Enzyme of Salmonella typhimurium LT2: IDENTIFICATION OF RESIDUE His-46 AS THE SITE OF GUANYLYLATION

CobU is a bifunctional enzyme involved in adenosylcobalamin (coenzyme B(12)) biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium LT2. In this bacterium, CobU is the adenosylcobinamide kinase/adenosylcobinamide-phosphate guanylyltransferase needed to convert cobinamide to adenosylcobinamide-GDP during the late steps of adenosylcobalamin biosynthesis. The guanylyltransferase reaction has been proposed to proceed via a covalently modified CobU-GMP intermediate. Here we show that CobU requires a nucleoside upper ligand on cobinamide for substrate recognition, with the nucleoside base, but not the 2'-OH group of the ribose, being important for this recognition. During the kinase reaction, both the nucleotide base and the 2'-OH group of the ribose are important for gamma-phosphate donor recognition, and GTP is the only nucleotide competent for the complete nucleotidyltransferase reaction. Analysis of the ATP:adenosylcobinamide kinase reaction shows CobU becomes less active during this reaction due to the formation of a covalent CobU-AMP complex that holds CobU in an altered conformation. Characterization of the GTP:adenosylcobinamide-phosphate guanylyltransferase reaction shows the covalent CobU-GMP intermediate is on the reaction pathway for the generation of adenosylcobinamide-GDP. Identification of a modified histidine and analysis of cobU mutants indicate that histidine 46 is the site of guanylylation.

CD4 T cells acutely reject cardiac allografts via direct donor recognition

CD4 T CELLS are both necessary and sufficient for acute cardiac allograft rejection in mice. However, it is not clear whether this CD4-mediated rejection is due to direct (donor major histocompatability complex (MHC) restricted) or indirect (host MHC restricted) antigen recognition of the allograft. The purpose of this study was to determine whether CD4 T cells required direct recognition of donor class II MHC molecules to mediate acute cardiac allograft rejection.

Advanced techniques of donor recognition

AbstractThis paper examines the issue of ‘donor recognition’ in fundraising, and how recent technological advances have given charitable organisations new strategic tools in which to recognise and protect their donor base.In providing real‐life examples of how American charities are using new donor recognition techniques, this paper seeks to provide specific options of how any charity can maximise the net income potential of every donor on its file.

Table of Contents

Abstract President's Forum Links Donor Recognition To Mission Physician Cultivation Seeking Support From Physicians Justify Return Visits Keep Interviews Focused Targeted Marketing Get to Know (and Cultivate) Affinity Groups Direct Mail That's a Reasonable Request! Planned Giving Consider Employees as Planned Gift Prospects Operational Planning Include a Master Calendar in Your Operational Plan Computer Presentation Grabs Donors' Attention Prospects' Interests Help Shape Solicitation Communication ‘Home Page’ Provides Another Method of Outreach Chili Championship Becomes Hot Event Telemarketing Contests Make a Phonathon Fun and Productive Grant Proposals Grant Proposals That Succeed Special Events Weekend Blitz Raises $115,000 Cultivating Businesses Give Businesses Special Status Treat Spouses With Equal Respect Board Recruitment Nomination Process Delivers More Capable Board

From family planning and maternal and child health to reproductive health.

A broad overview was provided of the changes occurring in women's health in the context of donors. In the 1990s, women's health issues began to be addressed by reproductive health rather than by family planning and maternal and child health programs in official and nongovernmental development programs (NGOs). The World Health Organization definition of reproductive health includes the right of to regulate and control their own fertility. There is international donor recognition, such as the United Nations Population Fund support for the WHO definition, children by choice, and reproductive health services for women. Family planning programs have tended to use the "welfare approach" of targeting women as mothers, and their children. Welfare programs began distribution of contraceptives, when the US Agency for International Development began in the 1960s its policy of contraceptive promotion. Target populations in developing countries were reached through social welfare and health service programs, which included women as passive recipients. The issues of poverty, environmental degradation, and violence were unheeded. The period of 1975-85 marked the emergence of discussion about women's role in society. Links were made between high fertility and low status. The research focus was on determinants of fertility decline, regardless of equity issues. Women were encouraged to become involved in political, social, economic, and education activities as a means of creating a "favorable climate for pursuing population...goals." The development literature relegated women to the subordinate position of meeting demographic objectives. The focus on poverty alleviation opened up the literature to the complexities of the relationships between fertility, education, and work. Empowerment has grown out of the framework and enhanced development. Reproductive health programs are still limited in their offerings, but there has been expansion through the linkages with NGOs. Women's preparatory meetings before the Cairo conference have stressed that gender equity and reproductive rights be placed within a broad framework with policy support.

From family planning and maternal and child health to reproductive health

A broad overview was provided of the changes occurring in womens health in the context of donors. In the 1990s womens health issues began to be addressed by reproductive health rather than by family planning and maternal and child health programs in official and nongovernmental development programs (NGOs). The World Health Organization definition of reproductive health includes the right of to regulate and control their own fertility. There is international donor recognition such as the United Nations Population Fund support for the WHO definition children by choice and reproductive health services for women. Family planning programs have tended to use the approach of targeting women as mothers and their children. Welfare programs began distribution of contraceptives when the US Agency for International Development began in the 1960s its policy of contraceptive promotion. Target populations in developing countries were reached through social welfare and health service programs which included women as passive recipients. The issues of poverty environmental degradation and violence were unheeded. The period of 1975-85 marked the emergence of discussion about womens role in society. Links were made between high fertility and low status. The research focus was on determinants of fertility decline regardless of equity issues. Women were encouraged to become involved in political social economic and education activities as a means of creating a favorable climate for pursuing population...goals. The development literature relegated women to the subordinate position of meeting demographic objectives. The focus on poverty alleviation opened up the literature to the complexities of the relationships between fertility education and work. Empowerment has grown out of the framework and enhanced development. Reproductive health programs are still limited in their offerings but there has been expansion through the linkages with NGOs. Womens preparatory meetings before the Cairo conference have stressed that gender equity and reproductive rights be placed within a broad framework with policy support.

Donor Management and Matching

Medical management of the multiorgan donor is an essential component of the success of heart transplantation. Appropriate management demands an understanding of the progressively changing pathophysiology of brain death such that rapid diagnostic and therapeutic intervention may be accomplished. Specific problems such as hypovolemia, diabetes insipidus, neurogenic pulmonary edema, electrolyte imbalance, and loss of temperature regulation require aggressive treatment. Early potential donor recognition, expedient diagnosis of brain death, careful maintenance of satisfactory end-organ function, and appropriate donor-recipient matching are important aspects in the management of the multiorgan donor that will maximize successful application of transplantation to the highest number of qualified recipients.

A Bisubstrate Analog Inhibitor for a(1→2)-FucosyItransferase

Abstract Porcine submaxillary beta-galactoside alpha(1----2)-fucosyltransferase is known to transfer a fucosyl residue from guanosine 5'-diphosphofucose (GDP-fucose) to the 2-OH group of beta-D-galactopyranosides with inversion of configuration at the fucopyranosyl anomeric carbon. A bisubstrate analog (1) of the postulated transition-state for this reaction, which has O-2 of phenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside attached to the terminal phosphorous of GDP through a flexible ethylene bridge, has been chemically synthesized and evaluated as an inhibitor of this enzyme. Compound 1 was found to be a competitive inhibitor with respect to both GDP-fucose and phenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside for both the membrane-bound and soluble forms of the fucosyltransferase. It was also a competitive inhibitor with respect to the alternate acceptor beta DGal(1----3)beta DGlcNAcO(CH2)8-COOMe. The Ki values were in the range 2.3-16 microM. Compound 1 is the first example of a bisubstrate analog inhibitor for a glycosyltransferase which binds to both the acceptor and donor recognition sites of the enzyme. The potential of a bisubstrate analog strategy for the production of specific glycosyltransferase inhibitors is discussed.

Approach to Management of the Heartbeating `Brain Dead' Organ Donor

In recent years, transplantation has assumed an important role in the treatment of patients with end-stage diseases of most major organ systems. However, the greatest limitation in organ transplantation today is organ supply. Among factors that can affect the organ supply favorably, donor management has received the least attention. This review addresses management of the multi-organ donor within the intensive care unit. With an increased awareness of donor management issues and the application of a rational physiological approach, the supply of functional organs for transplantation can be increased.

Modulation of Thy-1 alloantibody responses: donor cell-associated H-2 inhibition and augmentation without recipient Ir gene control.

In this study we have found that in vivo PFC responses to Thy-1 are strongly modulated by H-2 gene products in at least 2 ways. First, a profound inhibition of primary PFC responses occurs when foreign H-2 antigens are expressed on Thy-1 incompatible donor cells. This interference effect does not reflect a requirement for H-2-restricted antigen presentation by donor cells, since it is also seen using semi-syngeneic antigenic cells that share a full H-2 haplotype with the recipient. Interference acts more profoundly on slower primary responses than on more rapid secondary responses and requires associative recognition of the H-2 and Thy-1 antigens. By contrast, strong augmentation of the anti-Thy-1 response was obtained when foreign H-2 antigens were expressed in the recipient, as shown by a poor response of an H-2k/k recipient to Thy-1.1 on AKR cells (H-2k) compared with high responses of H-2k/b recipients. A gene controlling this phenotype was mapped to the H-2IA or H-2K regions. However, subsequent experiments revealed that donor recognition of recipient H-2 antigens was required for these high responses; thus, an Ir-gene effect was excluded and an 'intimate form' of an allogeneic effect was postulated. Thus, the immune response to Thy-1 is regulated by at least 3 factors acting at the level of the donor cell, including non-H-2 helper alloantigens, H-2 interference, and H-2-associated allogeneic effects.

Motivation of voluntary plasmapheresis donors.

A totally voluntary plasmapheresis program recruits 900 individual donors per year at a cancer institute, where 500 to 900 units of platelets are transfused each month. Staff and donors use a film and brochures to recruit donors from the local community. Television and radio spots, with donor recognition pins, certificates, receptions, and picnics are utilized. Donor motivation was studied by use of: 1) California Psychological Inventory--measures a variety of "normal" personality traits; 2) Study of values--measures theoretical, economic, aesthetic, social, political, religious values; 3) Internal-External Control Scale--measures degree to which a person blames self vs. external events for what happens to him; 4) Faith in People Scale--measures individual's confidence in his fellow man; 5) Anomia Scale--measure of feelings of self-to-others alienation; 6) Mach IV Scale--measure of persons tendency to manipulate others; and 7) Biographical Data Form. Results are presented for 25 male donor subjects studied, as they compare with normative data for the scales used. Donors appeared to have the same traits as do the general population, but appeared lower in Machiavellianism than non-plasmapheresis donors. Prospective study plans include additional subjects to provide appropriate control groups.