Dong Son Research Articles

THE SPECIES COMPOSITION OF SHRIMPS BELONGING TO THE FAMILY ATYDAE IN XUAN SON NATIONAL PARK

A survey on the species composition of Atyidae shrimp was conducted in the streams of Xuan Son National Park. The investigation results identified two species of Caridina shrimp within the Atyidae family, namely Caridina lanceifrons and a suspected new species, Caridina sp. Caridina lanceifrons appears in most streams in 3 communes Xuan Son, Dong Son and Kim Thuong, however Caridina sp. only recorded to appear in streams in Xuan Son commune. The research results are valuable information, serving as a basis for using conservation measures, especially for Caridina sp. has some morphological characteristics that are different from species previously described in Vietnam and is suspected to be a new species.

Automatic identification of Dong Son antique glass artifacts using evolving learning

Regarding the Dong Son culture, given the diverse range of artifacts discovered, we propose the utilization of an artificial intelligence system for the automated and comprehensive identification of Dong Son glass jewelry through SEM gemological analysis. This approach, which has gained prominence in the field of archaeology worldwide over the past five years, aims to integrate advanced technology into Vietnamese archaeology. Our research is motivated by the unique conditions present in archaeology, where we seek to employ evolving learning algorithms to archaeological databases, comparing and selecting the most suitable model that aligns with the archeological dataset's performance. We have developed the Recognition Automatic System for Dong Son Antique Glasses (RAS-DSA), capable of accurately distinguishing between Dong Son and non-Dong Son glass ornaments, and is freely distributed to experts and archaeologists. This collaborative research involves Nam Can Tho University, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, the Vietnamese Institute of Archaeology, and the UNESCO Center for Research and Conservation of Vietnamese Antiquities.

The Jinlianshan Graveyard and Its Role in the Study of the Dong Son – Dian Civilization

The article presents the results of the excavation and studying of the materials from the Jinlianshan graveyard in Yuxi prefecture-level city (Yunnan Province, PRC). The significant part of the site belongs to the late period of Dian Culture (other name: Shizhaishan Culture), which, according to the found bronze coins and seal, dates from the end of 2 nd century BC to the beginning of 1 st century AD. The site was a cemetery of the population with a complex organization and social differentiation, and probably had close ties with the nearby settlement of Xueshan. Two aristocratic graves, as well as burials of representatives of the middle and lower social strata were identified in its composition. Bronze and bimetallic weapons were found in about half of the male graves, which probably indicate that during their lifetime the deceased were part of the local militia. An important feature of this cemetery is the abundance of bone remains of the dead, including those in the secondary burials, which is generally not typical for graveyards of the Dian Culture. The reasons for this characteristic feature are not entirely clear, and data from further morphological and paleogenetic anthropological analysis are needed to determine them. These prove to be opportunities for future research. At the same time, it should be emphasized that the information already obtained provides a solid basis for a more detailed reconstruction of the Dian culture, and the overall picture of the ethno-cultural development of Greater Southeast Asia, as well.

Some Features of the Learning - Success in the Land of “Co Bon”

Located in the deltas of Ma River, Chu River, Co Bon village, Dong Thanh commune, Dong Son district, Thanh Hoa province, it is an ancient land, where the sacred gas of rivers and mountains converges, gathering of residential areas long before. Not only that, but this place is also famous for its glorious tradition in the process of building and defending the country and carrying many traditional cultural features of the nation. One of them is the tradition of studiousness - academic excellence. Perhaps that's why this place is always mentioned as the "cradle", the "umbrella" of the Thanh school, producing many talents whose names and careers are recorded in history books, and admired by the people.

Situation of Implementation of Social Security Policies for Women in Dong Son District, Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam

Social security is an important element in the development strategy of each country, a necessary condition for maintaining socio-economic stability and ensuring the building of a harmonious and civilized society. Therefore, many countries around the world, including Vietnam, have issued many policies and constantly reformed the social security system so that people can easily access and benefit from these policies. Within the framework of this article, we focus on discussing and evaluating the actual situation of implementing social security policies for women in Dong Son district, Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam, thereby giving some recommendations. possible solutions in the planning and implementation of local policies

ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE OF PREHISTORIC CAVES IN BA THUOC DISTRICT, THANH HOA PROVINCE: PRESERVATION AND PROMOTION

Ba Thuoc is a mountainous district in western Thanh Hoa Province, where more than 20 archaeological sites have been discovered. One of the outstanding features here is the presence of Middle Pleistocene fauna in Lang Trang cave, including fossils of Gigantopithecus blacki, a giant ape. The appearance of early modern human fossils in the Late Pleistocene proves that Vietnam was the site of the earliest modern human evolution in Southeast Asia. In Ba Thuoc district, human communities were in continuous residence from 30,000 to 7,000 years BP and developed the Dieu stone craft industry. This industry merged with the Hoabinhian industry in the development process, creating a cultural nuance for the land of Ba Thuoc. By 7,000 years BP, the boundary between the two industries was virtually nonexistent. The prehistoric inhabitants here contributed to the formation of Middle Neolithic cultures in North Central Vietnam. In addition, the caves in Ba Thuoc were also places for the mountain-dwelling inhabitants of the Dong Son culture to visit and bury their dead in the centuries before and after the beginning of the common era. In this study, we systematized the documents on monuments and artifacts, and evaluated the outstanding cultural heritage of the prehistoric caves in Ba Thuoc district, which need to be preserved and promoted in the present day.

Transforming Living Models of the People in the Urban Process

Urbanization, industrialization and transformation of livelihoods of peri-urban communities are issues of concern for many urban areas in the country. The process of adjusting administrative boundaries has turned the peri-urban rural areas into inner cities due to the requirements of the expansion of urban space. Villages change towards industrialization, urbanization, and modernization. Followed by cultural change, many new factors appear intermingled or superimposed on the traditional culture layer. In that drastic change trend, Dong Son villages are no exception to the rule. The process of transforming the livelihood model of people living in peri-urban areas in general and Thanh Hoa urban areas, in particular, is taking place strongly. How this transformation is associated with sustainable livelihoods has not only received special attention from experts and scientists but also received the attention of managers and policymakers.

Sea Nomads of Southeast Asia: From the Past to the Present ed. by Bérénice Bellina, Roger Blench and Jean-Christoph Galipaud (review)

Reviewed by: Sea Nomads of Southeast Asia: From the Past to the Present ed. by Bérénice Bellina, Roger Blench and Jean-Christoph Galipaud Anton O. Zakharov Sea Nomads of Southeast Asia: From the Past to the Present. By Bérénice Bellina, Roger Blench and Jean-Christoph Galipaud (eds.) Singapore: NUS Press, 2021. Pp. xv, 383, ill. ISBN 978-981-325-125-0 (paperback) Sea nomads of Southeast Asia are vital actors in the history of the region and its neighbours. Sea nomads have had long histories and played crucial roles in forming seascapes and transmitting goods and ideas throughout Southeast Asia and/or the Indian Ocean. The first European accounts of sea nomads and their piratical activities date from the sixteenth century but sea nomadism is still underrated as a field of scientific, especially archaeological research. An international team of scholars under the baton of Bérénice Bellina, Roger Blench and Jean-Christoph Galipaud aims to show a huge potential of examining sea nomads from archaeological, genetic, linguistic and historical points of view. Now there are three principal areas inhabited by sea nomads in Southeast Asia: the Mergui Archipelago, the Riau islands and Sumatra, and the area between Borneo, the Sulu Archipelago and northwest Papua (p.11). Bellina, Blench and Galipaud in the introductory chapter 'Sea Nomadism from the Past to Present' (pp.1–27) emphasize various types of sea nomads and difficulties in applying a strict definition of sea nomadism. 'Sea nomadism can be defined by the suite of subsistence strategies of populations based on the exchange of patchy maritime resources, staples and trade goods' (p. 4). The scholars connect the forms of sea nomadism with 'the rise of trading states or trading polities' (p. 6). The first firm evidence of links between sea nomads and a thalassocracy is the seventh-century Malay trading polity of Srivijaya. Bellina, Blench and Galipaud offer three main stages of sea nomadism development in terms of archaeology. The first is movements and circulations between the islands of the Pacific during the Paleolithic times. The second is the epoch of Austronesian expansion and Austronesian 'fisher-foragers'. The third is the time of early trade since 3000 BP (pp. 7–8). The dissemination of Dong Son drums throughout mainland and island Southeast Asia may be connected with the sea nomads. 'To summarise, sea nomads were probably originally coastal forager-traders, characterized by their adaptive capacities' (p. 9). The scholars stress the need of three main types of archaeological evidence for sea nomadism, i.e., material, locational/spatial and physical/biological (p. 10). Sue O'Connor, Christian Reepmeyer, Mahirta, Michelle C. Langley and Elena Piotto discuss 'Communities of Practice in a Maritime World: Shared Shell Technology and Obsidian Exchange in the Lesser Sunda Islands, Wallacea' (pp. 28–50). There are many shell fish hooks, beads and pendants, as well as obsidian artefacts excavated in Timor, Roti and Alor. These shell finds 'shared norms of personal adornment and/or craft production which were remarkably stable through time in terms of the items made, choice of shell taxa, the methods of manufacture and the accompanying use of hematite' (pp. 45–46). The beads were made of shells of Oliva spp., Nassarius spp., and Nautilus pompilius. The almost identical shape of hooks dated to the terminal Pleistocene and found in Alor Island, Indonesia, and Timor-Leste as well as 'their absence in MSEA [Mainland Southeast Asia] and other parts of ISEA [Island Southeast Asia] at [End Page 220] this early date refuted any suggestion of diffusion as the cause of the appearance of these hooks…' (p. 44). The shape of these hooks is a functional adaptation to similar ecological conditions. David Bulbeck examines 'Late Pleistocene to Mid-Holocene Maritime Exchange Networks in Island Southeast Asia' (pp. 51–101). He offers a synthesis of data concerning early habitation of anatomically modern humans in the region since 45,000 BP to middle Holocene. These data include maps and tables showing various sites, artefacts and practices. Artefacts include Pleistocene rock art, early osseous objects, worked marine shells. Bulbeck summarizes mortuary practices of early Island Southeast Asia, including flexed inhumation, cremation and burials as well as Neolithic extended inhumation...

BƯỚC ĐẦU NGHIÊN CỨU THÀNH PHẦN LOÀI CÔN TRÙNG BỘ CÁNH CỨNG (COLEOPTERA) Ở KHU BẢO TỒN THIÊN NHIÊN ĐỒNG SƠN - KỲ THƯỢNG, TỈNH QUẢNG NINH

The study aimed to determine the species composition of beetles and their distribution in 3 habitats in Dong Son - Ky Thuong Nature Reserve, Quang Ninh. Direct investigation method of beetles at 3 habitats have been used. The results showed that there were 59 species of beetles belonging to 49 varieties and 18 families. The Scarabaeidae family and the Cerambycidae family with 12 species have the largest number of species. The Eulichadidae, Passalidae, Languriidae, Dytiscidae, Hydrophilidae, Lampyridae, Cleridae and Carabidae families have the lowest number of species with 1 species each. The primary forest habitat has the highest number of species with 35 species, accounting for 59.32% of the total species. The shrub grassland habitat has the least species with only 14 species, accounting for 23.73%. The number of species samples of beetles collected with light traps at night was11 species higher than that collected with racquets during the day.

Change of lineages relations in villages in the Doi Moi era: Evidence in Vietnam

The study focuses on analyzing the change of lineages relationship in the village in Dong Son district, Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam from 1986 up to now. To achieve the goal, in this study, we surveyed 101 households living in the study area. The analysis results have shown that 4 main factors are creating the lineage change in the village of Dong Son district, including (i) Changing the lineages relationship from the perspective of the family, (ii) Lineages relations with changes in residence space, (iii) Changing lineages relations in economic activities, mutual assistance, (iv) Changing lineages relations in social life. In which, the most obvious change is the change in the lineages relationship from the perspective of the family after the Doi Moi period. The research results contribute to a study on the lineages relationship in the Doi Moi period through some typical village types in Vietnam.

Expanding population edge craniometrics and genetics provide insights into dispersal of commensal rats through Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

The Nusa Tenggara island chain consists of an archipelago that runs roughly east-west in eastern Indonesia. As part of Wallacea, it has never been connected to any continental landmass, and has been subject to a variety of biological invasions that have populated the islands. Here, we examine the craniometric and molecular genetic records of several species of Rattus sensu lato in the island chain. We use the predictions of expanding population edge phenotypic selection in an effort to understand the movement of Rattus rattus and Rattus exulans through the archipelago. We also examine the mitochondrial haplotype networks of R. argentiventer, R. exulans, and the R. rattus Complex (RrC) and microsatellite allele frequency clustering patterns for the RrC, to examine relationships within and between Nusa Tenggara populations, and those of Asia and the Pacific where relevant for each taxon. In the RrC LIV and RrC LII haplotype networks, 20 haplotypes with seven from Nusa Tenggara were observed for RrC LIV, and 100 haplotypes with seven from Nusa Tenggara observed for RrC LII. The top performing RrC craniometric model had a negative association between size and distance from the easternmost point of the samples from Nusa Tenggara, consistent with increasing size moving west to east. The cytochrome b network for the R. exulans sequences comprised 14 haplotypes, with three observed from mainland Southeast Asia, one shared with Nusa Tenggara and regions further east, and another haplotype observed in Nusa Tenggara and in the Pacific. The R. exulans craniometric model selection produced four equally well performing models, with no migration scenario preferred. Finally, the haplotype network of R. argentiventer comprised 10 haplotypes, with six observed in Nusa Tenggara, including a relatively early cluster from the east of the archipelago. Our results are compatible with a polyphasic and polydirectional invasion of Nusa Tenggara by Rattus, likely beginning with RrC from the west to the east, an expansion of R. exulans from Flores, seemingly in no preferred overall direction, and finally the invasion of R. argentiventer from the east to the west. We find some support for the Dong Son drum maritime exchange network contributing to the distribution of the latter species.

HA NOI – HUE – SAI GON IN TERRITORY EXPANSION TOWARD THE SOUTH AND UNIFICATION OF THE COUNTRY (1069–1802)

Vietnam is a country of an early history establishment with three archaeological centres: Dong Son in the North, Sa Huynh in the Central, and Oc Eo in the South. In the long history, these three centres unite and gather into a unified block, step by step, becoming a mainstream development trend. By the eleventh century, Thang Long capital (Hanoi) is a typical representative, the starting point for the course of advancement to the South of the Vietnamese. Later, Phu Xuan (Hue) from the fourteenth century and Gia Dinh (Saigon) from the seventeenth century directly multiply resources, deciding the success of the course of territory expansion and determining the southern territory of the nation Dai Viet – Vietnam in the middle of the eighteenth century. The Tay Son movement at the end of the eighteenth century starts unifying the country, but the course is not completed with numerous limitations. The mission of unifying the whole country is assigned back to Nguyen Anh. Nguyen Anh continually builds Gia Dinh into a firm basement for proceeding to conquer the imperial capital of Hue and the citadel Thang Long, completing the 733-year journey to expand the southern territory (1069–1802) and unifying the whole country into a single unit. Hanoi – Hue – Saigon in the relationship and mutual support has become the three pillars that determine all successes throughout the long history and in each stage of expansion and shaping of territory and unification of the country.

Aquilaria yunnanensis S.C. Huang (Thymelaeaceae), A New Record for the Flora of Vietnam

Aquilaria yunnanensis S.C. Huang (Thymelaeaceae), known to be endemic to Yunnan, is recorded for the first time from Dong Son Ky Thuong Nature Reserve, Quang Ninh Province, Vietnam. A taxonomic description and DNA analysis based on our Vietnamese collections are presented, together with information on its distribution, habitat and colour photographs.

Dong Son drums from Timor-Leste: prehistoric bronze artefacts in Island Southeast Asia

Abstract

DONG SON BRONZE DRUM - THE WORK OF THE LAC VIET PEOPLE

Bronze drums are widely distributed, broader than the range of a nation. Therefore, the identification of each kind of drum is a basic subject, should be concerned. In determining the tribal identity of the drum, the classification of drum is the key stage, the relationship between the objective of the classification and classification criteria is the relation as shape and shadow, if there is no right criteria then the result of division will be difficult to reach the desired goal. Likewise, the criterion of the pattern on the bronze drum brought to the affirmation is the Dong Son bronze drum of the Lac Viet people. And the parallel is the affirmation of the culture, way of life, residence of the nation created the drum.

Complete human mtDNA genome sequences from Vietnam and the phylogeography of Mainland Southeast Asia

Vietnam is an important crossroads within Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) and a gateway to Island Southeast Asia, and as such exhibits high levels of ethnolinguistic diversity. However, comparatively few studies have been undertaken of the genetic diversity of Vietnamese populations. In order to gain comprehensive insights into MSEA mtDNA phylogeography, we sequenced 609 complete mtDNA genomes from individuals belonging to five language families (Austroasiatic, Tai-Kadai, Hmong-Mien, Sino-Tibetan and Austronesian) and analyzed them in comparison with sequences from other MSEA countries and Taiwan. Within Vietnam, we identified 399 haplotypes belonging to 135 haplogroups; among the five language families, the sequences from Austronesian groups differ the most from the other groups. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 111 novel Vietnamese mtDNA lineages. Bayesian estimates of coalescence times and associated 95% HPD for these show a peak of mtDNA diversification around 2.5–3 kya, which coincides with the Dong Son culture, and thus may be associated with the agriculturally-driven expansion of this culture. Networks of major MSEA haplogroups emphasize the overall distinctiveness of sequences from Taiwan, in keeping with previous studies that suggested at most a minor impact of the Austronesian expansion from Taiwan on MSEA. We also see evidence for population expansions across MSEA geographic regions and language families.

Copper‐base Metallurgy in Metal‐Age Bali: Evidence from Gilimanuk, Manikliyu, Pacung, Pangkung Paruk and Sembiran

The Indonesian Archipelago extends over 5000 km of latitude, from 95°E to 141°E, and hosts some of the world's largest active metal mines. While some fascinating ethnographic and historical sources exist, virtually nothing is known of the country's prehistoric metallurgical traditions. Given Indonesia's scale, this situation cannot be remedied in short order, but with this paper we seek to elucidate some metal production and consumption behaviours on Bali, located around 115°E, during the last centuries of the first millennium bc and the early to middle first millennium ad. The studied early Metal Age assemblage of 27 copper‐base artefacts from the sites of Pacung, Sembiran, Bangkah, Pangkung Paruk, Gilimanuk and Manikliyu includes bangle, bowl, drum, hook, mirror and ornamental typologies, and fragments thereof. Fourteen of the 27 samples were suffering from corrosion, but a strong tendency towards leaded copper alloys (21 of 27) can be distinguished, with some bronzes, a high‐tin bronze and a leaded high‐tin bronze. The high proportion of leaded artefacts mean that lead isotope data cannot be used to identify possible sources of copper, but there is good consistency with Mainland South‐East Asian Iron Age leaded alloy signatures for the bulk of the assemblage, possibly indicating the existence of long‐range (~2000–3000 km one way) exchange systems at the outset of the Island South‐East Asian Metal Age, and perhaps as far as China and India in the case of the mirror and bowl, respectively. Of particular note, the Manikliyu ‘Pejeng’ drum, a stylistically idiosyncratic type known from Bali and Java, and for which there is local production evidence, transpired to be consistent in terms of elemental composition and lead signature with Mainland ‘Dong Son’ drums. This could suggest that Pejeng drums were produced not just from metal imported from the Mainland but with melted down Mainland drums; an intriguing case of local reinterpretation of foreign elite material culture and iconography.

Sound And Celebration of Death: Gong Ensembles in The Secondary Mortuary Rituals of the Jarai (Central Vietnam) Compared with Those of the Dayak Benuaq (East Kalimantan, Indonesia). Do They Originate from the Dong Son Culture?

The Jarai people are an Austronesian language speaking group living in Central Vietnam. They reached mainland Southeast Asia from Northern Borneo, or possibly from the Malay Peninsula, around the 5th century B.C. as part of the more general migratory movement that took the Austronesian people from Formosa to Madagascar, westwards, and to Easter Island, eastwards. The Pa thi ritual is one of the most remarkable of the many ceremonies celebrated by the Jarai, in terms of its magnificence and the complexity of the elements involved. Pa thi (the “tomb abandonment”) is a secondary mortuary ritual that allows the spirits of the dead to reach their final destination. When the ritual is held, the tomb, carefully decorated with symbolic elements, becomes the centre of a sumptuous feast, lasting three days, which includes gong music, dances and buffalo sacrifices. The aim of this paper is to analyse some features of the Pa thi ceremony and to compare them with some of the scenes depicted on the Dong Son bronze drums (Heger I type). In fact, as many scholars such as Goloubew (1929) and Bemet Kempers (1988) have pointed out, there is a connection between the people of Dong Son and “men who might be the more direct ancestors of the Indonesians we know from the archipelago”. As evidence of this connection, these scholars explicitly mentioned the culture of the Dayak people of Borneo and the mountain populations living in Central Vietnam. In addition to my analysis of the Jarai ritual, I will give a few comments on the Kwangkai, the secondary mortuary ritual of the Dayak Benuaq people (East Kalimantan, Indonesia). Rather than attempting to provide a definite analysis of the bronze drums, this paper intends to open some new perspectives for a better understanding of the scenes depicted on the bronze drums as well as giving an interpretation based on the comparison with living rituals.

MENGGALI MAKNA MOTIF HIAS BEJANA PERUNGGU NUSANTARA: PENDEKATAN STRUKTURALISME LEVI-STRAUSS

One of Dong Son Culture product is bronze vessels where found in some areas of Indonesia that is Kerinci, Madura, Lampung, Kalimantan dan Subang. Study about bronze vessels is limited on form and ornament description, and analysis. Ornamental study used structrulism approach on bronze vessels was not done. the purpose of this research is to know about bronze vessels structure and to give new meaning about it with Levi-Strauss structuralism approach. From the data and reference study was known that ornament on bronze vessels is an abstract of ideology/ way of life and ideas of their belonging community. These ideas formed a dualism, such as, about upper world-under world, men-women, feminin-masculin, stability and harmony of universe, fertility and strength.Salah satu produk budaya Dong Son adalah bejana perunggu yang ditemukan wilayah di Indonesia yaitu di Kerinci, Madura, Lampung, Kalimantan dan Subang. Kajian terhadap bejana perunggu tersebut terbatas kepada deskripsi bentuk dan pola hias, serta analisis bahan. Kajian motif hias melalui pendekatan strukturalisme pada bejana perunggu belum dilakukan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui struktur yang terdapat pada bejana perunggu serta memberi pemaknaan baru terhadap bejana tersebut melalui pendekatan strukturalisme Levi-Strauss. Dari data yang ada dan studi kepustakaan diperoleh hasil bahwa motif-motif hias yang diterakan pada bejana perunggu merupakan wujud abstrak dari pandangan hidup, ide-ide dan gagasan masyarakat pendukungnya di masa lampau. Ide-ide dan gagasan itu adalah dualisme seperti dunia atas-dunia bawah, lelaki-perempuan, feminin-maskulin, keseimbangan, kekuatan, kesuburan dan harmoni semesta.

ARTEFAK PERUNGGU PRASEJARAH SITUS PASIR ANGIN BOGOR: HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN ASPEK SUMBER BAHAN

Pasir Angin site is located in the western part of Java Island kept many artifacts coming from metal materials bronze. Bronze at the site was found in context as a means or equipment worship ancestral spirits. The context also shows that Bronze at the time it was considered a luxury item, and community allegedly Pasir Angin was first exposed to goods of metal materials that are the result of high technology. On this site can not be found the remains of bronze production, so it alleged that no local production of bronze artifacts, but to come from surplus areas such objects and how spreading. Through metallographic analysis showed that bronze objects Pasir Angin site making techniques have similarities with the Dong Son bronze objects. In addition, there were traces of shipping and commercial activities that have ever taken place between the Chinese in this case with Indonesia Dong Son bronze objects strengthens the case originated from the region. Thus the site became Pasir Angin setrategis region that gave birth to early civilizations utilization of high technology. The findings of bronze objects on this site strengthens the case that Java has entered International network since the perundagian.Situs Pasir Angin yang terletak di Pulau Jawa bagian barat banyak menyimpan artefak berasal dari bahan logam perunggu.Perunggu di situs ini ditemukan dalam konteknya sebagai sarana atau perlengkapan pemujaan arwah leluhur.Konteks tersebut juga menunjukkan bahwaPerunggu pada pada masa itu dianggap sebagai barang mewah, dan diduga komunitas Pasir Angin pertama kalinya mengenal barang dari bahan logam yang merupakan hasil teknologi tinggi.Di situs ini tidak ditemukan sisa-sisa produksi perunggu, sehingga muncul dugaan bahwa artefak perunggu bukan produksi lokal melainkan di datangkan dari wilayah yang surplus benda tersebut dan bagaimana persebarannya.Melalui analisis metalografi dapat diketahui bahwa benda perunggu situs Pasir Angin mempunyai persamaan teknik pembuatan dengan benda perunggu Dong Son.Di samping itu adanya jejak-jejak pelayaran dan aktivitas perniagaan yang pernah berlangsung antara Cina dalam hal ini Dong Son dengan Indonesia memperkuat dugaan benda perunggu berasal dari wilayah tersebut.Dengan demikian situs Pasir Angin menjadi wilayah setrategis yang melahirkan peradaban awal pemanfaatan teknologi tinggi. Temuan benda perunggu di situs ini memperkuat dugaan bahwa wilayah Jawa telah masuk jaringan Internasional sejak masa perundagian.