Donation Amount Research Articles

The moderating role of donation quantifiers on price fairness judgments

In the cause-related marketing (CM) literature, transparent communication of donation amounts (e.g., monetary donation quantifiers) has been shown to positively impact the effectiveness of CM campaigns. In practice, however, many firms communicate their donation contributions in more ambiguous terms (e.g., descriptive quantifiers). Across three studies, the authors demonstrate when using monetary quantifiers is less beneficial, due to consumers’ skepticism of firm motives. Study 1 shows that the presence of a CM promotion positively affects perceptions of price fairness. Study 2 provides evidence that donation quantifier formats operate uniquely and impact price fairness through skepticism. Finally, Study 3 demonstrates ways in which practitioners can manage consumer skepticism, which affect perceptions of price fairness and ultimately purchase intent.

News

Benevity partners with VolunteerMatchs. Kaiser Permanente launches new workforce training program for health care sectors. PayPal processed record amount of donations in 2019s. UPS Foundation awards $500,000 for disaster reliefs. JPMorgan commits $15 million for financial inclusion initiatives. Truist Foundation awards $1 million for online degree programs. Kohl's awards $2 million for healthy eating programs. Amgen Foundation commits $6.5 million to support online science education platform.

Aloha Wale Mauna Kea, Aloha Wale Ku'u Po'e Hoapili Kia'i ma ke Anuanu

Aloha Wale Mauna Kea, Aloha Wale Ku'u Po'e Hoapili Kia'i ma ke Anuanu Marie Alohalani Brown (bio) Just after sunset on July 12, 2019, leaders of the Protect Mauna Kea movement held a meeting at Spencer Beach Park on Hawai'i island with Hawaiians and supporters, at least a hundred of us, who had answered their kāhea (call). The leaders did not specify the reason behind this kāhea, but we imagined that it concerned Mauna Kea. All those present participated in the ritual to protect and guide us before the meeting began. As suspected, it was a call to action. We were told that the Royal Order of Kamehameha, the stewards of Pu'uhuluhulu, had established a pu'uhonua (refuge) at its base for us, and that we were to set up camp that night at Pu'uhonua o Pu'uhuluhulu to protect the Mauna from further desecration by holding space to prevent the equipment for the construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) from being delivered to the summit. It was an evening filled with emotion born of aloha 'āina, determination, and hope. This was the beginning of what would become the second stand at Mauna Kea to protect it—one that would last nine months. I was there for the first five months until I became ill and needed to leave the mountain to recover. While every day of those five months was memorable and life-changing, there are a few moments that especially stand out for me. Arrival to Pu'uhonua o Pu'uhuluhulu I was part of an affinity group with Māhealani Ahia and Kahala Johnson, seasoned activists and coordinators for the recent stand to protect Haleakalā. During that stand, some kia'i (protectors) experienced police brutality—as testimonies, photos, and videos reveal. We were also aware of the horrific violence that Standing Rock protectors had experienced. We knew that this could happen. It was a somber thought, but not nearly as distressing as the thought of failing to protect Mauna Kea. When we neared Pu'uhuluhulu after buying our camping supplies early in the morning on July 13, our na'au were filled with emotion that flowed out of us in the form of tears. The Mauna was speaking to us. I had the strangest feeling—as if I was coming home to a place that I hadn't known was my home until that moment. A [End Page 581] few weeks later, I realized that I would forevermore think of my life in terms of pre- and post-Pu'uhonua o Pu'uhuluhulu. The first week was rough as I acclimated to the altitude (circa 6,600 feet) and cold. At first I shared a small tent with Māhea and Kahala, but because I didn't want to disturb them with my frequent night-time trips to the porta potties (there were only two at the time), I began sleeping in my car. Because I am very tall (6'1"), sleeping in the car was uncomfortable. Hale Ho'olako During the first few days, I helped out wherever needed—kitchen duty, porta-potty duty, recycling duty. At that time, there were thirty or so of us who were camping 24/7 at the pu'uhonua, but many others came and went, mostly to bring food and other goods. It is important to know that it wasn't the leaders who sorted out who ran what (with the exception perhaps of the logistics tent and kapu aloha kia'i). It was an organic process—kia'i attracted to certain kuleana just kept at it, and pretty soon, others recognized them as po'o (head, as in director). Because there was an overwhelming amount of donations being delivered, it became clear that someone needed to take on the responsibility of organizing and distributing them, and so I stepped up. This was the beginning of Hale Ho'olako, which I ran with the help of other kia'i. When Hale Ho'olako got its own tent, we were finally able to organize the donations. Some people began calling our tent "Kanaka Costco," which I felt didn't reflect its sacred...

A smile – the key to everybody’s heart?

Purpose This paper aims to investigate how to improve the effectiveness of charitable advertising by matching emotional appeal (happy-faced vs sad-faced beneficiary) and message framing (recognition vs request) within advertising messages. Design/methodology/approach Two experiments examining real donation allocations were conducted. Study 1 established the “match-up” effect between advertising image and message. Study 2 replicated the findings of Study 1 as well as testing the mediating role of hope and sympathy. Findings The authors provide empirical evidence that consumers allocate a greater donation amount to a charity when they see an image of a sad-faced child combined with a request message (e.g. “please donate”), or an image of a happy-faced child combined with a recognition message (e.g. “thank you”). Notably, these effects are mediated by the emotions of hope and sympathy, respectively. Research limitations/implications This research highlights the importance of matching images of beneficiaries with the appropriate advertising copy. Depending on whether a charity seeks to position itself in a positive perspective to evoke hope, or alternatively, portray itself in relation to a sadder landscape that elicits sympathy, the respective choice of recognition or request messages can help boost donation outcomes. Practical implications Charities and non-profit organizations can develop more effective charitable advertising by purposively matching specific emotional appeals and message framings when designing advertisements. Originality/value The research illustrates a novel mechanism that shows when and how combining image and message can influence the effectiveness of charitable advertising.

The Donation of the Extremely Wealthy in China

Abstract As trends in increasing private wealth around the world continue, understanding the charitable contributions of the extremely wealthy is important. Using the Forbes China Rich Lists and the Forbes China Charity Lists from 2013 to 2017, this study examines the social and economic factors present in the donations of the extremely wealthy whose net worth equals at least 649 million (all amounts expressed in U.S. dollars unless otherwise noted) in China. The results indicate that net worth, social status, political connection, and source of wealth are important factors in these donations. Specifically, extremely wealthy individuals with high net worth, social status, and political connections are more likely to be and more frequently on the Charity Lists than extremely wealthy individuals without above characteristics, particularly those in the real estate industry. However, the real estate industry’s effect on the dollar amount of donations is not significant. In contrast, the extremely wealthy individuals in professional, scientific, and technical areas donated significantly more money than their counterparts in other areas.

Asymmetric cost and benefit perceptions in willingness‐to‐donate decisions

AbstractCharitable giving entails the act of foregoing personal resources in order to improve the conditions of other people. In the present paper, we systematically examine two dimensions integral to donation decisions that have thus far received relatively little attention but can explain charitable behavior rather well: the perceptions of cost for the donor and benefit for the recipients. In line with current theories in judgment and decision making, we hypothesize that people weigh these dimensions subjectively and perceive them asymmetrically, consistent with prospect theory. Costs for the donor are typically perceived as losses, whereas benefits for recipients are perceived as gains. In four studies, we presented several scenarios to participants in which both donation amounts (costs) and number of lives helped (benefits) were manipulated while keeping the ratio of costs and benefits constant. Results from Studies 1 and 2 showed that willingness to help decreased as donation amounts and number of lives helped increased. Additionally, Studies 3 and 4 provide evidence for a solution to reduce the asymmetry and increase donation amounts as the number of lives at risk increases.

Should We Use an Abstract Comic Form to Persuade?

This paper examines the use of the abstract comic form for persuading online charitable donations. Persuading individuals to contribute to charitable causes online is hard and responses to the appeals are typically low; charitable donations share the structure of public goods dilemmas where the rewards are distant and non-exclusive. In this paper, we examine if comics in abstract form are more persuasive than in the plain text form. Drawing on a rich literature on comics, we synthesized a three-panel abstract comic to create our appeal. We conducted a between-subject study with 307 participants from Amazon Mechanical Turk on the use of abstract comic form to appeal for charitable donations. As part of our experimental procedure, we sought to persuade individuals to contribute to a real charity focused on Autism research with monetary costs. We compared the average amount of donation to the charity under three conditions: the plain text message, an abstract comic that includes the plain text, and an abstract comic that additionally includes the social proof. We use Bayesian modeling to analyze the results, motivated by model transparency and its use in small-sized studies. Our experiments reveal that the message in abstract comic form elicited significantly more donations than text form (medium to large effect size=0.59). Incorporating social proof in the abstract comic message did not show a significant effect. Our studies have design implications: non-profits and governmental agencies interested in alleviating public goods dilemmas that share a similar structure to our experiment (single-shot task, distant, non-exclusive reward) ought to consider including messages in the abstract comic form as part of their online fund-raising campaign.

The Perception of Urban Residents on Creation and Management of Community Gardens

This study analyzed the factors affecting urban residents' expectations and participation in community gardens to present basic data of guidelines for community garden management. Urban citizens valued the necessity of community gardens overall, especially residents with outdoor gardens. The experience of private gardens was important in perceiving the need for community gardens, which are public spaces. The creation of community gardens had high expectations for social aspects such as improving quality of life, health promotion, and community revitalization. In particular, residents living in individual housing have high expectations for revitalization of the community, and community gardens can be a mediator for forming and maintaining local communities. Through this, the citizens' perception on the role and function of the garden as a community space could be examined. Expectations for quality of life, health promotion, and community revitalization are factors affecting the necessity of community garden. Participation was high in the creation and management of the community garden, and the necessity of community gardens, expectation for community revitalization, and expectation for environmental purification are factors that affect participation in the management of community gardens. The amount of donations that the residents are willing to pay for community garden management was KRW 75,222 /year on average. Overall, residents with higher need for community gardens and higher social expectation showed higher participation. Urban citizens have high expectations for community gardens, and they perceive the importance of social aspects more than personal aspects such as community revitalization and quality of life. As a strategy for increasing community involvement, it is necessary to set up the processes, determine participants' composition and roles, and establish a system to promote participation. Considering welfare aspects such as community revitalization and improvement of residents’ quality of life, motivation and administrative support for participation in the creation and management of community gardens will serve as important factors. Key words: community revitalization, donation, participation

Pricing Cause-Related Marketing Products

The broad takeaway from the literature on cause-related marketing products, where firms donate to charities when consumers make a purchase, is that can increase demand. However, recent field results show that embedding donations increases demand only if the price of the product is high enough. Otherwise, demand can diminish in the donation amount, implicating mechanisms beyond warm glow, specifically reputation for generosity. However, there is no extant work informing firms' cause-marketing choices given these non-monotonic demand effects. We seek to close this gap. Drawing from identity theory models, we write a consumer model that incorporates reputation concerns in addition to warm glow. We solve analytically for optimal product prices and donation amounts under a differentiated duopoly as well as a monopoly setting. Our results are surprising. First, equilibrium profits can increase despite reputation concerns reducing consumers' utility. Second, warm glow and reputation concerns play complementary roles: warm glow drives the firm's choice to participate in cause marketing (i.e., embed a positive donation amount), while reputation concerns drive the profitability of the campaign. Third, firms may find it optimal to endogenously design cause marketing campaigns that induce negative reputation effects. Finally, surprisingly, it is in competition, not monopoly, that producers reap the most benefits from reputation concerns.

Paving the way for children: Family firm succession and corporate philanthropy in China

AbstractWe investigate whether internal succession in family firms motivates founders to engage in corporate philanthropy. We argue that founders who intend to pass control of the firm to their children are likely to prepare for the internal succession by building up family assets such as reputation and political connections through corporate philanthropy. Supporting our argument, we find that both the likelihood and the amount of philanthropic donations increase when listed family firms in China are in the internal succession process. The effect of successions on philanthropic donations is stronger for family firms that have political connections or are located in areas with stronger government influence in the local economy. The effect concentrates on family firms when heirs are young and inexperienced. When heirs are established, family firms actually make fewer philanthropic donations. Our results remain robust after addressing endogeneity issues.

Supersize me? Franchisee size and voluntary compliance with corporate brand‐building initiatives

AbstractWe examine the effects of a franchisee's size, distance from headquarters, and local competition on voluntary compliance with corporate brand‐building initiatives at the outlet level. Specifically, we consider compliance with a corporate social responsibility effort to solicit charitable donations at the time of retail checkout, measuring compliance performance as the amount of donations received at each outlet. Our analysis utilizes an objective, longitudinal sample of 777 franchised outlets in a national quick‐service restaurant chain. Surprisingly, we find that distance from headquarters is positively related to compliance; we relate this finding to recent, extant research on geographic distances and franchisee behaviors. We find the beneficial effects of larger, multiunit franchisees are mitigated as franchisees' geographic distances from headquarters increase; we relate these findings to horizontal agency within franchising systems. We further find that franchised outlets in more competitive markets comply less with brand‐building initiatives, even less so when part of a larger franchisee network. Our results underscore the important moderating role franchisee size plays in outlets' compliance, which we link back to extant perspectives on agency theory. Supplemental analyses consider tensions between compliance and operational efficiency, as well as effects of hypothesized factors on another mandatory form of compliance.

Using social work donation as a tool of corporate social responsibility in a closed-loop supply chain considering carbon emissions tax and demand uncertainty

Companies are increasingly realizing the benefits of adopting Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and including it into their supply chain strategy and operations. We consider two CSR tools: social work donation (SWD) and recycling investment. We integrate the CSR investments into a closed loop supply chain where the stochastic demand depends on the sales price and social work donation. We consider four decisions jointly: donation amount, recycling investment, pricing, and order quantity. Mathematical models are proposed for expected profit maximization under a carbon emissions tax. A two-stage approach and a distribution-free approach are used if limited information is available on the random demand. Optimality conditions and sensitivity of the expected profit functions are analysed. The investment function reflects the joint effect of two different environmental/social investments allowing to study the interactions of the decisions together with the price decision. The study reveals that a company is motivated to use SWD as a tool of social responsibility if the demand has a higher SWD elasticity parameter than price sensitivity parameter. Our models demonstrate that the increment of customers' SWD elasticity has a positive impact on recycling that will also help to reduce the carbon emission tax.

Examining charitable giving in real-world online donations

The current study uses big data to study prosocial behavior by analyzing donations made on the GoFundMe platform. In a dataset of more than $44 million in online donations, we find that 21% were made while opting to be anonymous to the public, with survey results indicating that 11% of these anonymous donations (2.3% of all donations) are not attributable to any egoistic goal. Additionally, we find that donors gave significantly more to recipients who had the same last name as them. We find evidence that men and women donated more when more donors of the opposite sex were visible on the screen at the time of donating. Our results suggest that men and women were both significantly affected by the average donation amounts visible at the time of their decisions, and men were influenced more. We find that women expressed significantly more empathy than men in messages accompanying their donations.

Theoretical study of the substituent effect on corrosion inhibition performance of benzimidazole and its derivatives

The substituent effects of electron-donating and -withdrawing on the efficiency of corrosion inhibition of benzimidazole and its derivatives have been studied by density functional theory DFT and Moller – Plesset perturbation theory MP2 calculations at aqueous medium. For this investigation, the corrosion inhibition efficiencies of the protonated and non-protonated spesies of benzimidazole and its derivatives were correlated with molecular electronic properties: high occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and low unoccuppied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies, ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity and fraction number of electron transfer. The dipole moment and interaction energy represent the total surface coverage and the strength of the adsorption of inhibitors on the metal surface. Natural bond orbital NBO analysis in term of the second order interaction energies were used to study the contributions of the active sites of inhibitors toward corrosion inhibition performances. The ionization potential of the inhibitors has a strong influence on the efficiency of corrosion inhibitors. It was found that the MP2 method accurately predicted the ionization potential while the DFT failed to mimic the ionization potential of the experimental results. The linear correlation was shown between electronic properties and corrosion inhibition efficiency. Electron donating substituents increase the corrosion inhibition efficiency, whereas electron withdrawing substituents give the opposite effect. The NH2 substituent contributes highest, whereas NO2 provides the weakest contribution to the corrosion inhibition efficiency for both non-protonated and protonated species of inhibitors. The second order interaction energy indicated that heteroatom at imidazole position was the main center of electron donating and they received simultaneously significant amount of electron back donation from the metal

Lots of little ones: Analysis of charitable donations to a hospice and palliative care unit in Taiwan.

Charitable donations play a major role in the provision of hospice and palliative care (HPC) services, most of which are not reimbursed by health insurance programs. A good understanding of the constitution and use of donations is thus conducive to maintaining a high-quality HPC unit. The data sources were the publicly available balance sheet, work report, and donor lists of a foundation exclusively supporting one of the best HPC units in Taiwan in the fiscal year of 2017. The analysis included the donation amounts and frequencies by donor type (individual, corporate, and group) and the categories of expenses. The foundation received 3033 donations worth a total of 7.8 million New Taiwan dollars (NTD) (approximately 258 thousand US dollars) in 2017. Two-thirds of the donations were allocated to the provision of direct care services. Of the 3033 donations, only 11 (0.4%) were worth 100 000 NTD or more, while 108 (3.6%) were valued between 10 000 and 99 999 NTD, 1268 (41.8%) were valued between 1000 and 9999 NTD, and 1646 (54.2%) were worth less than 1000 NTD. Of 1051 donors, 974 (92.7%) were individuals, 378 (36.0%) donated more than once, and 106 (10.1%) donated 12 or more times in one year. HPC services in Taiwan are sponsored by lots of individuals and small donations. For sustainability of standards-based and quality HPC services, the benevolence of the public should be thus cherished and adequately responded to.

Look to Others Before You Leap: A Systematic Literature Review of Social Information Effects on Donation Amounts

People are often influenced by information about other people’s behavior, that is, social information. Social information is frequently used by practitioners hoping to increase charitable giving, while the precise mechanisms through which social information works are unknown. We conducted a systematic literature review of 35 studies reporting on the effects of social information on charitable giving. We show that several studies report no or even negative effects and that a theoretical understanding of social information effects is lacking. We integrate the empirical findings in the wider fields of social psychology and behavioral economics and propose an integrative theoretical model. The model includes four mediators and three moderators that can explain positive and negative effects of social information. This theoretical framework can assist researchers to obtain a deeper understanding of social information and support practitioners in implementing giving tools in donation campaigns.

Social Capital and Individual Charitable Behaviours in China

This article makes a contribution to understanding the impact of social capital on Chinese individual charitable donation and volunteering behaviors. The sample for this study included Chinese individuals aged 18 and older who responded to survey questions about their participation in donation and volunteering activities within the past 12 months (N = 5075). The results from binary logistic regression reveal that bridging networks, civic engagement, organisational activism, and informal networks increase the possibility of charitable donation. Results also demonstrate that social trust, bridging networks, civic engagement, and informal networks have significantly positive effects on increasing individual volunteering behaviour. Results from linear regression display that respondents with religious beliefs (religious capital), high educational attainment (human capital) and high household income (financial capital) can increase the amount of charitable donation. Social trust, bridging networks, and civic engagement increase the amount of individual donation. Bridging networks and civic engagement also increase the duration of volunteering.

Fit in cause-related marketing: An integrative retrospective

ABSTRACTThirteen years ago, “The role of brand-cause fit in the effectiveness of cause-related marketing campaigns” was published in the Journal of Business Research. Since then it has been cited over 400 times according to Google Scholar, making it among the top 100 most cited articles published by that journal. The paper’s contribution and impact may be explained by the fact that it demonstrated for the first time that fit in cause-related marketing can impact choice. In addition, the paper used a methodology (choice conjoint) that was, at the time, somewhat novel in the consumer research context. As a result, the paper not only demonstrated the importance of brand-cause fit in CRM, it also demonstrated how choice conjoint could be used to estimate dollar metric values for cause marketing and fit using the stated preferences of individuals making multiple hypothetical choices. Interestingly, these estimates of the dollar value of CRM were lower than the (somewhat high) donation amounts used. This essay attempts to (1) provide background into how the studies came about, (2) give insight into what the paper accomplished (i.e. why it achieved such high impact), (3) describe the subsequent developments in the field of fit in cause marketing by exploring a subset of the 400+ papers which have cited the original work, (4) discuss the managerial implications, and (5) discuss open research questions in this interesting area.

Measurement of Fruit and Vegetable Intake Using Skin Carotenoid Measures Among Individuals Receiving Aid from Food Pantries (P04-087-19)

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to understand food security and fruit/vegetable consumption among individuals receiving aid from food pantries and other food assistance agencies. MethodsAcross the US, 12.9% of people are affected by food insecurity1 and 5.5% of households report obtaining food from a food pantry2. Similarly, food insecurity affects 12.9% of the population in Kansas and 14.7% in Missouri1. After the Harvest is a nonprofit organization that helps address food insecurity by rescuing fruits and vegetables from going to waste and donating them to agencies that serve hungry people in the Kansas City metropolitan area. As part of a larger evaluation of the After the Harvest program, intercept surveys with individuals receiving aid from food pantries and other food assistance agencies were conducted at selected locations in the Kansas City area. In each survey, a demographic questionnaire and a Dietary Screener Questionnaire were administered. Food insecurity was screened using two items derived from the USDA’s Food Security Survey Module. Additionally, skin carotenoids were measured using the Veggie Meter™ as a biomarker of fruit and vegetable intake. ResultsA total of 57 food agency clients participated in the study. About 67% of the clients indicated that within the past 12 months, they had worried about their food running out before having money to buy more. Additionally, 74% reported that the food they bought didn’t last and they didn’t have money to buy more. On average, the food agency clients reported eating 1 cup of fruit per day and 1.4 cups of vegetables per day, which fell far below recommendations set by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Similarly, they had a Veggie Meter™ score of 175 ± 77, indicating a very low level of fruit and vegetable intake. ConclusionsFood agency clients were food insecure and had very low fruit and vegetable intakes. Efforts to increase the amount of fresh fruit and vegetable donations at food assistance agencies may represent an opportunity to improve the diets among clientele. Funding SourcesThe Hall Family Foundation.

Is the watching-eye effect a fluke?

The watching-eye effect is a phenomenon wherein artificial surveillance cues enhance prosocial behavior toward strangers. Two meta-analyses on the effect, which focused on generosity measured by donations and economic games, suggest that artificial surveillance cues do not influence the donation amount. However, the factors possibly affecting the watching-eye effect should be examined more carefully. The most important factor that can bias results is the number of people around when the participants make a donation decision.