Dominant Land Use Research Articles

Hydrological responses of micro-catchments under different farming practices in Banjarnegara, Indonesia

Effects of two different farming practices namely mixed-cropping (i.e. agroforestry) and mono-cropping systems on hydrological responses were investigated based on a paired catchment method. Two catchments namely Tamansari catchment (16.4 Ha) and Penanggungan catchment (3.6 Ha), both are located in Banjarnegara district, Central Java, Indonesia, were studied. Based on drone mapping, the dominant land use of the Tamansari catchment was agroforestry where trees were combined with seasonal crops like cabbage, potatoes and carrots on the same unit of land, whereas the dominant land use of the Penanggungan was seasonal crops without any trees. For both catchments, meteorological data and discharge data were available from May 2017 to March 2018, so that made it possible to compare each other. Furthermore, the hydrological responses of the two catchments were compared for their water balance and the annual, seasonal and monthly Flow Duration Curves (FDC). The results showed that both catchments had their lowest rainfall in August and their highest rainfall in February. Based on the FDC, the Tamansari generally had a steadier flow and the range of discharge values was smaller than the Penanggungan, especially on February, the wettest month of the year. In the drier periods, the two catchments behave similarly, but in general, the Tamansari produced more discharge than the Penanggungan. Finally, based on the observation, it can generally conclude that a micro catchment mostly occupied with seasonal crops like in the Penanggungan catchment reacted more extreme to rainfall than a micro catchment mostly occupied with combined trees and seasonal crops in form of agroforestry like in the Tamansari catchment.

Communities conservation activities to support sustainable land use of upstream Merawu Watershed

Land use in the upstream Merawu watershed is dominant with agroforestry and intensive agriculture. Poor land management and conservation might lead to land degradation and affect the function of land use in the upstream area. This study aims to find out the community conservation activities which support and maintain the function of land use as a recharge area and protect the downstream. We used a qualitative method in the form of interviews at two locations representing dominant land use in the upstream Merawu watershed, agroforestry in Leksana Village, and intensive farming in Penanggungan Village. We analyzed the data descriptively, supported by field observation and literature studies. We found that the form of conservation activities and its triggers in land management were different. Leksana’s community tended to do the agroforestry system, combined with terracing, contour strip cropping, organic mulch, and organic fertilizer as their local wisdom to maintain the land function. Penanggungan community’s conservation activities were based on the crops they grow, mostly potato, that needed to be planted perpendicular to the slope, using plastic mulch and chemical substances. They believe that the agroforestry has a negative impact on their crops while crop rotation and manual plowing using hoe are their remaining conservation activities to maintain the land function. The results prove that Leksana’s community is still considering conservation activities in their land management while Penanggungan’s community is not, due to the crops’ needs and economic factors.

Effect of TOD on traffic in Banda Aceh City

Transit Oriented Development (TOD) can eliminate urban sprawl andturnit into a compact city area. The results obtained are generated and traction models obtained are, Oi = -37.126+ 58.723X3 + 17.968X6, where the performance of the road and land use coefficient suggests the number of trip generation increases. The trip figure is obtained by the model Dd = -20.351+ 30.903X6 where only one significant variable causes the trip generation, which is the dominant land use. With the TOD concept, the model obtained is Oi = 32.180+ 0.002 X4 – 7.017 X5 where the cost of travel and the distance of the trip indicate the amount of trip generation incrementally, and trip generation will decrease compared to the base year. The trip is obtained by the model Dd = 48.474-0.671X1 + 0.003X4 – 9.299X5, meaning thattrip distribution without population density, travel costs and travel distance, the trip pulls occur at 48 trip distribution. If influenced by population density, travel and the distance of the trip, the trip will decrease. It can be interpreted that this independent variable can affect the attraction of the city of Banda Aceh and the TOD concept can be applied there.

Rangeland sharing by cattle and bees: moderate grazing does not impair bee communities and resource availability.

Rangelands are a dominant anthropogenic land use and a main driver of natural habitat loss worldwide. Land sharing, the integration of agricultural production and biodiversity conservation, may provide a platform for managing rangelands to fulfill multiple ecosystem services. However, livestock grazing can greatly affect biodiversity and little is known about its effects on providers of focal ecosystem services, such as pollinators. We investigated the effect of cattle grazing on bee communities and their foraging and nesting resources in Mediterranean rangelands. Specifically, we explored the effect of moderate cattle grazing on flowering plant abundance, species richness and composition, the diversity of nesting substrates, and consequently, the possible effects on wild bee and honey bee foraging activity, species diversity, and community composition. We conducted field research in the Mediterranean rangelands of Israel during the main bee activity season, in the spring of 2012 and 2013, comparing paired cattle-grazed and ungrazed areas. The availability of floral and nesting resources for bees was unaffected or positively affected by grazing. Similarly, wild bee abundance, species richness, and composition were not affected by grazing, but were instead shaped by spatiotemporal factors. Nor was honey bee activity level impaired by grazing. The foraging preferences of bees, as well as flower species composition and peak bloom differed between grazed and ungrazed areas. Therefore, in our studied rangelands, grazing had its main effect on the foraging choices of honey bees and wild bees, rather than on their abundance and diversity. Moreover, our results indicate the potentially important role of ungrazed patches in increasing nectar and pollen diversity and availability in rangelands for both honey bees and wild bees in the spring. Hence, maintaining a mosaic of moderately grazed and ungrazed patches is expected to provide the greatest benefits for wild bee conservation and honey bee activity in Mediterranean rangelands. Our findings support the notion of rangeland sharing by cattle and bees in Mediterranean ecosystems under moderate grazing intensities, mimicking the coexistence of honey bees, wild bees, and cattle in Mediterranean ecosystems on an evolutionary timescale.

Tracking riverine nitrate sources under changing land use pattern and hydrologic regime

It remains challenging to identify nitrate sources in streams due to complications associated with anthropogenic inputs and in-stream biogeochemical processes. We used dual isotopic analysis of nitrate and a Bayesian isotope mixing model to explore the dynamics of nitrate sources and their associated transformations among three types of headwater watershed with different dominant land use types during four seasons in Jiulong River Watershed, a coastal China watershed. Nitrogen sources were the primary determinant of the δ15N-NO3 and seasonal differences in biogeochemical processes exhibited among watersheds. Nitrate was mostly derived from nitrification in spring and summer, whereas atmospheric deposition greatly influenced the isotopic composition in autumn and winter. Chemical fertilizer contributed the largest to the riverine nitrate, accounting for 36.9 ± 12.3%, followed by soil N (27.2 ± 4.4%), atmospheric deposition (23.9 ± 11.8%) and manure & sewage (12.0 ± 5.9%). This study reveals the seasonality of riverine nitrate sources under changing watershed land use patterns.

Temporal Dynamics of Land Use and Water Quality in Three Sub-Catchments of the Rur River, Germany

The Rur catchment has over time undergone land use change which could have affected the biogeochemical processes of the river. Three sub-catchments in the Rur, Upper Rur, Inde and Wurm have different kinds of land use. Upper Rur is more natural catchment; Inde is mixed type and Wurm is highly modified by anthropogenic activities. This study investigated how land use changes from 2000 to 2018 have influenced SO4 and Cl dynamics in the Rur catchment. Land use maps were developed in QGIS environment for land use change calculation. Historical water quality data were collected from the online public source by Ministry of Environment and Nature Conservation in Germany. R-software was used for statistical analysis and graphical presentation. Less land use change was observed in the Upper Rur between 2000 to 2018. But in the Inde and Wurm decrease in agricultural land and associated increase in industrial, commercial and urban land were observed. Increase in mining area inside the catchment has enhanced the level of SO4 and EC in the Inde river. Conversion rates of natural to human dominated land use could be quantified in this study through land use change mapping, which will further help in making water management plan for these and comparable German and European catchments. However, high quality historical data set is a key requirement to maximize the output in process of relating impact of land use change in water quality.

The Influence of Land Use To River Water Quality Level by Using The Water Quality Index Of National Sanitation Foundation (WQI-NSF) Method (Case Study: Klampok River, Semarang District)

Klampok River is a river located in Semarang Regency, Central Java, which is in the Klampok Sub-watershed part of the Jragung Watershed. This 16-km-long river crosses four sub-districts in Semarang Regency, namely Bandungan, Bawen, Bergas, and Pringapus. Most of the land use along the Klampok watershed is for agricultural, residential, plantation, and industrial activities. This study aims to find out the water quality in Klampok River using Water Quality Index National Sanitation Foundation method and analyze the influence of land use and land cover (LULC) towards water quality with descriptive analysis. Land use patterns were analyzed using ArcGIS 10.3.1 software. Overall, the index value shows that the Klampok River is in good status and based on Government Regulation no. 82 of 2001, only the Fecal coliform parameter exceeded the quality standard. The highest index value (77.41) is in segment 2 with dominant land use in the form of agriculture and settlements and the lowest (73.88) in segment 4 with land use in the form of plantations, residential, and industrial activities.

Seasonal variability of nitrate flux in the Northern part of Karangbolong Karst Aquifer, Central Java

Kalisirah Springs and Jumbleng Spring are located in the northern part of Karangbolong Karst Area, Kebumen Regency. Tracer tests for underground rivers and field surveys indicate that the catchment areas of these two karst springs have the dominant land use of dry land farm and plantation. The condition of the catchment area will affect the chemical content of water resources in karst aquifers. Dry land farm and plantation use fertilizer in the process of planting, but in practice, there is nitrogen lost due to the washing process by rainwater. Karst landforms also have cavities and fissures that allow applied fertilizer to enter the karstic aquifer directly. This study aims to determine the nitrogen flux fluctuations in the form of nitrate (N) in Kalisirah Springs and Jumbleng Springs along with their relationship with discharge and rainfall. The data used in this study were primary data, which included data of the water level, rainfall, water chemistry samples, and the agricultural planting calendar. The N content was analyzed using hydrograph to determine the response of N flux to the discharge. Recording the amount of N used in agricultural activities in the catchment area was conducted by calculating the area of agricultural land use using Topographic Map of Indonesia, and the triangulation method was used to determine fertilizer characteristics in the catchment area. Kalisirah catchment area lost 56.09 % N, while the Jumbleng catchment area lost 57.53 % N. The extent of this loss is influenced by land use conditions which will have implications for the number and frequency of fertilization.

Nutrient status of cattle grazing systems in the western brazilian amazon

Low-input cultivated pastures to feed cattle have dominated land use after forest clearing for decades in the western Brazilian Amazon. This study was undertaken to help understand the inherent nutrient supply dynamics underwriting cattle performance on three farms in the state of Acre. We assessed soil chemical and physical properties associated over time with different land uses following forest clearing. This information permitted specifying a conceptual model of nutrient stocks and flows under the observed grazing system, which produced insights about the dynamics of soil nutrient degradation. Above ground forage mass, topsoil nutrient concentrations and soil bulk density were measured. Land covers were Brachiaria spp. grasses, a grass-Pueraria phaseoloides mix, cropland and forest. Most soil nutrient parameters initially decreased after clearing, gradually recovering over time with grass-only pastures; however, 20 yr-old pastures had 20% less forage mass. Most pasture system nutrients on these farms resided in topsoil and roots, where large stocks of mature forage supported soil fertility with recycled nutrients from litter. Estimates of partial topsoil nutrient balances were negative. This suggested that corresponding nutrient stocks and the accumulation of forage mass were probably maintained primarily through the sum of inflows from cattle excreta, the subsoil, soil organic matter, and litter mineralization with scant input of commercial fertilizer. Therefore, herd management to increase animal system productivity via higher stocking rates on vegetatively younger forage requires monitoring of nutrient stocks and flows and fertilization that assures replenishment of the nutrients extracted. Otherwise, rapid depletion of soil nutrient stocks will lead to system degradation and failure.

Hydrologic response to land use land cover change in the Upper Gidabo Watershed, Rift Valley Lakes Basin, Ethiopia

The purpose of the study was to assess land use and land cover changes (LULCC) effects on stream flow of the upper Gidabo Watershed, Ethiopia. The data subjected to analyses were satellite imageries of 1985, 2000, and 2018, Digital Elevation Model, climate and streamflow records. Syntheses of SWAT and SWAT-CUP algorithms have been done using ArcSWAT. Accordingly, seven types of land uses are identified and agroforestry is the dominant land use (64%). LULCC depicted that agricultural land and urban settlement increased by 59.8% and 28.7% respectively at the expense of forest and grassland. The impact of land dynamics on the hydrological response depicted that an increase in surface runoff and evapotranspiration by 9.2% and 1.7% respectively. The wet season flow increased by 5.6% while the dry season decreased by 12.7%. Surface flow variation particularly in the dry season demand close intervention in land use management and utilization of water resources.

Yeşil Yapıda Sürdürülebilirlik: Ege Üniversitesi Yerleşkesi

Objective: Within the scope of this study, the spatial use changes of a university campus has been researched.Material and Methods: Ege University Campus, which has an important place in the world, has been investigated over a period of 10 years by using orthophoto images of 2002, 2006 and 2011. In addition, analyzes were conducted for each year to determine the dominant usage types observed in research subareas.Results: As a result, it has been seen that the agricultural and green open space character that can be perceived in early years has changed because of the new manmade constructions on these land types. Also it has been concluded that in the entire research area, the manmade areas were the most dominant land use type in the three examined years. Also the dominancy of agriculture, vegetation and no – vegetation areas decreased between the years 2002 and 2011.Conclusion: In the light of the data obtained, general suggestions were given to give positive direction to the campus change. Also a proposed dominancy plan developed to increase the vegetation areas’ dominancy overall the campus and to manage a green belt that surround the whole campus.

Diversity and environmental variability of riparian tall herb fringe communities of the order Convolvuletalia sepium in Polish river valleys

The riparian tall herb fringe communities of the order <em>Convolvuletalia sepium</em> represent an integral part of the natural vegetation in river valleys. The major objective of this study was to assess the relationships between the diversity and variability of these communities and various environmental factors. The survey was conducted in northwestern Poland, along 101 randomly selected 1–2-km long sections of 24 rivers and the Szczecin Lagoon. Samples were collected in 2008–2013 in all types of tall herb fringe vegetation found in the surveyed river sections. Data collected included hydrogeomorphic variables, soil parameters, potential and actual vegetation, and dominant land use form. A total of 24 vegetation units were documented, based on 300 sample plots (relevés). Tall herb fringe communities occurring in valleys of large rivers (<em>Senecionetum fluviatilis</em>, <em>Fallopio-Cucubaletum bacciferi</em>, <em>Achilleo salicifoliae-Cuscutetum lupuliformis</em>, <em>Convolvulo sepium-Cuscutetum europaeae typicum</em> and <em>chaerophylletosum bulbosi</em> subass. nov., <em>Rubus caesius</em> community, <em>Solidago gigantea</em> community) exhibited floristic and ecological differences in comparison with plant communities from small rivers (<em>Eupatorietum cannabini typicum</em>, <em>aegopodietosum</em> and <em>cardaminetosum amarae</em> subass. nov., <em>Epilobio hirsuti-Convolvuletum sepium</em>, <em>Soncho palustris-Archangelicetum litoralis</em>, <em>Convolvulo sepium-Cuscutetum europaeae aegopodietosum</em>, <em>Urtico-Convolvuletum sepium typicum</em> and <em>aegopodietosum</em>, <em>Urtica dioica</em> community, <em>Galeopsis speciosa</em> community, <em>Rubus idaeus</em> community). This finding fully justified their division into two alliances: the <em>Senecionion fluviatilis</em> and the <em>Archangelicion litoralis</em>, respectively. Significant differences between the tall herb fringe communities associated with large rivers and the plant communities occurring along small rivers included plant species richness, moss layer cover, contribution of river corridor plants, level of invasion, influence of adjacent plant communities on the floristic composition, relative elevation and distance away from the riverbed, degree of shading, proportions of all grain size fractions, soil pH, contents of organic matter, humus, organic carbon, total nitrogen, bioavailable phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and calcium in the soil. The differences in environmental characteristics of individual plant communities were significant as well; they showed that most vegetation units were well defined. The variables that best discriminated between riparian tall herb fringe communities included the natural potential vegetation unit <em>Salici-Populetum</em>, headwater seeps, soil pH, sample elevation above the river water level, river size, flooding, degree of shading, soil moisture, K<sub>2</sub>O and CaO contents, and C/N ratio. The integration of the main riparian gradients (longitudinal, lateral, vertical) and patch perspective (e.g., natural potential vegetation units, and land use forms) significantly improved the comprehensive riparian vegetation patterns, because these two perspectives underpin different processes shaping the vegetation. This study contributed significantly to the knowledge of riparian tall herb fringe communities. Two subassociations are described here for the first time, whereas six others have not been previously reported from Poland. The data summarized in the synoptic table indicated that the species diagnostic for individual plant communities should be revised at the supra-regional scale. Some syntaxonomic issues were also determined. The inclusion of the order <em>Convolvuletalia sepium</em> to the class <em>Epilobietea angustifolii</em> resolved the problem of classifying the community dominated by <em>Eupatorium cannabinum</em>, a species showing two ecological optima: one in riparian tall herb communities and the other in natural gaps of the tree stands and clearings of fertile alder carrs and riparian woodlands. This also resolved the problem of classifying the communities dominated by <em>Galeopsis speciosa</em> and <em>Rubus idaeus</em>, intermediate between riparian tall herb and clearing communities. The results of this study may serve as a reference for management of the vegetation in river valleys and promote their conservation. They may also be essential for any future syntaxonomic revision of riparian tall herb fringe communities at a larger geographical extent.

Forest and Land Fires Are Mainly Associated with Deforestation in Riau Province, Indonesia

Indonesia has experienced extensive land-cover change and frequent vegetation and land fires in the past few decades. We combined a new land-cover dataset with satellite data on the timing and location of fires to make the first detailed assessment of the association of fire with specific land-cover transitions in Riau, Sumatra. During 1990 to 2017, secondary peat swamp forest declined in area from 40,000 to 10,000 km2 and plantations (including oil palm) increased from around 10,000 to 40,000 km2. The dominant land use transitions were secondary peat swamp forest converting directly to plantation, or first to shrub and then to plantation. During 2001–2017, we find that the frequency of fire is greatest in regions that change land-cover, with the greatest frequency in regions that transition from secondary peat swamp forest to shrub or plantation (0.15 km−2 yr−1). Areas that did not change land cover exhibit lower fire frequency, with shrub (0.06 km−2 yr−1) exhibiting a frequency of fire >60 times the frequency of fire in primary forest. Our analysis demonstrates that in Riau, fire is closely connected to land-cover change, and that the majority of fire is associated with the transition of secondary forest to shrub and plantation. Reducing the frequency of fire in Riau will require enhanced protection of secondary forests and restoration of shrub to natural forest.

Impact of Effective Roughness Length on Mesoscale Meteorological Simulations over Heterogeneous Land Surfaces in Taiwan

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) modeling system obtains the aerodynamic roughness length (z0) from a land use (LU) lookup table. The effective aerodynamic roughness length (z0eff) was estimated for the island of Taiwan by considering the individual roughness lengths (z0i) of the underlying LU types within a modeling grid box. Two z0eff datasets were prepared: one using the z0i from the default LU lookup table and the other using the observed z0i for three LU types (urban, dry cropland and pasture, and irrigated cropland and pasture). The spatial variability of the z0eff distribution was higher than that of the LU table-based z0 distribution. Three WRF sensitivity experiments were performed: (1) dominant LU table-based z0 (namely, S1), (2) z0eff estimated from the default z0i (namely, S2), and (3) z0eff estimated from the observed z0i (namely, S3). Comparisons of the thermal field, temperature, and surface sensible and latent heat fluxes revealed no significant differences among the three simulations. The wind field overestimation and surface momentum flux underestimation in S1 were reduced in S2 and S3, and these improvements were more prominent over areas with highly heterogeneous land surface conditions.

Dynamic impacts of U.S. energy development on agricultural land use

The land-use impacts of the rapid expansion of U.S. oil and gas infrastructure since the early 2000s are a focus of local, state, and federal policymakers. Agriculture is the dominant land use in many areas with active energy development. Prior studies find that energy development displaces agriculture and assume that this effect is both permanent and homogeneous. We take a novel approach, analyzing landowners' capacity to both anticipate displaced production prior to the drilling of oil and gas wells, and reclaim some land once wells are in production. Using North Dakota's Bakken Shale as a case study, we merge agricultural land-use data from 2006 to 2014 with locations and drilling dates of oil and gas wells. We then use panel fixed-effects models to estimate the spatially- and intertemporally-heterogeneous effects of additional wells on agricultural land. We find that drilling is associated with reduced surrounding crop cover and increased fallow acreage. Importantly, the duration of these effects differs across agricultural land covers, and effects are in some cases temporary. Our analysis suggests that overlooking dynamic land use impacts may overestimate the cumulative net impact of oil and gas development on agricultural land uses by up to a factor of two.

Estimating carrying capacity and stocking rates of rangelands in Harshin District, Eastern Somali Region, Ethiopia.

We conducted a quantitative assessment of forage biomass in Harshin district to determine its annual productive potential, carrying capacity, and stocking rates. The dominant Land Use and Land Cover include woodland (35.5%), shrubs (28.3%), grassland (10.6%), and bare land (25.5%). The region has browse‐rich shrubland that is edible to dromedary and goats, as well as massive grassland plains for sheep and cattle. The interannual rainfall variation is 16.5% which implies that the rangeland is a subsistence equilibrium system. The range of forage production is between 105 and 2,310 kg/ha, whereas the average productivity of the district is 742.6 kg/ha. The result indicates that the average carrying capacity of the district is 0.3 TLU ha−1 year−1 (4.9 ha TLU−1 year−1) while the existing stocking rate is 5.4 TLU ha−1 year−1 (0.18 ha TLU−1 year−1). This implies that the grazing intensity in the district is much higher than its carrying capacity (recommended rate), which has seen overstocking or grazing pressure excesses of 5.1 TLU/ha (7.2 cattle/ha). Thus, it clearly signals the risk of overgrazing in the district. If this trend continues, the grazing will not be sustainable and there will be shortage of forage as well as expansion of land degradation (due to overgrazing) in the near future.

Land use from water quality: development of a water quality index across Pennsylvania streams

AbstractAnthropogenic stressors to lotic environments are diverse and often act in complex and synergistic ways through space and time. The need to adequately quantify and communicate these stressors in lotic environments is important for assessing stream health and informing management decisions. We used 21 physicochemical parameters from water quality samples and weighted each parameter by relationships with land use to develop a water quality index (WQI) across lotic environments in Pennsylvania. Four dominant land use categories were identified from water quality analysis: forested, urban, agriculture, and land disturbance. These categories were indexed (0–100) with low scores representing disturbed and high scores representing least‐disturbed conditions for each land use category. We propose an interpretation and validation schema for establishing an overall measure of stress, while providing insight into both expected and unexpected sources of stress. The WQI was highly correlated with land use at a coarse scale, where scores decreased in response to non‐forested landscapes. We then present two case studies that serve as examples of stressor quantification and communication. In addition to outperforming static measures of land use/cover, the resulting WQI serves multiple functions by communicating stream health to policy makers and citizens in an easily understood form, providing a stressor gradient for biological assessments and measuring stream condition across Pennsylvania's diverse water resources.

Contextualizing Mangrove Forest Deforestation in Southeast Asia Using Environmental and Socio-Economic Data Products

Research Highlights: This paper provides an alternative approach to contextualize mangrove forest loss by integrating available environmental and socio-economic data sets and products. Background and Objectives: Mangrove forest ecosystems grow in brackish water especially in areas exposed to accumulation of organic matter and tides. This forest type is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical coastal areas. Recent studies have revealed that the mangrove forest ecosystem had significantly degraded due to Land Use and Cover Changes (LUCC) in the recent past. Therefore, contribution of mangrove deforestation drivers has to be assessed to ensure a comprehensive analysis for ecosystem conservation and restoration and facilitate decision making. Materials and Methods: Firstly, a correlation analysis was conducted between individual data products and mangrove deforestation. Each data product was associated with the Dominant Land Use of Deforested Mangrove Patches data for 2012. Next, calculations were performed for specific data combinations to estimate the contributions of anthropogenic factors to mangrove deforestation. Results: In general, our study revealed that 22.64% of the total deforested area was converted into agriculture, 5.85% was converted into aquaculture, 0.69% was converted into infrastructure, and 16.35% was not converted into any specific land use class but was still affected by other human activities. Conclusions: We discovered that the percentage of land affected by these anthropogenic factors varied between countries and regions. This research can facilitate trade-off analysis for natural resources and environmental sustainability policy studies. Diverse management strategies can be evaluated to assess the trade-offs between preserving mangrove forests for climate change mitigation and transforming them for economic purposes.

SPATIO-TEMPORAL ASSESSMENT OF MIXED LAND-USE IMPACT ON TRAVEL DEMAND

Abstract. Urban mobility pattern studies are one of the interesting issues in GIScience which provide appropriate means for urban transportation planning and management. Mobility across the city has a direct relation with the land-use pattern. This paper investigates the spatio-temporal effect of the land-use mix at street level on urban movement. Taxi pick up and drop-off data in Manhattan was chosen as the sample data in this study. Trips are classified into two parts (weekdays and weekends trips) and then the correlation between mixed land-use and number of trips occurred in different time windows in each street segment, is calculated. Results indicate positive impact and moderate correlation between mixed land-use and number of trips. In streets with high Entropy, homogeneous distribution of the number of trips at each time window for the weekend and non-homogeneous trip distribution for employment and commercial and residential areas for weekday trips was observed. Also, in streets with low Entropy, non-homogeneous trip distribution at different time windows for both weekday and weekend were observed upon to dominant land-use.

Effects of socioeconomic factors on urban plant diversity of residential areas in Shanghai, China

Residential area, usually consisting of buildings and vegetation, is one of the dominant land use types and an important kind of habitat in the urban area. Therefore, it plays an important role in urban biodiversity conservation. Previous studies found that plant diversity abroad in urban residential areas was influenced by socioeconomic factors. However, it is not clear whether this result hold for Chinese cities which have completely different urban management regime. In this study, we investigated plant species diversity in 39 residential neighborhoods in Shanghai. Biodiversity indexes, regression analysis, and partial least square regression analysis were employed to estimate the relationships between plant diversity and socioeconomic factors of population density, house price, house age and greenspace coverage. Our results showed that socioeconomic factors did affect plant diversity in urban residential areas in Shanghai. The effects varied with plant species, population density, house price, house age, and greenspace coverage. The house age had the strongest effect on most plant taxa, then followed by population density, house price, and greenspace coverage. We tested the hypotheses of "luxury effect" and "legacy effect", and found that they only partially explained the spatial distribution of plant taxa in Shanghai. These results could provide insights for management and conservation of plant diversity, as well as urban landscape planning and design in Shanghai.