Dominant Goal Research Articles

Capital Gains as Economic Rent

Capital gains occupy an uneasy place in the literature of economics. They are a dominant goal of investor activity, and their pursuit is often said to add to efficiency by stimulating high levels of effort and creativity. Traditionally, capital gains have been lightly taxed in many countries in order to encour? age their supposed contributions to efficiency and progress. Yet, I will indicate that these economic contributions are mainly imagi? nary, rather than real. Capital gains are instead merely economic rent, obtained as windfall gains in the course of speculation in portfolio securities, land and resources. As this paper explores, the process of speculation creates little economic value, while it absorbs substantial volumes of resources.

Coaching by Conceptual Focus: Problems, Solutions, and Tutored Images

The nature of suggests that visual imagery contains an internal logic. Many artists consider creating to be a problem-solving activity even though the vocabulary and procedures of problem solving come from science. When children employ nonverbal aesthetic properties or concepts to solve artistic problems posed by teachers, the results are called tutored images. When a teacher designates problems to be solved, conceptual focus or consistency throughout all lesson components is essential to learning. The reliance of discipline-based education (DBAE) on problem solving in production suggests a need to extend DBAE's Content-Curriculum-Context theoretical base to include a fourth dimension called Coaching, the use of conceptually focused instruction to encourage students' artistic expression. Many artists refer to the creative process as the solving of visual or compositional problems. Problem solving in this sense is the testing of one or more aesthetic hypotheses by employing nonverbal concepts during the creation of an artistic image. Although adult artists set and solve their own aesthetic problems, viewers of the completed work may not know what challenges the artist perceived or what predicaments he or she resolved during the work's evolution from internal to external image. When children make artistic images, they are capable of solving aesthetic problems just as adults do. In solving aesthetic problems, both children and adults can create images that convey meaning by deliberately manipulating nonverbal properties or concepts such as line, color, balance, and rhythm to express moods or ideas. This knowledgeable use of aesthetic properties for expressive purpose is the definition of artistic expression used in the following discussion of conceptually focused instruction. Artistic expression differs significantly from what is known as creative selfexpression, the dominant goal in education during the last 40 years. In creative self-expression art is seen as an instrument for developing what is assumed to be each child's inherent creativity and [idiosyncratic] expressive abilities (Clark, Day, & Greer, 1987, p. 133). Problem solving during instruction allows children to be expressive in the same way that artists are, that is, it allows them to convey a message about the human condition because they knowingly incorporate in their images the grammar and syntax of the language

From paper to program: A story from elementary PROTEACH

PROTEACH is a 5-year teacher education program that, for most students, culminates in a Master's degree and/or teacher certification.1 The name of the program indicates its dominant goal: the development of a PROfessional TEACHer. PROTEACH students can earn degrees in elementary education, special education, or secondary education. In one sense PROTEACH is a college-wide program. It was developed by college faculty, with advice from university faculty and administrators outside of education, and from the broader community of professional educators. Additionally, the three programs share a set of guiding principles, a number of common courses, and some common faculty. In other ways, however, the three programs are distinct. Prior to PROTEACH, this duality did not exist. Each program, housed in its own department, maintained an identity with little cross-departmental communication. During the creation of PROTEACH, it was necessary to

On the Financing of Compensation Systems

THIS paper evaluates the general principles for financing a system of compensation, whether privately or publicly funded, for bodily injury or property damage. Compensation plans often have several goals that clash with each other. The structure of a compensation plan must be made to mesh with its dominant goal, so that financing the program does not simply become a matter of raising money to pay overhead and the costs of compensation. Assuming that in any given program there is rationality and a plan, however informal, may seem heroic, but both are necessary to allow the enterprise to go forward. We do not have a cookbook of tried-and-true recipes. Yet it would not be wise to overlook pragmatism or play down the need for empirical evaluation of financing plans and their overlying compensation systems. They can consume enormous financial resources, which makes it highly desirable to keep efficiency in mind when judging the merits of any compensation system and its financing plan. We should constantly ask how well any compensation system meets its goals at a reasonable cost.

A Global and Agriculture Policy for Western Countries: Laying the Foundations

The food system of industrialized countries is characterised as being deficent in the areas of nourishment, fulfillment and sustainability. Improvements will require that these areas be recognized as dominant goals, even where they conflict with the more common goals of productivity, profit and power. Policy implications and methods of implementation of such changes are examined.

Corporate Goals, Managerial Objectives, and Organizational Structures in British and West German Companies

Arguments regarding the presence of similarities and differences in management and organization across countries draw attention to the potential relevance of culture, contextual contingencies, and economic-cum-political system. These are examined by reference to comparisons of corporate goals, managerial objectives, and modes of organizational structuring (particularly around the investment decision process) in British and West German companies. The findings reinforce the view that in capitalist systems high profitability and growth are dominant corporate goals. In some respects, the structure adopted by companies in the two countries appeared to match their contingent conditions, although differences in decision making were consistent with a culturalist explanation. Where contrasts emerged in the objectives and opinions held by senior managers it was not always clear whether these were more likely to be a reflection of cultural factors rather than, for example, the generally greater success of the German companies.

The psychological organization of depression

On the basis of the intensive psychotherapy of about 40 depressed patients over the course of two decades, the authors describe three premorbid types of depressive personality: 1) one based on a "dominant other" relationship, 2) one based on a "dominant goal," and 3) one that is a form of character structure or personality disorder. They also describe typical childhood experiences of depressive adults and discuss their theory of the nature of depression as a human experience. They characterize depression as a limitation of alternate ways of thinking and as self-inhibition from new experiences.

The Marketed Social Movement: A Case Study of the Rapid Growth of TM

The transcendental meditation (TM) movement has grown from a small cult to a multinational organization in 15 years. Success is largely due to TM's recruitment and organizational strategy, which follow a pattern similar to the organizational form and marketing strategy of a large-scale consumer products firm. Based on the analysis of TM, the marketed social movement is offered as an ideal type which may be generalizable to other contemporary social movements. The marketed social movement differs from traditional thinking about social movements in four ways: (1) the use of sophisticated promotional and recruiting techniques; (2) a radical divergence in the status of the membership; (3) participation as a product package; and (4) the extension of membership as the dominant goal of the movement.

An accounting control system structured on multiple objective planning models

An important problem confronting decision makers in modern organizations is how to plan and control in a multiple goal decision setting. The usual approach for attacking this problem is to assume one dominant goal and treat others as constraints for the budget planning purpose. The traditional accounting control system is a variance analysis which makes a comparison between an ex ante planning budget, a budget adjusted to the actual activity level, and actual results. The present paper describes how to set up multiple goal planning models by using goal programming and multiple objective linear programming techniques. And an opportunity cost concept of ex post accounting variance analysis (which a comparison is made between an ex ante budget, ex post optimum budget, and actual results) is used as a control device. This ex post analysis will signal a deviation in any data input parameter in the planning models.

Wilhelm Homberg and the Search for the Constituents of Plants at the 17th-Century Acadēmie Royale Des Sciences.

THE role of chemistry perplexed late seventeenth-century scientists. Robert Boyle reported that his friends were dismayed when he turned from purely philosophical inquiries to research in a chemical laboratory. They accused him of abandoning gentlemanly science and stooping to the level of sooty empirics.1 Seventeenth-century chemical textbooks supported the stereotype of the chemist as a craftsman who worked in a hot and dirty laboratory primarily to produce useful ingredients, especially medicaments. 2 Boyle retorted that he was trying to find a common ground for chemistry and natural philosophy, and that he would dignify the craft by uniting its practical aims to theoretical ones.3 Soon after its establishment in 1666, the Parisian Academie Royale des Sciences joined Boyle in this endeavour. One of the Academy's longest standing research projects during the seventeenth century was the chemical analysis of plants. Academicians hoped that by distilling plants they could find experimental evidence for corpuscularianism,4 discover the nature of plants,5 ascertain medical uses of the distillants of plants,6 or distinguish chemically among the parts and types of plants.7 But their dominant goal was to identify the chemical constituents of plants.8 Within a decade, therefore, after Boyle explained his aim, the Parisian Academy also tried to establish for chemistry an honoured place within natural philosophy. The Academy's chemical analyses of plants are usually interpreted differently, for seventeenth-century perplexity about the role of chemistry has affected the history of chemistry. It is commonly said that the Academy's distillations of plants were a fruitless waste of time and energy.9 Proponents of this view argue that it was Wilhelm Homberg, admitted to the Academy in 1691, who inaugurated a refreshing, new direction in chemical research,1o and that Homberg did so because he brought with him insights gained during his apprenticeship with Boyle.11 According to this interpretation of the Academy's chemical research, Boyle's theoretical aims were not adopted in France for 30 years, and academicians before Homberg collected chemical data mainly for practical, medical purposes. 12 This view misrepresents both chemical research at the Academy before Homberg's admission and the nature of Homberg's o\vn career and early contributions to the Academy. Before re-evaluating Homberg's role in the Academy, a brief summary of the institution's chemical and botanical research before 1691 is necessary. One of the Academy's earliest and major projects was to publish a natural history of plants. Proposed by Claude Perrault in 1667, this was to contain the traditional illustrations and descriptions of plants

Operation of selective credit policies in less developed countries: Certain critical issues

This paper focuses mainly on the nature, scope and significance of selective credit policies, especially in the context of economic development. While such policies are being increasingly adopted in developed countries, when the impact of aggregative monetary policy on investment and consumption is found to be differential, recourse to selective credit policies is imperative in less developed countries where development implies a total change in economic relationships, and furthermore, where the dominant goals of their economic policies have come to be income distribution and greater employment through less capital-intensive techniques.

Current and Future Fisheries Management Goals: Implications for Future Management

A structured one-page mail questionnaire was used to evaluate present and future management goals of state recreational fisheries management personnel. Recreational fisheries management goals evaluated were (1) maximizing sustained yield, (2) maximizing catch, (3) establishing trophy fisheries, (4) maximizing fishing license sales, (5) maximizing angler-trips, (6) maximizing angler-days, (7) maximizing angler hours, (8) minimizing angler crowding, and (9) minimizing angler complaints. Respondents indicated that maximum sustained yield is currently the dominant goal being used in recreational fisheries management. Future fisheries management goals were likely to be similar to current goals. No significant differences were found between manager's educational levels for the current and future list of top-ranked goals. Significant differences were found between a manager's years of work experience and his anticipated future fisheries management objectives: more experienced managers tended to anticipate a change in goals away from yield toward angler-oriented goals. However, the total number of recreational fisheries managers favoring maximum sustained yield and catch as realistic goals is not likely to change in the future. Comparison of the “desires” of the angling public for a multifaceted fishing experience to the managers' heavy orientation towards yield suggests a concerning disparity.

Psychotherapy of severe depression.

The author discusses his clinical experiences in treating severly depressed patients with psychotherapy. The psychotically depressed person cannot use normal mechanisms to recuperate from sadness because he is prevented from doing so by a preexisting life ideology that may include living for a dominant other or a dominant goal and that restricts his vision of alternative approaches to living. The therapist treating the severely depressed must initially assume a strong role; later, he helps the patient recognize depressive cognitive patterns and guides and motivates him to try other ways of living.

Attitude Similarity, Social Goals, and Cooperation

Exceptions to the general rule that perceived attitude similarity is related to enhanced cooperation suggest that the subject's goals and the behavior of the other person are important constraints of the relationship. The present study categorized subjects according to their dominant social goal; 80% of 238 female subjects had predominantly individualistic or competitive social goals. Subjects made choices in a series of different decomposed prisoner's dilemma games, interacting with a conditionally cooperative accomplice who began with either a cooperative or a competitive first choice. The attitude similarity of the accomplice was manipulated at three levels: similar, neutral, and dissimilar. Similar accomplices received a significantly higher level of cooperation only when the subjects had individualistic goals and the accomplice's first choice was competitive. The discussion focuses on conditions which facilitate or suppress cooperative behavior in mixed-motive situations.

Origins of Federal Oil Regulation in the 1920's

The 1920's and early 1930's witnessed the beginnings of federal oil regulation in the United States. Professor Nordhauser argues that oil executives rather than government officials led the way in the movement for regulation and that their dominant goals were the stabilization of prices and profits.

Andrew Jackson's Indian Policy: A Reassessment

A GREAT persons-not excluding some notable historians-have adopted a devil theory of American Indian policy. And in their demonic hierarchy Andrew Jackson has first place. He is depicted primarily, if not exclusively, as a western frontiersman and famous Indian fighter, who was a zealous advocate of dispossessing the Indians and at heart an Indianhater. When he became President, the story goes, he made use of his new power, ruthlessly and at the point of a bayonet, to force the Indians from their ancestral homes in the East into desert lands west of the Mississippi, which were considered forever useless to the white man.1 This simplistic view of Jackson's Indian policy is unacceptable. It was not Jackson's aim to crush the Indians because, as an old Indian fighter, he hated Indians. Although his years in the West had brought him into frequent contact with the Indians, he by no means developed a doctrinaire anti-Indian attitude. Rather, as a military man, his dominant goal in the decades before he became President was to preserve the security and wellbeing of the United States and its Indian and white inhabitants. His military experience, indeed, gave him an overriding concern for the safety of the nation from foreign rather than internal enemies, and to some extent the anti-Indian sentiment that has been charged against Jackson in his early career was instead basically anti-British. Jackson, as his first biographer pointed out, had many private reasons for disliking Great Britain. In her, he could trace the efficient cause, why, in early life, hle had been left

Organizational Behavior, Morale, and Preventive Intervention

It is an interesting phenomenon that the United States military forces have recently taken the leadership in utilizing a more organizational, interpersonal and behavioral slant to their psychiatric operations than many civilian facilities. There are a number of factors which account for this. First, the military is one of the class of total institutions which has almost complete control over its members.1 It is possible, therefore, to attribute behavioral manifestations to salient factors in the social-psychological environment. Second, there is persistent and technical concern with the effectiveness of its members as fighting men. All of the health facilities are mobilized to support this dominant goal. The conjunction of these two factors makes possible experimentation in which environmental factors are readily manipulated with observable results in behavior. Third, the fact that the military organization is intimately involved with physical danger increases the range of behavioral reactions to stress...