Dominant Fatty Acids Research Articles

Investigation of organic contaminants in the blubber of a blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) first stranded on the coast of Taiwan.

This study presents a comprehensive assessment of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the blubber of a stranded blue whale found on the coast of Taiwan. The analysis included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The whale exhibited evident signs of emaciation, including low body weight, reduced blubber fat content, and thin blubber thickness. The dominant fatty acid type detected in the blubber was short-chain monounsaturated fatty acids (SC-MUFA), known to aid in thermoregulation. Stable isotope ratios indicated that the blue whale occupied a lower trophic position compared to a fin whale, suggesting its proximity to krill habitats in the Southern Ocean for feeding. The average concentrations of DDTs (1089.2 ± 4.7ng/g lw; ΣDDT) and PCBs (1057.1 ± 49.8ng/g lw) in the blubber were almost one order of magnitude higher than PAHs (41.7 ± 10.0ng/g lw), HCB (70.6 ± 2. ng/g lw), and PBDEs (7.2 ± 1.2ng/g lw). Pollutant concentrations in this individual blue whale were comparable to levels found in Norway, higher than those found in Chile, and notably lower than those found in Canada and Mexico. Calculating the biomagnification factor (BMF) for the POPs from krill (Euphausia superba) to the blue whale revealed significant bioaccumulation of pollutants in this particular whale. Additional research is imperative to achieve a thorough comprehension of bioaccumulation of POPs and their potential toxicological impacts on whale health.

Pseudidiomarina fusca sp. nov., Isolated from the Surface Seawater of the Western Pacific Ocean.

The Gram-negative marine bacterium GXY010T, which has been isolated from the surface seawater of the western Pacific Ocean, is aerobic, non-motile and non-flagellated. Strain GXY010T exhibits growth across a temperature range of 10-42 °C (optimal at 37 °C), pH tolerance from 7.0 to 11.0 (optimal at 7.5) and a NaCl concentration ranging from 1.0 to 15.0% (w/v, optimal at 5.0%). Ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) was the predominant isoprenoid quinone in strain GXY010T. The dominant fatty acids (>10%) of strain GXY010T were iso-C15:0 (14.65%), summed feature 9 (iso-C17:1ω9c and/or 10-methyl C16:0) (12.41%), iso-C17:0 (10.85%) and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c) (10.41%). Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), unidentifiable glycolipid (GL) and four non-identifiable aminolipids (AL1-AL4) were the predominant polar lipids of strain GXY010T. The genomic DNA G+C content was identified as a result of 48.0% for strain GXY010T. The strain GXY010T genome consisted of 2,766,857 bp, with 2664 Open Reading Frames (ORFs), including 2586 Coding sequences (CDSs) and 78 RNAs. Strain GXY010T showed Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) values of 73.4% and 70.6% and DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) values of 19.2% and 14.5% with reference species Pseudidiomarina tainanensis MCCC 1A02633T (=PIN1T) and Pseudidiomarina taiwanensis MCCC 1A00163T (=PIT1T). From the results of the polyphasic analysis, a newly named species, Pseudidiomarina fusca sp. nov. within the genus Pseudidiomarina, was proposed. The type strain of Pseudidiomarina fusca is GXY010T (=JCM 35760T = MCCC M28199T = KCTC 92693T).

Axenic green microalgae for the treatment of textile effluent and the production of biofuel: a promising sustainable approach

An integrated approach to nutrient recycling utilizing microalgae could provide feasible solutions for both environmental control and energy production. In this study, an axenic microalgae strain, Chlorella sorokiniana ASK25 was evaluated for its potential as a biofuel feedstock and textile wastewater (TWW) treatment. The microalgae isolate was grown on TWW supplemented with different proportions of standard BG-11 medium varying from 0 to 100% (v/v). The results showed that TWW supplemented with 20% (v/v) BG11 medium demonstrated promising results in terms of Chlorella sorokiniana ASK25 biomass (3.80 g L−1), lipid production (1.24 g L−1), nutrients (N/P, > 99%) and pollutant removal (chemical oxygen demand (COD), 99.05%). The COD level dropped by 90% after 4 days of cultivation, from 2,593.33 mg L−1 to 215 mg L−1; however, after day 6, the nitrogen (-NO3−1) and total phosphorus (TP) levels were reduced by more than 95%. The biomass-, total lipid- and carbohydrate- production, after 6 days of cultivation were 3.80 g L−1, 1.24 g L−1, and 1.09 g L−1, respectively, which were 2.15-, 2.95- and 3.30-fold higher than Chlorella sorokiniana ASK25 grown in standard BG-11 medium (control). In addition, as per the theoretical mass balances, 1 tonne biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana ASK25 might yield 294.5 kg of biodiesel and 135.7 kg of bioethanol. Palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid were the dominant fatty acids found in the Chlorella sorokiniana ASK25 lipid. This study illustrates the potential use of TWW as a microalgae feedstock with reduced nutrient supplementation (20% of TWW). Thus, it can be considered a promising feedstock for economical biofuel production.Graphical abstract

The Role of Autochthonous Levilactobacillus brevis B1 Starter Culture in Improving the Technological and Nutritional Quality of Cow’s Milk Acid-Rennet Cheeses—Industrial Model Study

In the study, an attempt was made to develop an innovative technology for cheese manufacturing. It was hypothesized that selected autochthonous lactic acid bacteria as a starter culture are more suitable for the production of acid-rennet cheeses of good technological and sensory quality. The study aimed to assess the possibility of using the strain Levilactobacillus brevis B1 (L. brevis B1) as a starter culture to produce acid-rennet cheeses using raw cow’s milk. Two variants of cheese were manufactured. The control variant (R) was coagulated with microbial rennet and buttermilk, and the other variant (B1) was inoculated with rennet and L. brevis B1 starter culture. The effect of the addition of these autochthonous lactic acid bacteria on selected physicochemical characteristics, durability, the composition of fatty acids, cholesterol, Iipid Quality Indices, and microbiological and sensory quality of acid-rennet cheeses was determined during a 3-month period of storage. The dominant fatty acids observed in the tested cheeses were saturated fatty acids (SFA) (68.43–69.70%) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (25.85–26.55%). Significantly higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content during storage was observed for B1 cheeses. The B1 cheeses were characterized by lower cholesterol content compared to cheese R and showed better indexes, including the Index of atherogenicity, Index of thrombogenicity, DFA, OFA, H/H, and HPI indexes, than the R cheese. No effect of the tested L. brevis B1 on sensory quality was observed in relation to the control cheeses during 3 months of storage. The results of the research indicate the possibility of using the L. brevis B1 strain for the production of high-quality, potentially probiotic acid-rennet cheeses.

Debittering of “Ayvalık” and “Gemlik” olives with caustic, brine, and NaOH solutions affects oil content and fatty acid profiles at the beginning and end of fermentation

The oil results of the scratched “Ayvalık” and “Gemlik” olive varieties on the 0th day of fermentation were determined between 50.01 (lye) and 67.57% (NaOH) to 57.35 (salt) and 72.95% (NaOH), respectively. The oil results of scratched “Ayvalık” and “Gemlik” olives on the 60th day of fermentation were determined between 61.04 (salt) and 64.03% (water) to 55.89 (salt) and 61.95% (NaOH), respectively. While the oil contents of “Ayvalık” and “Gemlik” olive cultivars that were scratched and crushed at the beginning of fermentation (0 day) were higher than the control, the oil results of whole olives were lower than the control. Significant changes were observed in the fatty acid compositions of olive oils depending on the olive variety and the bittering process (p < 0.01). The dominant fatty acids of the oils obtained from olives on the 0th and 60th days of fermentation were oleic, palmitic and linoleic acid. The fatty acid composition of the oils depending on the applied process and olive types differed at days 0 and 60 of fermentation. It can be said that on the 0th and 60th days of fermentation, the oleic acid results of olives of both varieties increased compared to the control. The oleic acid contents of the oils obtained from “scratched” olives of “Ayvalık” varieties at the beginning and end of fermentation varied between 70.10 (NaOH) and 71.66% (lye) to 64.91 (NaOH) and 71.51% (normal water), respectively. It can be seen that debittering processes significantly reduced the amounts of unsaturated fatty acids. In general, it has been observed that olive oils have higher oil contents and better fatty acid compositions.Graphical abstractThe oil content and fatty acid profile distributions of the olives, which give taste and flavor to the olives, must also be monitored before and after fermentation. Research work was carried out to investigate the oil results and fatty acid compositions of the oils obtained from “Ayval?k” and “Gemlik” olives debittered with different solutions and fermented.

Characterization Of Coconut Oil (Cocos Nucifera L.) From Commonly Cultivated Kenyan Varieties Extracted by Different Methods

The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of different extraction methods and varieties on the extraction yields and quality profile of the resultant coconut oil. Three mature coconut varieties (East Africa Tall, Tall Yellow and Dwarf) were collected and subjected to different oil extraction techniques (traditional method, modified traditional method, mechanical expression and soxhlet method). The quality characteristics of the oil were determined using established standard protocols. Soxhlet extraction exhibited the highest oil yield ranging from 45.4% to 58.4% followed by mechanical expression (39.2-50.1%) and the least was traditional extraction method (6.3 to 10.2%) yield depending on variety. The Dwarf variety gave significantly lower yields compared to the other varieties. The quality characteristics were within codex standards except for the high levels of free fatty acid in traditionally (0.42%) and mechanically (0.33%) extracted oil. Lauric acid was the dominant fatty acid at 47.5%-53.5% followed by myristic acid at 15.3-18.5% depending on variety and the method of extraction. The % saturated fatty acid in all varieties was &gt;90%. Unlike in previous studies, arachidic acid was present in all varieties. The study has demonstrated that extraction methods and variety influence the oil yield and quality characteristics of coconut oil.

Investigation of chemical properties and bioactive compounds of oils from different pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo L.) during maturation

AbstractIn this study, seed and oil yields, protein, and moisture ratios of seeds of four different types of pumpkin seed varieties, namely Palancı population, VD1sn8, and VD1sn6 hybrid varieties and commercial variety grown in Edirne conditions in 2014 and 2015. Also, this study aimed to determine the change of fatty acid, tocopherol, and sterol composition of mentioned pumpkin seed varieties in three different periods from seed formation to final harvest time. During the ripening period, it was obtained that the oil yield increased, the moisture content of pumpkin seeds decreased. In the last harvest period, the oil yield of pumpkin seed varieties was determined to be between 37.21% and 42.07%. Protein ratios of all pumpkin seed species were found to be very close to each other (37.94%–39.28%) and statistically similar (p &gt; 0.05). In 2014 and 2015, the dominant fatty acids for all pumpkin seed varieties are 18:1 (39.49%–46.95%) and 18:2 (32.57%–39.26%). Except for these fatty acids, 16:0 varies between 10.65% and 13.60% in all varieties; 18:0 varies at a ratio of 5.70%–6.38%. It is seen that the dominant tocopherol isomer is γ‐tocopherol for all pumpkin seed species in all harvest periods. In the last harvest period in 2014 and 2015, the amounts of γ‐tocopherol constitute 99.98%–84.95% and 86.91%–89.86% of the total tocopherol, respectively. It was observed that the tocopherol composition changed during the ripening period in all pumpkin seed species (p &lt; 0.05). In general, the amount of sterols decreased during the ripening period for all cultivars in 2014 and 2015. In order from the highest to the least, β‐sitosterol, 5,24‐stigmastadienol, campesterol, Δ‐5 avenasterol, and stigmasterol were determined as phytosterols in pumpkin seed oils. Generally, β‐sitosterol ratios in all varieties were high in the 1st harvest period, decreased slightly in the 2nd harvest period, increased again until the 3rd harvest period and reached the values in the 1st harvest period in both 2014 and 2015.

Gordonia metallireducens sp. nov., a tellurite- and selenite-resistant bacterium isolated from the sediment of an acid mine drainage stream.

A polyphasic taxonomic study was carried out on strain TSed Te1T, isolated from sediment of a stream contaminated with acid drainage from a coal mine. The bacterium forms pink-pigmented colonies and has a rod-coccus growth cycle, which also includes some coryneform arrangements. This bacterium is capable of growing in the presence of up to 750 μg ml-1 tellurite and 5000 μg ml-1 selenite, reducing each to elemental form. Nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis associated the strain with Gordonia, with 99.5 and 99.3 % similarity to Gordonia namibiensis and Gordonia rubripertincta, respectively. Computation of the average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization comparisons with the closest phylogenetic neighbour of TSed Te1T revealed genetic differences at the species level, which were further substantiated by differences in several physiological characteristics. The dominant fatty acids were C16 : 0, C18 : 1, C16 : 1 and tuberculostearic acid. The DNA G+C content was 67.6 mol%. Major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside, while MK-9(H2) was the only menaquinone found. Mycolic acids of C56-C60 were present. Whole-cell hydrolysates contained meso-diaminopimelic acid along with arabinose and galactose as the major cell-wall sugars. On the basis of the results obtained in this study, the bacterium was assigned to the genus Gordonia and represents a new species with the name Gordonia metallireducens sp. nov. The type strain is TSed Te1T (=NRRL B-65678T=DSM 114093T).

Assessment of Metal Elements and Biochemical Constituents of Wild Turkey Tail (Trametes versicolor) Mushrooms Collected from the Shivalik Foothills of the Himalayas, India

Wild medicinal mushrooms are known to contain significant amounts of essential biochemical compounds with potential health benefits. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the metal elements and biochemical constituents of wild turkey tail (Trametes versicolor) mushrooms collected from the Shivalik foothills of the Himalayas, India. Mushroom samples were purposefully collected from eleven (11) sampling sites located in three (3) districts of North Indian states (Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand). The results of this study indicated that wild T. versicolor showed the presence of eight metal elements (Cd: 0.011–0.139, Cr: 0.225–0.680, Cu: 1.073–3.108, Fe: 4.273–8.467, Mn: 2.157–3.892, Zn: 3.069–4.478, Ni: 0.065–0.186, and Co: 0.035–0.120 mg/kg). The samples also showed a significant presence of total phenolics (51.81–70.13 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (9.02–14.01 mg QE/mg), lycopene (0.02–0.08 mg/g), and β-carotene (0.31–0.72 mg/g). The proximate analysis also showed that T. versicolor is a good source of carbohydrate (38.33%–41.94%), protein (8.12%–11.06%), fat (0.93%–1.26%), moisture (63.80%–70.64%), dietary fiber (9.59%–14.30%), and total ash (2.42%–3.48%). In addition, gas chromatography (GC-FID) analysis revealed the presence of the five most dominant fatty acids, including linoleic acid (18:2n6c), palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (18:1n9c), linolenic acid (18:3n3), and stearic acid (C18:0). Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were helpful in identifying variations and similarities among different constituents of T. versicolor at selected sampling sites. Due to its low metal element content and rich biochemical profile, T. versicolor was highlighted in this research for its significant potential as a functional food or nutraceutical ingredient. This work promotes its sustainable use in the healthcare and food industries and lays the groundwork for further research into its therapeutic applications.

Product characteristics, amino acid and fatty acid profiles of milkfish (Chanos chanos) with different cooking methods

Different cooking methods would produce different product characteristics. The aim of this study was to identify product characteristics (sensory analysis, texture, color, yield, and proximate analysis), amino acid profile, and fatty acid profile of cooked milkfish. Milkfish were boiled (18 mins, 100°C), steamed (30 mins, 100°C), and pressure steamed (120 mins, 121°C with a pressure of 1 atm). Based on the sensory value, the most preferred milkfish by the panelists was pressure steamed milkfish. Pressure steamed milkfish had the highest a* and b* values and produced the hardest texture. The highest yield was obtained from steaming. The proximate composition showed that boiled milkfish had the highest moisture, ash, protein, and fat content. Different cooking methods had different effects on amino acids and fatty acids because cooking time plays a role in determining changes in the amount of amino acids and fatty acids. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, and leucine were the dominant amino acids. The dominant fatty acid profiles were palmitic acid, oleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acid. Pressure steaming was the process that took the longest time, so that the proximate and amino acid content in it was lower than boiled and steamed, which had a shorter cooking time. However, pressure steamed cooking resulted in the most preferred product by the panelists.

Mobilizing the seed storage oil in milk thistle (Silybum marianum) can supply energy for seed germination and early seedling growth and apply as TAGs breakdown marker

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is a crucial medicinal plant containing a large amount of oil. In the study, the changes in storage oil during seed germination and seedling transition from heterotrophic phases were investigated. The results showed that seed oil decreased from 19.53% to 0.88% on the 7th day of seedling development. Oil hydrolysis continued until the 4th day of germination with a low slope, but then increased the use of oils in seed germination end seedling growth metabolism. The results indicated that the quantitative changes in fatty acids, presented at lower amount, were relatively higher than dominant fatty acids. There were decreasing phenolic content in the developing seedlings, but overall, lowest level of total phenolic content can be attributed to the control (30.52 ​mg· 100 ​g· Oil−1). In contrast, the maximum peroxide value (2.58 meq· kg Oil−1) in the developing seedling was observed on the last day of the experiment. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between saturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid, and lipase activity. However, the correlation between lipase activity and polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly higher than between lipase activity and monounsaturated fatty acids (R2 ​= ​90% and R2 ​= ​77%, respectively). Therefore, the lipolysis process acts selectively in milk thistle oils. According to the results, C12:0 exhibits a greater impact on the early seedling growth rather than on the germination process and is one of the determining factors in the transition from heterotroph to autotroph. Also, it can be a marker for TAGs breakdown.

Characterization and Genomic Analysis of Fererhizobium litorale gen. nov., sp. nov., Isolated from the Sandy Sediments of the Sea of Japan Seashore.

The taxonomic status of two gram-negative, whitish-pigmented motile bacteria KMM 9576T and KMM 9553 isolated from a sandy sediment sample from the Sea of Japan seashore was defined. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains KMM 9576T and KMM 9553 represent a distinct lineage within the family Rhizobiaceae, sharing 100% 16S rRNA sequence similarity and 99.5% average nucleotide identity (ANI) to each other. The strains showed the highest 16S rRNA sequence similarities of 97.4% to Sinorhizobium garamanticum LMG 24692T, 96.9% to Ensifer adhaerens NBRC 100388T, and 96.8% to Pararhizobium giardinii NBRC 107135T. The ANI values between strain KMM 9576T and Ensifer adhaerens NBRC 100388T, Sinorhizobium fredii USDA 205T, Pararhizobium giardinii NBRC 107135T, and Rhizobium leguminosarum NBRC 14778T were 79.9%, 79.6%, 79.4%, and 79.2%, respectively. The highest core-proteome average amino acid identity (cpAAI) values of 82.1% and 83.1% were estimated between strain KMM 9576T and Rhizobium leguminosarum NBRC 14778T and 'Rhizobium album' NS-104, respectively. The DNA GC contents were calculated from a genome sequence to be 61.5% (KMM 9576T) and 61.4% (KMM 9553). Both strains contained the major ubiquinone Q-10 and C18:1ω7c as the dominant fatty acid followed by 11-methyl C18:1ω7c and C19:0 cyclo, and polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminophospholipid, and two unidentified phospholipids. Based on phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses, and phenotypic characterization, strains KMM 9576T and KMM 9553 are concluded to represent a novel genus and species, for which the name Fererhizobium litorale gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is strain KMM 9576T (=NRIC 0957T).

Shewanella metallivivens sp. nov., a deep-sea hydrothermal vent tube worm endobiont capable of dissimilatory anaerobic metalloid oxyanion reduction.

A polyphasic taxonomic study was carried out on a Gram-stain-negative and rod-shaped strain, ER-Te-42B-LightT, isolated from the tissue of a tube worm, Riftia pachyptila, collected near a deep-sea hydrothermal vent of the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Pacific Ocean. This bacterium was capable of performing anaerobic respiration using tellurite, tellurate, selenite and orthovanadate as terminal electron acceptors. While facultatively anaerobic, it could aerobically resist tellurite, selenite and orthovanadate up to 2000, 7000 and 10000 µg ml-1, respectively, reducing each oxide to elemental forms. Nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity related the strain to Shewanella, with 98.8 and 98.7 % similarity to Shewanella basaltis and Shewanella algicola, respectively. The dominant fatty acids were C16 : 0 and C16 : 1. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol and MK-7 was the predominant quinone. DNA G+C content was 42.5 mol%. Computation of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values with the closest phylogenetic neighbours of ER-Te-42B-LightT revealed genetic divergence at the species level, which was further substantiated by differences in several physiological characteristics. Based on the obtained results, this bacterium was assigned to the genus Shewanella as a new species with the name Shewanella metallivivens sp. nov., type strain ER-Te-42B-LightT (=VKM B-3580T=DSM 113370T).

Efficacy of Different Sesame Oil Refining Stages in Reduction of Heavy Metals, Antioxidant Activity, and Oxidative Parameters

The efficacy of different refining stages on physicochemical parameters, heavy metal, and mineral contents of sesame oil were investigated. The sesame oil from different refining stages (crude oil, neutralization, bleaching, deodorization, and refining stages) was taken from the local oil factory in Yazd, Iran. The fatty acid composition of oil samples was determined by GC-FID. The oxidation indexes including peroxide value, p-Anisidine, free fatty acid, TOTOX, total polar material, as well as antioxidant activity (FRAP and DPPH), and total phenolic content were measured. The mineral and heavy metal content of oil samples were analyzed by ICP-OES. Linoleic acid (41.1-42.4%), oleic acid (41-41.4%), palmitic acid (8.3-9.1%), and stearic acid (6.1-6.3%) were reported as the most dominant fatty acids in all oil samples. The results illustrated that the refining process had no significant effects on fatty acid composition except for slight changes in palmitic acid. It was shown that all oxidation indexes, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and mineral, and heavy metals were decreased during oil refining. The highest decrease in oxidative indexes was reported in the deodorization stage. The total phenolic content, DPPH, and FRAP ranged from 4.79 to 56.56 mg GAE/100 g, 6852.64 to 867.89 mg/ml, and 54.74 to 127.4 mM FeSO4.7H2O in RSO and CSO, respectively, which the highest decrease was shown during the neutralizing stage. The order of metals in RSO was shown as P&gt;Ca&gt;K&gt;Fe&gt;Mg&gt;Al&gt;Cr&gt;Pb&gt;Ni&gt;Cd&gt;Cu&gt;Co. Although all metals were decreased by the refining process, the Pb concentration (0.16 mg/kg) of RSO was evaluated as higher than the permissible limit. Considering that the refining process effectively reduces undesirable compounds, the consumption of crude sesame oil is not recommended.

One factor at a time and two-factor optimization of transesterification parameters through central composite design (CCD) for the conversion of used peanut oil (UPNO) to biodiesel

This present investigation has optimized the acid and base catalysed transesterification process parameters to enhance the conversion of used peanut oil (UPNO) into biodiesel through a central composite design. Of the different acid and alkali catalysts tested, KOH and H2SO4 were found to be efficient catalysts, which yielded 94.2% UPNO biodiesel. For one factor at a time approach, four reaction parameters such as catalyst dose, reaction time, methanol volume, reaction temperature, and speed of mixing were chosen and a catalyst dose of 1 g and reaction time of 60 min was found to be an independent influential factor to enhance UPNO yield. Therefore, KOH/ H2SO4 catalyst concentration and reaction time were selected to ascertain their synergistic effect on the UPNO biodiesel production through central composite design (CCD). Two factorial CCD design unveils that 1.5 g catalyst (acid and alkali) and 90 min reaction time are the optimal conditions along with 70 °C reaction temperature, 6 mL methanol volume, and 50 rpm stirring speed for high UPNO biodiesel yield of 95.9%. In addition, the fatty acid profile of UPNO biodiesel contains oleic acid and linoleic acid as dominant fatty acids in the range of 55–56 % and 25–27%, respectively in KOH and H2SO4 catalysis. Further, MUFAs, PUFAs, and SFAs levels of UPNO biodiesel produced by H2SO4 catalyst were 55.44, 25.66 and 16.43 %, respectively while they were 56.12, 26.32 and 14.53%, respectively for KOH catalysis. Based on the results of high UPNO biodiesel and MUFA levels, it is contemplated that UPNO biodiesel could be a promising alternative fuel from a commercialization perspective.

FATTY ACID CONTENTS IN GRASS PEA ELITE LINES GROWN IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS

used as food and feeding. This study was conducted to characterize 15 superior grass pea genotypes grown in two locations (Antalya and Isparta) with respect to fatty acids, oil content and oil yield (Seed yield (g plant-1) × Oil content (%)). Grass pea seeds were sown in a randomized complete blocks design and an augmented experimental design in Antalya and Isparta, respectively. In the first step of study, the seeds were harvested on 25 May 2021 and 15 June 2021 in Antalya and Isparta respectively. Linoleic acid was the dominant fatty acid present in all grass pea genotypes, with its contents ranging from 39.38% (GP213) to 42.61% (GP150). Lauric, tridecanoic, pentadecanoic, palmitic and erucic acid were found at trace levels; meanwhile, oleic acid was determined as the second excess fatty acid in all genotypes, ranging from 19.12 to 21.41%. The amounts of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids were calculated to be in the ranges of 23.82-28.57%, 19.63-22.36% and 51.06-54.43%, respectively. The oil ratios and oil yields of the genotypes varied between 0.59 and 0.80% and between 0.01 and 0.24 g plant-1. The significance t-test for mean values indicated that there were no significant differences between the locations for all fatty acid features and oil traits. These presented data showed these collection presents new superior lines with respect to oil traits

Comparison of the nutritional quality and the fat globule size after six months of lactation of donkey and human milk

Donkey milk is acknowledged as a valuable nutritional source in the human diet, well known for its bioactive and functional properties. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to investigate the similarities between donkey and human milk after six months of lactation with respect to the lipid composition, milk fat globule particle size distribution, antioxidant activity, and mineral content. These components are related to the nutritional properties of milk and they are important for the dairy industry as well to human health. The obtained results showed that the most dominant fatty acids in both types of milk were oleic, palmitic, and linoleic followed by lauric, capric, and alpha-linolenic acids. Donkey milk had a desirable fatty acid composition due to its high alpha-linolenic acid content and especially low omega-6/omega-3 ratio. After the fat globule distribution was analysed, it was found that fat globules smaller than 2 μm had the highest percentage in both human and donkey milk. The antioxidant activity of human milk was significantly higher at 42.95% compared to donkey milk at 35.83%. Predominant mineral in both types of milk was Ca, followed by P, Zn, Fe and Cu. Highlighting the similarity between donkey milk and human milk encourages the use of donkey milk as a potential substitute for human milk in the future.

Actinidia arguta (Baby Kiwi) Waste: Preliminary Considerations on Seed Recovery

Fruit seed oils are of new interest due to their significant properties and can be a good opportunity to recover fruit waste. Actinidia arguta (baby kiwi) fruits are a novelty in the market and berries can be consumed with the peels. Due to their limited shelf life, fruits are very perishable and the waste management techniques used post-harvest are an important issue. Berry waste can be reused, for biological flows focused on food losses and waste reduction. Therefore, baby kiwi fruit samples were collected from the Ortofruititalia company orchards in Cuneo, Italy, and then processed and analysed for seed oil constituents using standard analytical methods. The results of this study indicate that unsaturated fatty acids were the most dominant fatty acids (92.6 g/100 g) in comparison with saturated (7.4 g/100 g). In addition, α-linoleic acid (82.7 g/100 g) was the most dominant unsaturated fatty acid. Additionally, γ-Tocopherol (0.023 g/100 g) was the most dominant tocopherol in this study. Extraction of seed oil from these berries could be proposed as an option for obtaining high-added-value oils for pharmaceutical cosmetics, among other uses.

Chelativorans petroleitrophicus sp. nov., a paraffin oil-degrading bacterium isolated from a mixture of oil-based drill cuttings and paddy soil.

We isolated a paraffin oil-degrading bacterial strain from a mixture of oil-based drill cutting and paddy soil, and characterized the strain using a polyphasic approach. The Gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming strain (SCAU 2101T) grew optimally at 50 °C, pH 7.0 and 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the strain represented a distinct clade in the genus Chelativorans, neighbouring Chelativorans intermedius LMG 28482T (97.1 %). The genome size and DNA G+C content of the strain were 3 969 430 bp and 63.1 mol%, respectively. Whole genome based phylogenomic analyses showed that the average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain SCAU 2101T and C. intermedius LMG 28482T were 77.5 and 21.2 %, respectively. The major respiratory quinone was Q-10. The dominant fatty acids were C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c (50.6 %), summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c; 22.5 %) and C18 : 0 (13.8 %). The polar lipids of the strain included phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and diphosphatidylglycerol. Based on the results, strain SCAU 2101T was considered to represent a novel species in the genus Chelativorans, for which the name Chelativorans petroleitrophicus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SCAU 2101T (= CCTCC AB 2021125T=KCTC 92067T).

Integrated Approach to Spent Coffee Grounds Valorization in Biodiesel Biorefinery

With the increasing consumption of coffee beverages, an increased amount of food waste—spent coffee grounds (SCG)—is generated and disposed into landfills or combusted in incinerators. SCG are characterized as a highly polluting substance with partial toxicity due to the presence of caffeine, tannins, and polyphenols. It also contains 15% of oil on average, and its potential for biodiesel production is thus considerable. The aim of the presented work is to evaluate the possibility and technical potential of biodiesel production from the SCG oil (SCGO) by esterification and transesterification reaction. According to the characterization of the studied SCGO, this stream must be adjusted and purified to be utilized in the existing biodiesel production plant. Fatty acids (FA) represent 85.85% of the SCGO, with two dominant FAs—linoleic and palmitic acids. The necessity of removal and disposal of unsaponifiable matter, which accounts for 15% of the SCGO content, must be highlighted when producing biodiesel from the SCG. The objective of this research was the comparison of different biodiesel production processes, where a two-step transesterification process has been identified as the most successful method for biodiesel production from the SCGO with the highest ester content of 89.62% and the lowest content of unsaponifiable and unidentified matter in the final product. The novelty of the analyses is a characterization of the d unsaponifiable matter present in the SCGO, and the article highlights the importance of progression to be considered when evaluating the technical potential of the SCG biodiesel production integrated into a biorefinery. Nevertheless, the SCG biodiesel can contribute to fulfilling the mandatory share of advanced biofuel in the fuel energy mix given by national legislation and contribution to the circular economy approach of biorefineries.