Dominant Error Research Articles

Finite-size effects in periodic coupled cluster calculations

We provide the first rigorous study of the finite-size error in the simplest and representative coupled cluster theory, namely the coupled cluster doubles (CCD) theory, for gapped periodic systems. Given exact Hartree-Fock orbitals and their corresponding orbital energies, we demonstrate that the correlation energy obtained from the approximate CCD method, after a finite number of fixed-point iterations over the amplitude equation, exhibits a finite-size error scaling as O(Nk−13). Here Nk is the number of discretization points in the Brillouin zone and characterizes the system size. Under additional assumptions ensuring the convergence of the fixed-point iterations, we demonstrate that the CCD correlation energy also exhibits a finite-size error scaling as O(Nk−13). Our analysis shows that the dominant error lies in the coupled cluster amplitude calculation, and the convergence of the finite-size error in energy calculation can be boosted to O(Nk−1) with accurate amplitudes. This also provides the first proof of the scaling of the finite-size error in the third order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP3) for periodic systems.

Selective-Fading Multiple-Access MIMO Channels: Diversity-MultiplexingTradeoff and Dominant Outage Event Regions

We establish the optimal diversity-multiplexing (DM) tradeoff for coherent selective-fading multiple-access MIMO channels and provide corresponding code design criteria. As a byproduct, on the conceptual level, we find an interesting relation between the DM tradeoff framework and the notion of dominant error event regions, first introduced in the AWGN case by Gallager, IEEE Trans. IT, 1985. This relation allows us to accurately characterize the error mechanisms in MIMO fading multiple-access channels. In particular, we find that, for a given rate tuple, the maximum achievable diversity order is determined by a single outage event that dominates the total error probability exponentially in SNR. Finally, we examine the distributed space-time code construction proposed by Badr and Belfiore, Int. Zurich Seminar on Commun., 2008, using the code design criteria derived in the present paper.

An Error Analysis in Using Adjective Order at English Education Study Program Students of IAIN Manado

This study aims to determine the proportion (frequency and percentage) of errors and dominant errors in the composition of adjectives. This study focused on the analysis of misordering errors based on the Surface Strategy Taxonomy by Dulay in the use of adjective order. The research methodology in this study was a quantitative descriptive method. The respondents of this study were 20 second semester students of the English Education Study Program at the Manado State Institute of Islamic Studies with the academic year 2021/2022. The researcher used a test as an instrument to collect data. The following test was in the form of; Rearrange Words and Multiple Choices. In the meantime, the data analysis procedure applied in this study was collecting a sample, identifying error based on the sequence of adjectives by Frank theory, describing the results, and evaluating the errors. The research findings show that students at second semester of English Education Study Program have errors to identify the appropriate order of adjectives in the sentence. In addition, researcher found that there were 520 frequencies of misordering errors with an error percentage of 50.0%. Rearrange words test have 272 frequency of errors (52.3%) and Multiple Choices test have 248 frequency of error (47.7%). In short, the dominant error based on the test is Rearrange words, with a total misordering error which is 272 errors and its’ percentage 52.3%. The most dominant errors in adjective order item is Shape with a total frequency of 52 out of 80 total errors with 13% error percentage. The research implications is students can be aware in using more adjectives with correct ordering especially when use adjective shape.

The Strabismus Prevalence in a Random Sample of Iran's Northeastern Population

Purpose: To investigate prevalence of strabismus and related factors in Mashhad, Iran. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Khatam-al-Anbia Hospital, affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Methods: Using multistage cluster sampling, participants were selected. All participants underwent detailed ocular examinations. A unilateral cover test was performed with the prism bar to achieve binocular alignment. Deviation magnitude was determined by considering the best refractive correction. Fixation targets were chosen as single letters one line above the best-corrected visual acuity on the distance and near chart. Results: This study included 5054 participants with a mean age of 35.35 ± 19.4 years. Strabismus was detected in 110 participants (2.17%) including 26 (0.51%) with esodeviation, 74 (1.46%) with exodeviation, and 10 (0.19%) with vertical deviation. The prevalence rates for strabismus, exotropia and esotropia were 2.38%, 1.64%, and 0.56% in females and 2.00%, 1.31%, and 0.51% in males respectively. The results did not indicate a significant gender difference in terms of strabismus prevalence (p>0.05). Among the deviated eyes, there were 25.5% with hyperopia, 39.1% with myopia, and 35.5% with emmetropia. Anisometropia and amblyopia rates were 2.79% and 2.55%, respectively. The results did not reveal a significant correlation between strabismus prevalence, exotropia, and esotropia and age (p=0.56). The familial strabismus prevalence was 5.45%. Conclusion: Exotropia was more prevalent form of strabismus. Myopia was the dominant refractive error associated with deviated eyes. Tropia showed no age-related association.

Paired Satellite and NWP Precipitation for Global Flood Forecasting

Abstract Precipitation data are known to be the key driver of hydrological simulations. Hence, reliable quantitative precipitation estimates and forecasts are vital for accurate hydrological forecasting. Satellite-based precipitation estimates from Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM Early Run (IMERG-E) and forecasted precipitation from NASA’s Goddard Earth Observing System Forward Processing (GEOS-FP) have shown values in global flood nowcasting and forecasting. However, few studies have comprehensively evaluated their hydrological performance let alone explored the potential value of combining them. Therefore, this study undertakes a quasi-global evaluation of their utility in real-time hydrological monitoring and 1–5-day forecasting with the Dominant River Tracing-Routing Integrated with Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) Environment (DRIVE) model. The gauge-corrected IMERG Final Run precipitation estimates and corresponding hydrological simulation are used as the references. Results showed that the hit bias is the dominant error source of IMERG-E, while the false precipitation is more noticeable in GEOS-FP. In terms of hydrological performance, the GEOS-FP-driven model (DRIVE-FP) performance is close to the IMERG-E-driven model (DRIVE-E) performance on day 1, indicating that GEOS-FP could nicely fill the gap of nowcasting caused by the IMERG-E time latency. For longer lead-time forecasts, the bias tends to diminish in most regions, likely because the under- or overestimation in IMERG-E is generally offset by the distinct types of misestimation in GEOS-FP. The skillful initial hydrological conditions present outperformed forecasts in most regions, except for tropical areas where the accuracy of GEOS-FP prevails. Overall, this study provides a valuable view of the combined use of IMERG-E and GEOS-FP precipitation in the context of hydrological nowcasts and forecasts.

Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) of Indonesian Text Based on Neural Machine Translation (NMT)

<p class="Abstract"><span lang="EN-US">Writing errors in Indonesian are often found in various writings made in educational, government and mass media environments. The most dominant error is in spelling. This research proposes a Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) for Indonesian using the Neural Machine Translation (NMT) method, namely seq2seq, which is popularly used for English and has achieved the best performance approaching human capabilities. The model developed is made into a web-based service that is easy for users to access. The datasets used in this experiment are artificial datasets sourced from several studies regarding error analysis in Indonesian. The research results show that with the help of currently available open-source tools such as OpenNMT-py, it is possible to simplify the training process of NMT-based GEC models. Unfortunately, the small number of datasets leads to poor predictions for random sentences.</span></p>

EFFECT OF USING TONGUE TWISTER ON STUDENTS’ VOWEL PRONUNCIATION SKILLS AT UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH BULUKUMBA; INDONESIAN VILLAGE LEARNER CONTEXT

Pronunciation is one of the speaking elements that must be mastered by foreign learners. However, students still found difficulties when pronouncing English words. Therefore, tongue twister was thought to be one effective technique to help students articulate the English words. The research applied pre-experimental design with only one experiment class. The class consisted of 15 participants from English Education Departement Program of Universitas Muhammadiyah Bulukumba and was chosen through purposive sampling technique. Statistical technique was applied to confirm the hypotheisis. Based on the test of significance result, it was found out that t test value is higher than the t table value (2.0351.708). This indicates that students’ pronunciation skills improved after students learnt with tongue twister which was combined with some other methods. Furthermore, it is also informed that there were some kinds of pronunciation errors made and the dominant errors found is phonetic errors due to the effect of students’ native language systems.

Analisis kesalahan paragraf dalam menulis karangan deskripsi peserta didik kelas VI pada pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia

<p>This study aims to describe paragraph errors in the description essay. Paragraph errors in the form of, (1) Element completeness errors, (2) Unity errors, and (3) Cohesion errors. Then the most dominant error and the cause of paragraph errors in the description essay of grade VI elementary school. This research is qualitative descriptive research, the subjects in this study were sixth grade students. Data collection using document studies and interviews. The validity test technique used is triangulation of sources and techniques. The technical data analysis used is the analysis of Tarigan-language fragments. The results of this study are as follows. Element completeness errors were found to be 48.56%, unity errors of 25.44%, and cohesiveness errors of 25.83%. The most dominant error is the error of elemental completeness. Factors causing paragraph errors caused by students include: lack of student interest in Indonesian language, especially writing and reading, lack of vocabulary, and low motivation of students to learn Indonesian. While the factors that come from the class teacher are in the form of choosing inappropriate learning models or strategies, delivery that is only fleeting in a short time.</p>

A 3D printed tensile testing system for micro-scale specimens

Mechanical property characterization of micro-scale material systems, such as free-standing films or small diameter wires (<20 µm), often requires expensive, specialized test systems. Conventional tensile test systems are usually designed for millimeter scale specimens with the force sensing capability of >1N while microdevice-based testers are intended for micro-/nano-scale specimens operating within a much smaller force range of <10 mN. This disparity leaves a technology gap in reliable and cost-effective characterization methods for specimens at the intermediate scale. In this research, we introduce the cost-effective and all-in-one tensile testing system with a built-in force sensor, self-aligning mechanisms, and loading frames. Owing to the advantages of 3D printing technologies, the ranges of force measurement (0.001–1 N) and displacement (up to tens of millimeters) of our 3D printed tensile tester can be readily tailored to suit specific material dimension and types. We have conducted a finite element simulation to identify the potential sources of the measurement error during tensile testing and addressed the dominant errors by simply modifying the dimension/design of the loading frames. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we have characterized fine copper (Cu) wires with 10–25 µm diameters by the 3D printed tensile tester and confirmed that the measured mechanical properties match with the known values of bulk Cu. Our work shows that the proposed 3D printed tensile testing system offers a cost-efficient and easily accessible testing method for accurate mechanical characterization of specimens with cross-sectional dimensions of the order of tens of micrometers.

Characterization and mitigation of urban GNSS multipath effects on smartphones

In urban environments, the code measurements of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) on smartphones can be significantly degraded by presence of multipath and non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) effects. Extensive studies have been carried out on characterizing the quality of GNSS code measurements under different conditions, which can be used to refine the weighting model and fault detection method. However, our knowledge regarding the impacts of multipath effects on smartphones remains limited. This includes determining the dominant error source for urban GNSS on smartphones between multipath and NLOS errors, and characterizing the fault-free code measurements for pedestrians in urban canyons. To address these issues, we conducted extensive tests in a typical urban area in Hong Kong and analyzed characteristics of multipath effects. Analysis revealed that 92.5 % of code outliers stem from NLOS signals, which result in longer ranging measurements, making NLOS the dominant error source impacting GNSS performance. Further, we established that over 92 % of fault-free signals are from the opposite sky of a pedestrian, and we found that the sidewalk can be reliably determined by examining signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measurements, eliminating the need of complex 3D building models. The identified sidewalk can be used to enhance GNSS performance in urban areas. An experiment in the urban canyon was performed in urban canyons. Results show that the accuracy can be improved from 15 m to 4.6 m when the correct sidewalk can be identified.

Dual-rail encoding with superconducting cavities

The design of quantum hardware that reduces and mitigates errors is essential for practical quantum error correction (QEC) and useful quantum computation. To this end, we introduce the circuit-Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) dual-rail qubit in which our physical qubit is encoded in the single-photon subspace, [Formula: see text], of two superconducting microwave cavities. The dominant photon loss errors can be detected and converted into erasure errors, which are in general much easier to correct. In contrast to linear optics, a circuit-QED implementation of the dual-rail code offers unique capabilities. Using just one additional transmon ancilla per dual-rail qubit, we describe how to perform a gate-based set of universal operations that includes state preparation, logical readout, and parametrizable single and two-qubit gates. Moreover, first-order hardware errors in the cavities and the transmon can be detected and converted to erasure errors in all operations, leaving background Pauli errors that are orders of magnitude smaller. Hence, the dual-rail cavity qubit exhibits a favorable hierarchy of error rates and is expected to perform well below the relevant QEC thresholds with today's coherence times.

Students Error in Pronouncing English Post Alveolar Consonants at The Eleventh Grade of Senior High School 1 Jambi City

This research was aimed to find out the student error in pronouncing English post alveolar consonants sound at the eleventh grade of Senior High School 1 Jambi City. The research methodology of this study was qualitative descriptive research which involved the subject. The subject of this research is XI MIPA 2 of Senior High School 1 Jambi City which contains of 36 students. In collecting the data, the researcher gave test and collected the student transcript. The result of the research showed that the eleventh grade students of Senior High School 1 Jambi City got a high percentage of error in pronouncing English post alveolar consonant sounds. The type of error that have very high significance to pronounce by the students is /ӡ/ sound which is 86%. In contrast with /∫/ sound where the students just made low percentage of an error pronunciation in 14%. From four categories of errors which is addition. Omission, substitution and ordering, the most dominant error made by the students are substitution with percentage 97,7%.

Analysis and compensation for the dominant tool error in ultra-precision diamond ball-end milling

Diamond ball-end milling is an enabling technology to fabricate complex curved surfaces with a nanometer level roughness. However, limited by the errors of tool manufacturing and installation, the cutting edge profile of a single-bladed diamond milling tool cannot form an ideal sphere crown in rotation, which will significantly worsen the machining accuracy. Although a titled milling method and a tool error reduction method based on milling-test have been proposed to improve the machining accuracy, a complete analysis of the effects of multiple tool errors on the machining accuracy have not been performed. Therefore, the present work contributes an analytical model to accurately calculate the tool rotation profile under various position and orientation errors. The results reveal that the horizontal off-center error of tool cutting edge is the dominant error among all the tool errors. According to the results, a novel high precision identification process is developed to evaluate the horizontal off-center error in view of the cutting-mark, and subsequently a tool center shift method is proposed to compensate for such error. Finally, experiments on millimeter scale spherical surface, micro sphere array and micro sinusoidal surface confirm that the proposed tool error compensation method can significantly improve the form accuracy. The average form errors (PV) of three test surfaces are reduced from 2.29 μm, 0.90 μm and 0.88 μm to 0.61 μm, 0.28 μm and 0.18 μm, respectively.

A point cloud filtering method based on anisotropic error model

AbstractMany modelling applications require 3D meshes that should be generated from filtered/cleaned point clouds. This paper proposes a methodology for filtering of terrestrial laser scanner (TLS)‐derived point clouds, consisting of two main parts: an anisotropic point error model and the subsequent decimation steps for elimination of low‐quality points. The point error model can compute the positional quality of any point in the form of error ellipsoids. It is formulated as a function of the angular/mechanical stability, sensor‐to‐object distance, laser beam's incidence angle and surface reflectivity, which are the most dominant error sources. In a block of several co‐registered point clouds, some parts of the target object are sampled by multiple scans with different positional quality patterns. This situation results in redundant data. The proposed decimation steps removes this redundancy by selecting only the points with the highest positional quality. Finally, the Good, Bad, and the Better algorithm, based on the ray‐tracing concept, was developed to remove the remaining redundancy due to the Moiré effects. The resulting point cloud consists of only the points with the highest positional quality while reducing the number of points by factor 10. This novel approach resulted in final surface meshes that are accurate, contain predefined level of random errors and require almost no manual intervention.

An Analysis of Students' Grammatical Errors in Writing Recount Text at Eleventh Grade of SMA Negeri 5 Prabumulih

This thesis is entitled "An Analysis of Students' Grammatical Errors in Writing Recount Text at Eleventh Grade of SMA Negeri 5 Prabumulih". Formulation of the problems: What is the most common Grammatical Error made by the Eleventh Grade Students of SMA Negeri 5 Prabumulih? The research objectives were to find out the most common grammatical errors made by the eleventh-grade students of SMA Negeri 5 Prabumulih. The population of this research was all the eleventh grade of SMA Negeri 5 Prabumulih in the academic year of 2020/2021, which consisted of five classes with a total population of 133 students. The sample of this study was 30 students taken using the purposive sampling technique. The researchers used a descriptive qualitative method. The data was collected through a writing test for students to make a recount text. The analysis finding showed that the total of student errors was 76. There were 31 omission errors (42, 46%), 22 addition errors (30, 13%), 15 misformation errors (20, 54%), and 8 misordering errors (10, 95%). The researchers conclude that the highest percentage of errors was omission errors, which were the dominant errors.

Autonomous quantum error correction and fault-tolerant quantum computation with squeezed cat qubits

We propose an autonomous quantum error correction scheme using squeezed cat (SC) code against excitation loss in continuous-variable systems. Through reservoir engineering, we show that a structured dissipation can stabilize a two-component SC while autonomously correcting the errors. The implementation of such dissipation only requires low-order nonlinear couplings among three bosonic modes or between a bosonic mode and a qutrit. While our proposed scheme is device independent, it is readily implementable with current experimental platforms such as superconducting circuits and trapped-ion systems. Compared to the stabilized cat, the stabilized SC has a much lower dominant error rate and a significantly enhanced noise bias. Furthermore, the bias-preserving operations for the SC have much lower error rates. In combination, the stabilized SC leads to substantially better logical performance when concatenating with an outer discrete-variable code. The surface-SC scheme achieves more than one order of magnitude increase in the threshold ratio between the loss rate κ1 and the engineered dissipation rate κ2. Under a practical noise ratio κ1/κ2 = 10−3, the repetition-SC scheme can reach a 10−15 logical error rate even with a small mean excitation number of 4, which already suffices for practically useful quantum algorithms.

English sentence structures in Descriptive Writing: A case study of Business Management students at Indonesian vocational higher education

To meet the demand of current industries, the ability to write in English is highly essential in Indonesian vocational higher education. In today’s business world, students of business departments require a set of advance skills in writing business documents such as business letters and product descriptions. This research investigated the types of English sentence structures and errors in the descriptive paragraphs written by business management students of Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya. The method used was quantitative case study research. A total of 44 descriptive paragraphs were analyzed by using syntactical structure analysis and surface taxonomy-based errors. It revealed that all types of sentence structures were used in the descriptive paragraphs. There were 34.77% simple sentence structures, 22.96% compound sentence structures, 26.36% complex sentence structures, and 15.91% compound-complex sentence structures. Thus, the most widely used was simple sentence structures. Regarding the errors, it was found that only a few errors were made by them; omission (3 errors), addition (7 errors), misformation (19 errors), and misordering (1 error). Hence, misformation was the dominant error. In summary, the students wrote their descriptive paragraphs in simple sentences mostly and made errors in misformation the most.

An Analysis of Students’ Grammatical Errors in Writing Narrative Texts

Senior high school students still make a large number of errors related to grammar when they have writing narrative text. This study aimed to analyze the types of grammatical errors, identifying the sources of errors, and knowing the writing difficulties commonly faced by the tenth grade students of senior high school in their narrative texts. Descriptive qualitative method was used in this study. There were two kinds of data being used namely quantitative data and qualitative data. There were three different instruments applied such as, the teacher, writing test, and questionnaires. There were only 23 narrative texts collected and analyzed. Based on the error analysis, there were 308 grammatical errors classified into four types, namely ‘omission’, ‘misformation’, ‘addition’, and ‘misordering errors’ in students’ narrative texts. ‘Misformation errors’ are the biggest number of errors there were 131, the most dominant errors are ‘misformation of alternating form errors’. The errors occured because of the students’ interlingual and intralingual transfer. There were cognitive problem that made the students feel difficult in writing narrative texts because of their lack of knowledge of English grammar and vocabularies.

An ionosphere-weighted calibration method with multi-station network corrections

Ionospheric delay is one of the most dominant error sources in GNSS fast relative positioning, especially for RTK positioning of medium and long baselines, which directly affects the ambiguity fixing successful rate and positioning accuracy. The strategy of combining ionospheric correction based on multi-reference station network with ionospheric weighted model is still one of the most effective methods for precise relative positioning. In this paper, a method of ionospheric weighted calibration model is presented. By using a large-scale reference station network at a certain period of time with ionospheric disturbance to obtain the prior ionospheric information required by the user, the GNSS precision relative positioning performance of the ionosphere-weighted calibration model in complex scenarios (the accuracy of prior ionospheric information will be reduced due to large-scale reference station network and ionospheric active scene) was systematically evaluated. The experimental results show that the ionosphere-weighted calibration (IWC) method can effectively reduce the influence of excessive ionospheric modeling residual on the positioning results, and significantly improve the fixed rate and positioning accuracy of RTK. Compared with the traditional ionosphere-fixed model based on virtual reference station (VRS) technology, the three-dimensional accuracy and fixed rate of the six rover stations are improved by 56% and 33.5% on average. Secondly, the prior ionospheric constraint intensity in IWC mode is controllable, which can effectively balance the relationship between initialization speed and positioning accuracy. On average, 94.3% of the time period of the six rover stations can complete the initialization and fixing within 10 epochs, which can basically meet the requirements of fast positioning. In addition, IWC model can ensure higher accuracy and better maintain fixed solution state after the ionospheric parameter convergence is completed. In the ionospheric disturbance stage, after a period of parameter convergence, high fixed rate and positioning accuracy can still be guaranteed.

Analyzing 7th Graders' Simple Present Errors in Descriptive Writing


 
 This study aims to investigate the dominant errors in the use of the simple present tense by seventh grade students when writing descriptive texts. The qualitative research method was employed, utilizing data analysis techniques to process the collected information. The population consisted of 45 students from two different classes at SMP Muhammadiyah 10, with 37 students' exercise results being analyzed. The data was obtained from students' written compositions in which they employed the simple present tense to describe various subjects. The findings revealed four major error types: omission (46.90%), addition (16.04%), misformation (27.16%), and misordering (9.90%). Among these, omission errors were the most prevalent, comprising 38 errors or 46.90% of the total. The results emphasize the need for targeted instruction and practice to enhance students' mastery of the simple present tense in writing descriptive texts, thereby improving their overall English language proficiency.
 
 Highlights:
 
 
 Error analysis: Identifying and analyzing errors in the use of simple present tense in descriptive texts.
 Seventh grade students: Evaluating the proficiency of students in using the simple present tense.
 Qualitative method: Employing a qualitative approach to gather and analyze data on error patterns in descriptive writing.
 
 Keywords: simple present tense, descriptive texts, error analysis, seventh grade students, qualitative method.