Dominant Energy Source Research Articles

Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Consumption in the Garments, Textile, and Dyeing Sectors in Savar, Dhaka (2019-2021)

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, a key driver of global climate change, continue to rise due to industrial activities and fossil fuel reliance. This study evaluates energy consumption patterns and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the garments, textile, and dyeing industries in Savar Upazila, Dhaka, from 2019 to 2021. Natural gas has been identified as the dominant energy source, contributing to a steady increase in GHG emissions from 64,920 tons in 2019 to 69,531 tons in 2021. Diesel and electricity consumption also contributed to emissions, with notable growth in the textile and dyeing sectors. Although minimal, solar energy adoption showed a positive upward trend, rising from 0.058 to 0.113 TJ during the study period, indicating a shift toward renewable energy sources. Despite this, the total GHG emissions rose from 129,015 tons in 2019 to 137,880 tons in 2021, emphasizing the need for cleaner technologies and more sustainable practices. The findings underscore the significance of enhancing energy efficiency and implementing renewable energy sources to mitigate the environmental impact of these industries.

Green logistics optimization for coal supply in a power plant connecting maritime port

This study addresses the coal transportation and flow distribution challenges within a “port-before-plant” type thermal power plant, with a strong emphasis on green logistics principles. Despite significant advancements in clean energy, coal remains a dominant energy source in China, necessitating optimization in its usage and management to mitigate environmental impacts. This paper introduces an integrated optimization model grounded in green logistics and employs an Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) algorithm to efficiently manage the coal supply chain from unloading at ports to loading into generators. The model incorporates new parameters and constraints that not only reflect the operational realities of coal logistics but also emphasize minimizing carbon emissions and energy consumption. Numerical experiments demonstrate the algorithm’s superior performance compared to traditional solvers like Gurobi, particularly in handling large-scale instances. Sensitivity analysis reveals the importance of prioritizing efficient and environmentally sustainable unloading and loading equipment, suggesting strategies for optimizing green coal transportation routes. Overall, this research provides valuable insights for policymakers and industry operators to enhance operational efficiency while ensuring environmental sustainability through the implementation of green logistics

Intention to use alternative cooking energy among households of Northeastern Nigeria

Energy is one of the global challenges attracting more concern at both local and international levels due to its impact on health and the environment. Ensuring accessibility to sustainable, affordable, reliable and modern energy is one of the SDG goals intended to be achieved before 2030. The standard of living of a family is determined by the type of energy and pattern of its utilization by the households. However, many households in developing countries are not using alternative energy sources despite their abundance and potential. This study investigates the predominant energy sources and drivers of intention to use alternative ones as cooking energy among households in Northeastern Nigeria. Three hundred and thirty-nine (339) households were selected using a multi-stage sampling procedure for the study, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The result revealed that firewood and charcoal were the dominant energy sources used for cooking by households (63.13 % and 52.37 %, respectively) due to their relatively low cost and ease of access. Electricity, LPG, and solar are the cooking energy sources that over 90 % of households are willing to adopt as alternatives. The ease of using the alternative cooking energy sources their availability and accessing energy information via radio, NGOs and universities/research institutions affect the household's intention to use alternative cooking energy sources in a positive way. Ensuring a constant supply of electricity, subsidizing solar PV, making LPG available and affordable to households, provision of clean and modern stoves at a subsidized price and collaboration with universities, NGOs for awareness creation will help reduce deforestation and over-dependence on firewood, thereby protecting the health and the environment.

Drivers of variation in fuel choice for cooking: From the selected towns of North Shoa, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

This study aimed to examine household fuel choice behaviour and drivers of variation in fuel choice for cooking. It utilizes descriptive statistics, ordered logit model and generalized ordered logit model to analyze the influence of independent variables upon dependent variables. The result shows that, mixed fuels are the dominant sources of energy with 43.75 % followed by unclean fuel with 33.25 % and then clean fuel with 23 %. This confirms ‘households’ Fuel-Stacking behaviour. The result of the ordered logit model suggest that variables like family size, per monthly income, the gender of household head, household ownership of electric meter, ownership of housing unit, marital status, age, occupation, educational levels of household heads, and the number of the adult females are statistically significant at 1 %, 5 %, and 10 % while, place of residence and occupation (self-non agriculture) are statistically insignificant to determine fuel choice. Identifying the fuels which are chosen by households should serve as a guide for government and policymakers in the formulation and implementation of policies and strategies that will guarantee optimal access to clean energy sources. Therefore, the government should improve the supply and distribution of electric meters by subsidizing them.

Submesoscale processes and their seasonality generated by freshwater discharge at the Yangtze estuary

As the intersection between land and sea, the estuary is a hotpot for natural and human-induced processes that affect its physical and chemical characteristics, as well as biodiversity and ecosystems. Due to a combination of freshwater discharge and the unique topography of river estuaries, submesoscales with a spatial scale of O(1) km can be easily generated due to the presence of strong salinity fronts at river estuaries. As the biggest river in Asia, the basically dynamical characteristics and their seasonal mechanisms of submesoscales at the Yangtze estuary remain unclear. Using a nested high-resolution (300 m) simulation established by the Coastal and Regional Ocean Community model (CROCO), the seasonal variability of submesoscales at the Yangtze estuary is investigated and the underlying generation mechanisms are analyzed based on the analysis of kinetic energy budget. The results of normalized relative vorticity, horizontal salinity gradient, and submesoscale kinetic energy (SMKE) show that submesoscale processes have a seasonal variation at the Yangtze estuary. This seasonality is tightly related to the freshwater input with a correlation coefficient of up to 0.66 (the confidence level >99%). To figure out the dominant energy sources that control the SMKE budget, five terms including the baroclinic term (BC), the barotropic term (BT), the advection of submesoscale kinetic energy term (ADK), the pressure work term (PW), and vertical mixing term (VM) are diagnosed. The results suggest that BC, BT, and PW are the source producing SMKE, while ADK and VM tend to dissipate SMKE. This work suggests the important role of submesoscale activities in the energy cascade and enhancing the transports of tracers at the estuary.

The Adiabatic Evolution of 3D Annular Vortices with a Double-Eyewall Structure

Tropical cyclones (TCs) can be characterized as a 3D annular structure of elevated potential vorticity (PV). However, strong mature TCs often develop a secondary eyewall, leading to a 3D annular vortex with a double-eyewall structure. Using 2D linear stability analysis, it is shown that three types of barotropic instability (BI) are present for annular vortices with a double-eyewall structure: Type-1 BI across the secondary eyewall, Type-2 BI across the moat of the vortex, and Type-3 BI across the primary eyewall. The overall stability of these vortices (and the type of BI that develops) depends principally upon five vortex parameters: the thickness of the primary eyewall, the thickness of the secondary eyewall, the moat width, the vorticity ratio between the eye and the primary eyewall, and the vorticity ratio between the primary and secondary eyewall. The adiabatic evolution of 3D annular vortices with a double-eyewall structure is examined using a primitive equation model in normalized isobaric coordinates. It is shown that Type-2 BI is the most common type of BI for 3D annular vortices whose vortex parameters mimic TCs with a double-eyewall structure. During the onset of Type-2 BI, eddy kinetic energy budget analysis indicates that barotropic energy conversion from the mean azimuthal flow is the dominant energy source of the eddies, which produces a radial velocity field with a quadrupole structure. Absolute angular momentum budget analysis indicates that Type-2 BI generates azimuthally averaged radial outflow across the moat, and the eddies transport absolute angular momentum radially outward towards the secondary eyewall. The combination of these processes leads to the dissipation of the primary eyewall and the maintenance of the secondary eyewall for the vortex.

Long Time Dynamics for Platinum Surface Area Loss in PEM Fuel Cells

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells may emerge as a dominant clean energy source for heavy duty transport vehicles. Amongst other considerations, the lifetime performance of the fuel cell cathode catalyst layer is a key component of their future viability and a focus in the development of many proposed membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs). Typical targets of the lifetime of a PEMFC stack are on the order of thousands of hours of operation. However, running degradation tests spanning those long timescales is often impractical; and consequently, extensive work has been done developing and implementing accelerated stress tests (AST's) in order to screen proposed cathode catalyst materials for fuel cells.Much value is obtained by accurate and robust lifetime prediction models which are able bridge the gap between degradation from AST's in differential cells, and degradation of the catalyst layer in a fuel cell stack under realistic operating conditions. In other words, by parameterizing a model on short-time, subscale ASTs and extrapolating to a stack after tens of thousands of hours of operation. Commonly in such models, the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of platinum is used as the primary state-of-health parameter and predicted using either data-driven models or physics-based models. On one hand, data-driven models may be well suited to utilize large sets of stack data, but offer weaker extrapolation potential, conversely fitting physics-based models on global measurements of stack data is rarely a well-conditioned inverse problem.In this talk we present a scaling law on the long-time behavior of the ECSA obtained from analysis of governing physics equations from the literature. It is assumed that the primary loss mechanism is the coarsening of platinum particles, and the chief technique used is the method of averaging, which allows for the separation of two timescales: the short timescale of platinum oxide formation and dissolution, and the longer timescale over which the particle size distribution changes and a performance loss can be detected. The physics-derived asymptote for the ECSA evolution is then applied to several experiments and found to be in good agreement, allowing for a simple, streamlined lifetime prediction method for PEM fuel cells.

The Dynamics of Energy-Related Carbon Emissions and Their Influencing Factors in the Yangtze River Delta, China

Chinese cities are pursuing an energy transition to decouple energy-related carbon emissions (ERCEs) from economic growth. Despite numerous studies focusing on the factors influencing carbon emissions, few have quantitatively analyzed their respective contribution rates, thus leaving a gap in effectively guiding policies. This study took 16 cities in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) as the study area. The decoupling between ERCEs and economic growth was analyzed during 2000–2020, and the contribution rates of different factors were explored. The results showed that the total ERCEs increased from 413.40 million to 1265.86 million tons during 2000–2020, increasing by over three times. Coal and oil were the dominant energy sources in most cities, but natural gas consumption increased from 0.15% to 5.96%. Moreover, 14 cities showed a decoupling status, indicating a certain win–win situation between economic growth and ERCE reduction. Economic growth greatly increased ERCEs, with its contribution rate ranging from 114.65% to 493.27% during 2000–2020. On the contrary, energy structure and energy intensity both contributed to reducing ERCEs in most cities, and their maximum contribution rates reached −32.29% and −449.13%, respectively, which were the main forces for the win–win situation. Finally, carbon reduction proposals are put forward, which provide theoretical support for achieving the “Double Carbon” goal in the YRD.

The unsolved problem of solar-wind turbulence

The solar wind forms the largest wind tunnel for plasma and magnetofluid turbulence that is accessible to Earth. It evolves from what is thought to be a turbulent source that continues to drive nonlinear turbulent dynamics as it expands outward via large-scale, energy-containing wind shear and shocks. In the outer heliosphere, once the gradients in the flow have coalesced and they no longer provide an adequate source for the turbulence, the excitation of wave energy by the injection of interstellar pickup ions becomes the dominant source of energy that continues to drive the turbulence. While there are established formalisms for the determination of the strength of the turbulence and the evolution of the turbulent spectra is well-established, the actual nonlinear dynamics that are responsible for its formation and evolution remain unresolved and the subject of considerable debate. We examine the evidence and attempt to illuminate the various theories while demonstrating what is needed to resolve the debates and bring the subject of plasma turbulence into a new level of understanding.

Dynamic quantitative assessment of multiple uncertainty sources in future hydropower generation prediction of cascade reservoirs with hydrological variations

Hydropower is the dominant renewable energy source, which can significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions while providing electric energy. It is a crucial way to achieve the dual-carbon goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. However, climate change inevitably threatens hydropower, either directly or indirectly. Global climate models (GCMs) and hydrological models (HMs) under different representative concentration pathways (RCPs) have been combined to investigate future hydropower generation responses to climate change. The contribution of multiple uncertainty sources to multi-scale hydropower generation uncertainties with hydrological variations remains unclear. Therefore, to address the above challenge, a three-step framework was proposed in this paper: (1) predicting future inflows to reservoirs using three HMs (HBV, SWAT and XAJ) with different structures driven by six GCMs (BNU-ESM, GFDL-ESM2G, GFDL-ESM2M, CanESM2, MIROC-ESM-CHEM and CSIRO-MK3-6-0) under three RCPs (i.e., RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5); (2) diagnosing future hydrological conditions using the Comprehensive Differential Split-sample Test; (3) predicting future hydropower generation of cascade reservoirs by developing a cascade hydropower generation model and dynamically quantifying the contribution of multiple uncertainty sources to multi-scale hydropower generation uncertainties with hydrological conditions based on the variance decomposition method through subsampling. The results indicate that GCMs, HMs, climate emission scenarios and their interactions significantly impacted the uncertainty of hydropower generation with hydrological variations. In the flood season, the relative contributions of GCMs and HMs were the largest, accounting for about 40 %. The interaction effects of multiple uncertainty sources gradually increased before, after and during the non-flood season, with its relative contribution accounting for about 36 %. These findings can facilitate the active response to the new challenges of strategic hydropower energy development under climate change, reducing the losses caused by climate change.

Stellar feedback impact on the ionized gas kinematics in the dwarf galaxy Sextans B

ABSTRACT We investigated the ionized and atomic gas kinematics and excitation state in the central region of ongoing star formation of the nearby low-metallicity dwarf galaxy Sextans B. The analysis is based on the new observations performed in the H α emission line with high resolution (R ∼ 16 000) scanning Fabry–Perot interferometer at the 6-m BTA Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences telescope, and on the long-slit spectral observations at the 9.2-m SALT and 2.5-m Caucasian Mountain Observatory of Sternberg Astronomical Institute of Moscow State University telescopes. Strong non-circular gas motions detected in the studied regions probably resulted from the off-plane gas motions and impact of stellar feedback. We identified six regions of elevated H α velocity dispersion, five of which exhibit asymmetric or two-component H α line profiles. Three of these regions are young (<1.1 Myr) expanding ($V_\mathrm{exp} \sim 25-50 \, \mbox{km}\, \mbox{s}^{-1}$) superbubbles. We argue that at least three regions in the galaxy could be supernova remnants. We conclude that supernovae feedback is the dominant source of energy for superbubbles in Sextans B, which is expected for such a low metallicity, although we cannot rule out a strong impact of pre-supernova feedback for one superbubble.

Energy Deposition into the Ionosphere during a Solar Flare with Extreme-ultraviolet Late Phase

Solar extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) irradiance is the dominant energy source for ionizing and heating the Earth’s upper atmosphere. It is common to assume that the spectra of different EUV lines have the same trend to fill the solar EUV irradiance gap for modeling purposes due to inadequate EUV irradiance measurements. However, the spectra across the EUV bands may not vary in the same trend. The flare radiation energy release in the EUV (10–120 nm) is about twice as much as X-rays (0.1–10 nm) during flare interval ∼03–06 UT on 2012 October 23. By assimilating the observed nonuniform varying, time-dependent, and high-resolution solar spectrum from the Solar Dynamics Observatory mission into the modeling framework, we provide the first direct evidence of nonuniform varying solar EUV fluxes during the solar flare EUV late phase (ELP) having appreciable effects on the dayside ionosphere. The total EUV radiation energy release (5.838 × 1028 erg) during the flare ELP is larger than that (5.698 × 1028 erg) during the flare main phase. The ELP of an X1.8-class solar flare on 2012 October 23 can increase the dayside ionospheric density at the subsolar point by ∼5 TECU and the ionospheric density enhancements extend from the bottom to the peak of the F2 region at low latitudes with relative changes ranging from ∼20% to ∼100%. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating a realistic, high spectral and temporal resolution solar irradiance spectrum into numerical models to capture the observed time-varying ionospheric response to solar flares.

Observed 10–20-Day Deep-Current Variability at 5°N, 90.5°E in the Eastern Indian Ocean

Abstract In the eastern off-equatorial Indian Ocean, deep current intraseasonal variability within a typical period of 10–20 days was revealed by a mooring at 5°N, 90.5°E, accounting for over 50% of the total bottom subtidal velocity variability. The 10–20-day oscillations were more energetic in the cross-isobathic direction (STD = 3.02 cm s−1) than those in the along-isobathic direction (STD = 1.50 cm s−1). The oscillations were interpreted as topographic Rossby waves (TRWs) because they satisfied the TRWs dispersion relation that considered the smaller Coriolis parameter and stronger β effect at low latitude. Further analysis indicated significant vertical coupling between the deep cross-slope oscillations and cross-isobathic 10–20-day perturbations at the depth of 300–950 m. The 10–20-day TRWs were generated by cross-isobathic motions under the potential vorticity conservation adjustment. The Mercator Ocean output reproduced the generation of kinetic energy (KE) of deep current variability. The associated diagnostic analysis of multiscale energetics showed that the KE of TRWs was mainly supplied by vertical pressure work. In the seamount region (2°–10°N, 89°–92°E), vertical and horizontal pressure works were identified to be the dominant energy source (contributing to 94% of the total KE source) and sink (contributing to 98% of the total KE sink) of the deep current variability, transporting energy downward and redistributing energy horizontally, respectively.

Value-Addition in Biomass for enhanced Household Energy Security in Navakholo Sub-County, Kenya

Although firewood is still the dominant source of energy in the majority of rural households in Navakholo, its sustainable availability is threatened by a steady decline in tree cover as much land gets converted to agricultural use. Opportunities for expanding energy security in such places reside in previously untapped potential for value addition on biomass energy sources. The broad objective of this research was to enhance availability and access to biomass energy while at the same time conserving tree cover for posterity. The specific objective was to assess opportunities for energy security through value-addition on available biomass energy sources. Data was collected using a questionnaire survey and focus group discussions in each of the five Wards of the Sub-County. Descriptive statistics and content analysis of responses were used to analyse the data and generate knowledge to inform future decision-making. Although Navakholo sub-county is a maize and sugarcane zone, results showed that value-addition practices on these two biomass energy sources such as through briquetting are non-existent. Much of the maize cobs are directly used as low energy fuel or simply left to rot away. Cow dung, which has a potential for energy provision through conversion into energy balls is usually used as manure in the farm. In addition, investment in biogas production is untapped because of the high initial costs. Only rudimentary approaches such as use of saw dust in cook stoves, and extinguishing firewood and charcoal after the day’s cooking are used to ease the pressure on available firewood. Although charcoal is a value-added product on wood fuel, respondents did not see it from that perspective. It was instead viewed as an energy alternative for those who could afford it. Opportunities for other value-added products like briquettes from charcoal, dust, saw dust and sugarcane cutting singly or in blended form remains unexploited. With appropriate exposure and capacity building on binder material and supply of press equipment, availability of biomass energy can be increased through the conversion of readily available maize cobs into briquettes. Secondary feedstock like cow dung, charcoal dust and saw dust may also be converted or used as binder material.

Lagged effects of snow on extreme precipitation in the arid area of Northwest China and the associated mechanisms

Study regionThe arid area of Northwest China. Study focusThis study aims to explore the lagged effects of snow on extreme precipitation and the associated mechanisms by using composite analysis and extracting significant areas. Due to the complex terrain of the study area, we have explored the response of soil temperature, soil moisture, and various energy changes in different sub-regions, these explorations are conducted in conjunction with the study of lagged effects of snow on extreme precipitation and provide a reference for future climate prediction. New hydrological insights for the regionThe response pathways of soil and energy are explored during the impact of snow on extreme precipitation in different significant areas. Latent heat flux is the main energy source, but sensible heat flux and effective radiation can also become the local dominant energy sources due to the influence of many environmental factors. Differences in the paths of influence in different regions will result in different atmospheric circulation anomalies. When the low-value system appears, it is more likely to cause extreme precipitation.

Martian global current systems and related solar wind energy transfer: hybrid simulation under nominal conditions

ABSTRACT The magnetized solar wind drives a current system around Mars that maintains its induced magnetosphere. The solar wind also transfers its energy to the atmospheric ions, causing continuous atmospheric erosion, which has a profound impact on the planet’s evolution history. Here, we use Amitis, a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)-based hybrid plasma model to first reproduce the global pattern of the net electric current and ion currents under an interplanetary magnetic field perpendicular to the solar wind flow direction. The resultant current distribution matches the observations and reveals more details. Using the electric field distribution characterized earlier with the same model, we calculate for the first time the spatial distribution of energy transfer rate to the plasmas in general and to different ion species at Mars. We find out that (1) the solar wind kinetic energy is the dominant energy source that drives Martian induced magnetosphere, (2) the energy flux of the shocked solar wind flows from the magnetic equatorial plane towards the plasma sheet in the induced magnetotail, (3) both the bow shock and the induced magnetospheric boundary are dynamos where plasma energy is transferred to the electromagnetic field, and (4) the planetary ions act as loads and gain energy from the electromagnetic field. The most intense load region is the planetary ion plume. The general pattern of the energy transfer rate revealed in this study is common for induced magnetospheres. Its variabilities with the upstream conditions can provide physical insight into the observed ion escape variabilities.

Energy transition roadmap towards net-zero communities: A case study in Japan

Mitigation pathways are critical in achieving carbon neutrality. However, currently most analyses of carbon neutral scenarios are based on solving for macroeconomic costs and optimal energy sharing. However, it remains unclear how the contribution of energy from each of the various technologies and their interactions, change over time. To address this, this study presents an improved “Glocal” Century Energy Environment Planning (G-CEEP) model, with embedded energy technology modules, evaluate different mitigation pathways. The approach introduced here provides a more nuanced understanding of how a broad range of measures can be evaluated at each step. Based on these findings, although it may be challenging, communities can achieve carbon neutrality by using different measures during different stages. Interestingly, although there is consensus that renewable energy sources contribute the most to decarbonization, communities need to engage in discussion about how to utilize renewable energy. Furthermore, imported energy sources could become the dominant clean energy source for 2022–2028, providing a transition between low-cost on-site energy sources and high-cost technologies based on biomass and hydrogen. And implementation of hydrogen- and biomass- based sources requires the window period for establishing a supply chain and reducing costs.

Analysis of annual power and electricity balance of hydro-thermal system in Yunnan province based on rolling dispatch with leading reservoir

Renewable energy penetration presents challenges for power systems, including unit reconfiguration, resource allocation, and potential electricity shortage. In Yunnan Province, where hydropower is a dominant energy source, annual power and electricity imbalance is a serious issue due to insufficient hydropower regulation capacity and less scheduling flexibility. To address these problems, a rolling dispatch method is proposed to connect medium- and long-term scheduling with short-term scheduling, providing hourly start-stop statuses and output plans for units throughout the year and effectively solving power imbalance issues. Additionally, an economic benefit and electricity shortage analysis of the Longpan leading reservoir in the Jinsha River Basin is conducted, resulting in a 13 billion kWh annual power generation increase and approximately 4 billion yuan in direct economic benefits, greatly improving Yunnan Province’s adjustment ability from dry seasons to wet seasons.

Research on top-level planning for sustainable high-quality development of China’s largest scale deep coal mining area

Coal is the dominant energy source in China, as it has an advantageous position in terms of resource distribution. Against the backdrop of China’s high-quality economic development and the global energy crisis, after nearly a decade of preparation, the Xinjie Taigemiao Mine Area (XTMA) has entered the substantial planning and design stage. Based on the resource development conditions and the background of the times of XTMA, the paper provides an in-depth analysis of the connotation and characteristics of XTMA’s high-quality development. Subsequently, the overall development concept of “1358” for XTMA is proposed, which includes one strategic objective, three new models, five attribute goals, and eight assessment indicators. Based on this, a top-level planning and design for the implementation of high-quality development in XTMA is carried out comprehensively from aspects such as spatial layout, intelligent safety, integrated zero-carbon, ecological green, technological innovation, cluster management, and harmonious happiness. Finally, we look forward to the long-term blueprint for high-quality development of the XTMA and put forward urgent recommendations for current construction. The research on the high-quality development plan of XTMA will promote the development of China’s coal industry and is of great significance.

Assessing the efforts of coal phaseout for carbon neutrality in China

As the world's largest producer and consumer of coal, coal phaseout is critical for China to achieve carbon neutrality and contribute to global decarbonization. Here, utilizing the Global Change Assessment Model, this paper simulates China's coal phaseout pathways at the sectoral level between 2015 and 2060, considering the deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS). The results show that China's coal consumption peaks at 96.4 Exajoules (EJ) in approximately 2020 and needs to decrease to 10.9 EJ by 2060 to achieve carbon neutrality. Specifically, the power sector bears the most significant proportion of responsibility, as its coal consumption must fall to 1.4 EJ by 2060, which is approximately 97.2% lower than the peak in 2020. The industrial sector is next and needs to decrease consumption to 9.2 EJ of coal in 2060, which is a reduction of 32.3 EJ below the 2020 level. Electricity will replace coal as the dominant energy source in the industrial sector after 2040. However, a portion of feed coal will remain in the industry for a long time. Among the industrial subsectors, the steel sector needs to put significant pressure on efforts to phase out coal, followed by the cement and nitrogen fertilizer sectors. In 2060, these three sectors will consume 5.7 EJ of coal, accounting for 64.1% of the total coal consumption in the industrial sector. The deployment of coal-CCS is one of the alternatives to achieve carbon neutrality and ensure smooth coal phaseout. Under the carbon neutrality scenario, the annual deployment of coal-CCS needs to exceed 0.13 EJ from 2025 to 2045, with a peak at 3.3 EJ in 2045.