Dominant Class Research Articles

Coupling of submerged macrophytes and epiphytic biofilms reduced methane emissions from wetlands: Evidenced by an antibiotic inhibition experiment

Wetlands are the largest natural methane source, but how submerged macrophytes affect methane emission remains controversial. In this study, the impacts of submerged macrophytes on methane fluxes, water purification, and epiphytic microbial community dynamics were investigated in simulated wetlands (with and without Hydrilla verticillata) treated with norfloxacin (NOR) for 24 days. Mean methane fluxes were significantly lower in treatments with Hydrilla verticillata (56.84–90.94 mg/m2/h) than bulks (65.96–113.21 mg/m2/h) (p < 0.05) during the experiment regardless of NOR. The relative conductivity (REC) values, H2O2, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents increased in plant leaves, while water nutrients removal rates decreased with increasing NOR concentration at the same sampling time. The partial least squares path model analysis revealed that plant physiological indices and water nutrients positively affected methane fluxes (0.72 and 0.49, p < 0.001). According to illumina sequencing results of 16S rRNA and pmoA genes, α-proteobacteria (type II) and γ-proteobacteria (type I) were the dominant methanotroph classes in all epiphytic biofilms. The ratio of type I/type II methanotrophs and pmoA gene abundance in epiphytic biofilm was considerably lower in treatment with 16 mg/L NOR than without it (p < 0.05). pmoA gene abundance was negatively correlated with methane fluxes (p < 0.05). Additionally, the assembly of epiphytic bacterial community was mainly governed by deterministic processes, while stochastic dispersal limitation was the primary assembly process in the epiphytic methanotrophic community under NOR stress. The deterministic process gained more importance with time both in bacterial and methanotrophic community assembly. Network analysis revealed that relationships among bacteria in epiphytic biofilms weakened with time but associations among methanotrophic members were enhanced under NOR stress over time. It could be concluded that submerged macrophytes-epiphytic biofilms symbiotic system exhibited potential prospects to reduce methane emissions from wetlands under reasonable management.

Spatial–temporal distribution of mangrove species in the estuary of the Mamanguape river in the state of Paraíba, Brazil

Mangrove ecosystems are under pressure from various anthropic sources, such as changes in land use in watersheds and effects related to climate change. Thus, detailed monitoring of the distribution of mangrove species can provide important information concerning how such ecosystems are responding to these alterations. This study investigates the spatial–temporal distribution of mangrove species and quantifies the area of the mangrove in the Mamanguape River estuary in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. Land use and land cover changes in mangrove morest during the past 35 years (1985 to 2020) were determined using multi-temporal satellite imageries by Landsat TM and the Random Forest algorithm. The results indicated 17 classes, 9 of which belong to mangrove and 8 to associated classes. The classification of images presented overall accuracy varying between 81.9% and 92.3% and a Kappa coefficient of from 77.7% to 91.1%. We verified a trend of species distribution, in which A. schaueriana and R. mangle exhibited the greater coverage in areas under greater marine influence, while A. germinans and L. racemosa showed higher coverage in areas under greater influence of fresh water. The dominant class was composed of Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia schaueriana, and Laguncularia racemosa. Analyses into alterations of the composition of mangrove species in the estuary of the Mamanguape River indicate that the class of R. mangle, A. schaueriana, and L. racemosa and the class of A. schaueriana diminished, while the class of R. mangle and L. racemosa and the apicum class increased. There was a loss of 2.1% of the mangrove during the study period. During the year 2020 the area registered was 4,620 ha. The main causes of loss of the mangrove area were the installation of shrimp farming ponds, severe defoliation, and the conversion of mangroves into pasture. The mapping carried out in this study provides new insights into the conservation status of the mangrove forests in the Mamanguape River estuary and represents a valuable approach for informing replanting strategies and future management practices.

Microbiota is structured by gut regions, life stage, and diet in the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens).

The larvae of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) provide numerous ecological benefits, leading to significant commercial advancements. These benefits include the bioconversion of low-value waste into high-value feed and soil amendments. Understanding how the bacterial and eukaryotic microbiota communities affect host performance becomes vital for the optimization and specialization of industrial-scale rearing. This study investigates H. illucens-associated microbiota taxonomic composition and dynamics across the developmental cycle (eggs, neonates, larvae, prepupae, and imago X0 to second generation X1) when reared on two substrates: (i) plant-based (Housefly Gainesville diet) and (ii) animal-based (poultry hatchery waste). By using the 16S gene amplicon metataxonomic approach, we found that the results revealed that bacterial microbiota inherited from parents reared on a different substrate may have induced dysbiosis in the progeny. Specifically, the interaction networks of individuals reared on hatchery waste showed a high prevalence of negative interactions and low connectivity. Proteobacteria (39-92%), Firmicutes (4-39%), Bacteroidota (1-38%), and Actinobacteria (1-33%). In animal feed-reared individuals, Firmicutes reached the highest relative abundance (10-80%), followed by Proteobacteria (6-55%), Actinobacteria (1-31%), and Bacteroidota (0-22%). The rearing substrate was the main driver of microbiota composition, while the developmental stage influenced only the whole individual's bacterial microbiota composition. Gut regions were associated with distinct bacterial composition and richness, with diversity decreasing along the digestive tract. For the first time, microeukaryotes of the microbiota other than Fungi were investigated using 18S genetic marker amplicon sequencing with novel blocking primers specific to the Black Soldier Fly. Microeukaryotes are a neglected part of multitrophic microbiota communities that can have similar effects on their hosts as bacterial microbiota. Microeukaryotes from seven orders were identified in black soldier flies, including potential pathogens (e.g., Aplicomplexa group). Nucletmycea were the dominant class throughout development, followed by Holozoa and Stramenophiles. The eukaryote microbiota was structured by developmental stages but not by gut regions. Insights from this study are a stepping stone toward the microbiological optimization of black soldier flies for industrial rearing, highlighting how a synthetic microbiota assembly should be tailored to the rearing environment of the larvae at a targeted developmental stage.

The volatilome reveals microcystin concentration, microbial composition, and oxidative stress in a critical Oregon freshwater lake.

Toxins produced by cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater lakes are a serious public health problem. The conditions leading to toxin production are unpredictable, thereby requiring expensive sampling and monitoring programs globally. We explored the potential of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to indicate microcystin presence and concentration and microbial community composition in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. Elastic net regularization regression selected 24 of 229 detected m/z + 1 values (corresponding to unique VOCs) in models predicting microcystin contamination. These models outperformed regression models based only on environmental parameters, including chlorophyll, pH, and temperature. Several m/z + 1 values selected by elastic net were putatively identified as saturated fatty aldehydes, which defend cyanobacteria against oxidative stress. Elastic net also identified unique sets of m/z + 1 values that predicted the relative abundance of the dominant bacterial phyla, classes, and cyanobacterial genera. VOCs appear to reveal the physiological status of cyanobacteria during toxic blooms and may be a key component of lake monitoring strategies. IMPORTANCE Harmful algal blooms are among the most significant threats to drinking water safety. Blooms dominated by cyanobacteria can produce potentially harmful toxins and, despite intensive research, toxin production remains unpredictable. We measured gaseous molecules in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, over 2 years and used them to predict the presence and concentration of the cyanotoxin, microcystin, and microbial community composition. Subsets of gaseous compounds were identified that are associated with microcystin production during oxidative stress, pointing to ecosystem-level interactions leading to microcystin contamination. Our approach shows potential for gaseous molecules to be harnessed in monitoring critical waterways.

Multi-Dimensional Surface Water Quality Analyses in the Manawatu River Catchment, New Zealand

Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) properties give vital information about pollution signatures in rivers, and they help develop best management practices (BMPs) for effective water resource management. This work employs multivariate statistical methods, receptor modeling, connectivity analysis, and univariate trend analysis to investigate pollution sources across spatiotemporal scales in the Manawatu River, New Zealand. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) method was applied to interpret possible contamination sources. A 25-year dataset (1989–2014) comprising 12 water quality variables from three sites was used. Runoff connectivity analyses identified high-producing grassland (HG) as the most dominant pollution class in all sub-catchments. Univariate analyses revealed that nutrients and sediments were higher than in the initial monitoring years. The PMF analysis found possible pollutants causing impairment, which required attention from waste managers. PMF also showed that point, natural, and agricultural sources significantly contributed to pollution downstream of the river. In the midstream, the erosion, point, and agricultural sources were significant contributing factors. Agricultural pollution and soil erosion were the main contributors to the upstream sub-catchment area. This study suggests that BMPs with a high retention capacity are needed in specific locations in the catchment area to filter high concentrations of pollutants generated.

Zooplankton size-structure dynamics of a lowland tropical floodplain lake

Floodplains are highly complex ecosystems representing high biodiversity and conservation values, but they are also one of the world’s most threatened ecosystems due to extensive development and anthropogenic activities. Lake Tempe is a lowland riverine floodplain lake in Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, that is subject to multiple stressors such as flow alteration, eutrophication and invasive species. In this study, the dynamics of the zooplankton community size structure was investigated in Lake Tempe. Five size-based metrics, including zooplankton mean body size, total abundance, total, biomass, and normalised biomass size spectra (NBSS) slope and intercept were assessed from net-sampled zooplankton collected monthly from March to December 2016, and the role of environmental variables in shaping these size-based metrics were also examined. Zooplankton community size structure is a useful metric as it is less labour intensive than traditional approaches, provides more data accuracy and does not require highly specialised taxonomic expertise. The zooplankton community in Lake Tempe was characterised by high density of small-sized zooplankton with an average mean body size < 500 µm equivalent spherical diameter. While the zooplankton density was characterised by the dominance of the size class 300–700 µm, there was evidence of a significant contribution of the size > 700 µm towards total biomass. Seasonal hydrological regimes, water temperature and eutrophication parameters, as indicated by total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a concentration, had a significant role in driving the variability of zooplankton community size structure in this system. The results of this study are not only a significant step in providing critical baseline information on the zooplankton assemblage of Lake Tempe, but is also a significant contribution to the overall understanding of zooplankton community structure in tropical lakes, and will aid in improving lake management plans in these regions.

The Niche Mechanism of Weeds in Cotton Field Under Drip-Irrigated in North Xinjiang, China

The aim of this study was to investigate the niche mechanism and diversity of weeds in drip-irrigated and machine-harvested cotton fields in north Xinjiang, China. The dominant classes of weeds in 25 cotton fields under drip-irrigated and machine-harvested in 5 regions of north Xinjiang were investigated by seven-grade visual method, and converted to important value data, the 20 main weeds niche breadth and niche overlap were caculated on the basis of the data above. The ecological similiarity revealed by DCA sorting and minimum spanning tree of graph theory cluster analysis is drawed on the basis of the niche overlap value. The results show that Convolvulus arvensis L., Chenopodium album L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Solanum nigrum L., Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., Setria viridis (L.) Beauv., Abutilon theophrasti Medicus., Hibiscus trionum L., Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv., nine species of weeds, which are the dominant species (malignant weeds) in drip-irrigated and machine-harvested cotton fields in North Xinjiang, have wide niche. The niche overlap values of S. nigrum L. and C. album L., A. theophrasti Medicus. and A. retroflexus L., H. trionum L. and E. crusgall (L.) Beauv., A. retroflexus L. and E. crusgalli (L.) Beauv. are higher. The minimal spanning tree method based on niche overlap value to reflect similar degree of the ecological needs of the weeds, 20 main weeds will be divided into 4 groups. DCA ordination of 20 main weeds comprehensive ecological needs of 25 sampling sites: the vicious weeds all gathered at the central sorting chart, the distinction is obvious with the general weed and the corresponding of DCA ordination chart with minimal spanning tree is better. The minimal spanning tree by its focus on the results of which show that weeds are the most similar to the ecological requirements, but not be used for the no adjacent species, and no clear that the ecological relationship between them, the DCA sorting can reflect the ecology similar relations between all weeds wholely, though this method will lose a small amount of ecological information through the data conversion. Therefore, the two methods will be combined, complementary advantages, the superiority is obvious. Along with drip irrigation age years increase, S. nigrum L., C. arvensis L., C. album L. and so on, between dominant value of nine species of malignant weeds and the drip irrigation age years has the remarkable regression relations.

APPORT DE LA GEOMATIQUE ALA DELIMITATION DES PERIMETRES DE PROTECTION AUTOUR DE LA PRISE DEAUPOUR LALIMENTATION EN EAU POTABLE SUR LA RIVIERE ME A KONGOFON (SUD EST DE LA COTE DIVOIRE)

The quality of the Me Rivers water is threatened by sources of pollution generated in the region without any measures being taken to protect this resource.So, to reduce the risk of pollution of this water resource, this study aims to delimit the protection perimeters around the water intake on the river.The methodological approach consisted firstly in assessing the vulnerability of the resource through the weighting and combination of five selected parameters, and then in determining the protection perimeters on the basis of the pre-established vulnerability map and data from previous studies.The pollution vulnerability map obtained reveals five classes of vulnerability around the water intake, with a dominance of the high class estimated at 29.44% of the watershed. Three protection perimeters have been defined. The immediate protection perimeter has a 200 m radius around the water intake and covers areas with a strong influence on the rivers vulnerability to pollution over a surface area of 1.97 km2.The close protection perimeter, covering a 1000 m radius, was delimited from the immediate protection perimeter. It covers an area of 43.7 km2 and takes into account the rivers low, medium and very high vulnerability classes, following the direction of water flow in the Me watershed.The remote protection perimeter covers a large part of the watershed, with an area of 1,480 Km2. It covers the rest of the catchments highly vulnerable areas and adjoins the close protection perimeter.The defined protection perimeters can serve as a guide for sustainable management and protection of river quality.

Toward Sustainable Development Trajectories? Estimating Urban Footprints from High-Resolution Copernicus Layers in Athens, Greece

Land imperviousness reflects settlement growth and urban sprawl. Grounded on a comparative approach, a set of multidimensional statistical techniques were adopted here to quantify the evolution of land imperviousness from Copernicus High-Resolution Layers (HRLs) in a representative case study of Southern Europe (Athens, Greece). A two-way data matrix reporting the percent share of the surface land exposed to different sealing levels (101 classes ranging continuously from 0% to 100%) in the total municipal area was computed for two years (2006 and 2018) individually for 115 municipalities in metropolitan Athens. This matrix represented the information base needed to derive place-specific urban footprints and a comprehensive (global) profile of land imperviousness. Results of a Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) delineated a metropolitan structure still organized along the density gradient, moving from dense settlements in central locations with dominant land classes sealed for more than 90% of their surface area to completely pervious land (0%) typical of rural locations. While the density gradient became less steep between 2006 and 2018, it continued to aliment a socioeconomic polarization in urban and rural districts with distinctive profiles of land imperviousness. Intermediate locations had more mixed imperviousness profiles as a result of urban sprawl. Differential profiles reflect place-specific urban footprints with distinctive land take rates.

#My(white)BodyMyChoice

This article explores the circulation of #MyBodyMyChoice in a series of deeply divisive political debates – abortion rights and mask wearing during COVID-19. We trace the appropriation of this slogan for differing ideological purposes, and its shifts from collective political action concerning pro-choice to the rights of individuals to refuse to comply with mask mandates. Underpinning the values of each is a white liberal racism that operates to uphold dominant gender, class and economic structures.

Effects of Different Rotation Combinations of Cabbage, Kidney Bean and Maize on Soil Fungal Communities and Soil Nutrients

The continuous cropping of cabbage or kidney bean results in a decrease in yield by influencing the soil environment. To decrease the damage caused by continuous cropping, ten treatments of cabbage–maize–cabbage (CMC), kidney bean–maize–cabbage (BMC), cabbage–cabbage–cabbage (CCC), cabbage–maize–kidney bean (CMB), kidney bean–maize–kidney bean (BMB), kidney bean–kidney bean–kidney bean (BBB), cabbage–cabbage–maize (CCM), cabbage–kidney bean–maize (CBM), kidney bean–kidney bean–maize (BBM) and kidney bean–cabbage–maize (BCM) rotation combinations were set up. The changes in soil nutrients, fungal community structure, composition and diversity in topsoil under the ten crop rotation combinations were analyzed using Illumina NovaSeq high-throughput sequencing technology and chemical technology. Fungal species were abundant in the ten treatments. The OTUs (operational taxonomic units) showed no significant differences. The richness index values of each treatment had significant differences. The diversity index value of the CCC treatment was significantly lower than those of the other treatments. The dominant soil fungal phylum was Ascomycota, and the subordinate soil fungal phylum was Basidiomycota. No significant differences were observed in Ascomycota between the treatments. Basidiomycota in the BBM treatment was significantly higher than that in the CCM treatment. Kickxellomycota was not found in the CCM and CCC treatments. The BBM treatment had no Entorrhizomycota. The dominant soil fungal class belonged to Ascomycota. The common distinction between continuous cropping and crop rotation was Diaporthales, which might be the main fungal order causing continuous cropping disorders. As the best choice, the BBM treatment could prevent soil-borne fungal diseases and provide the basis for the rational crop rotation of cabbage, kidney bean, and maize.

Diverse hydrocarbon degradation genes, heavy metal resistome, and microbiome of a fluorene-enriched animal-charcoal polluted soil.

Environmental compartments polluted with animal charcoal from the skin and hide cottage industries are rich in toxic heavy metals and diverse hydrocarbon classes, some of which are carcinogenic, mutagenic, and genotoxic, and thus require a bio-based eco-benign decommission strategies. A shotgun metagenomic approach was used to decipher the microbiome, hydrocarbon degradation genes, and heavy metal resistome of a microbial consortium (FN8) from an animal-charcoal polluted site enriched with fluorene. Structurally, the FN8 microbial consortium consists of 26 phyla, 53 classes, 119 orders, 245 families, 620 genera, and 1021 species. The dominant phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species in the consortium are Proteobacteria (51.37%), Gammaproteobacteria (39.01%), Bacillales (18.09%), Microbulbiferaceae (11.65%), Microbulbifer (12.21%), and Microbulbifer sp. A4B17 (19.65%), respectively. The microbial consortium degraded 57.56% (28.78 mg/L) and 87.14% (43.57 mg/L) of the initial fluorene concentration in 14 and 21 days. Functional annotation of the protein sequences (ORFs) of the FN8 metagenome using the KEGG GhostKOALA, KofamKOALA, NCBI's conserved domain database, and BacMet revealed the detection of hydrocarbon degradation genes for benzoate, aminobenzoate, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorocyclohexane/chlorobenzene, chloroalkane/chloroalkene, toluene, xylene, styrene, naphthalene, nitrotoluene, and several others. The annotation also revealed putative genes for the transport, uptake, efflux, and regulation of heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, nickel, copper, zinc, and several others. Findings from this study have established that members of the FN8 consortium are well-adapted and imbued with requisite gene sets and could be a potential bioresource for on-site depuration of animal charcoal polluted sites.

Transferable dynamic enhanced cost-sensitive network for cross-domain intelligent diagnosis of rotating machinery under imbalanced datasets

The imbalance is an inevitable problem in mechanical fault diagnostics, as most of the monitored samples for mechanical devices are normal, which results in the decision boundary of the classifier being heavily driven by the dominant class and ignoring the minority class. To settle this problem, a transferable dynamic enhanced cost-sensitive network (TDECN) is proposed in this study. Within this framework, the maximum classifier discrepancy approach is utilized as the backbone, in which sliced 1-Wasserstein discrepancy is exploited to measure the distance between two outputs and detect outlier targets. By doing this, the relationship between the task-specific decision border and the target features during distribution matching is considered. Simultaneously, a dynamic enhanced focal loss (DEL) is devised and embedded into the network. which makes the model pay more attention to error-prone and minor class instances compared with routine focal loss. Finally, extensive diagnostic experiments were implemented to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed TDECN. The noticeable accuracy improvement demonstrates that our method is superior in resolving imbalanced cross-domain fault diagnosis problems over other approaches.

Bacterial Community Diversity in Channel Sediments of Different Disturbance Sections of the Jialing River

In order to explore the impact of different anthropogenic disturbances on the ecological environment of natural rivers, the bacterial community in the channel sediments of the Jialing River was taken as the research object, and the high-throughput sequencing technique was used to analyze the community composition and functional changes of bacteria in the channel sediments of rivers with engineering disturbance, tributary disturbance, sand mining disturbance, reclamation disturbance, and undisturbed section. The results showed that there were significant differences in the physical and chemical properties of channel sediments and bacterial community diversity in different disturbance sections of the Jialing River (P<0.05). The undisturbed section had the highest bacterial community diversity, whereas the sand mining disturbance and undisturbed section had the highest bacterial community uniformity, and tributary disturbance and reclamation disturbance both resulted in a decrease in bacterial community diversity and uniformity. The effect of engineering disturbance on bacterial community composition was significantly different from that of the other four disturbance sections. The dominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Acidobacteriota, and Chloroflexi, and the dominant bacterial classes were γ-Proteobacteria, α-Proteobacteria, and Vicinamibacteria. Sand mining disturbance led to the increase in Actinobacteria, and engineering disturbance promoted the increase in Acidobacteria. Moisture content, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were the main environmental factors affecting the changes in sediment microbial communities. The bacterial communities mainly involved four categories of primary metabolic functions, including metabolism, genetic information processing, environmental information processing, and cellular processes, and 18 categories of secondary metabolic functions, such as global and overview maps, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, cofactor and vitamin metabolism, and energy metabolism. Human interference led to significant changes in energy metabolism, cofactor and vitamin metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, replication and repair, and translation (P<0.05). In conclusion, anthropogenic disturbance led to the mutation of bacterial community diversity and function, which destroyed the stability of the microbial community structure in Jialing River sediments.

Identification of the Most Important Events to the Occurrence of a Disaster Using Maritime Examples

Previous studies on maritime disasters have noted the importance of searching for their causal factors in the analysis of different types of vessels and various regions where accidents have occurred. The main objective of the study that this article presents was to develop a new approach to modelling and causal analysis of the course of maritime disasters in order to provide a holistic evaluation of this phenomenon. The novel approach adopted to support the thesis combined event network analysis and fault tree analysis (used in functional analysis for modelling the structures of systems) in the process analysis. The authors advanced a thesis that, in the studied population of disasters, there were dominant classes of basic events in each phase of the process during the course of a disaster (distinguished by means of an event network). Thirty maritime disasters that occurred between 1912 and 2019 were selected for quantitative and qualitative analyses. In each disaster, the different phases of its course were distinguished: latent, initiating, escalating, critical, and energy release. A total of 608 basic events were identified in the population, enabling the identification and characterisation of 44 classes of events. The importance of the events in each of the phases was calculated by means of importance measures. The findings confirmed the thesis. At the same time, an analysis of the importance of basic events in each phase revealed that the most common basic events are not always the most important.

Analysis of spatiotemporal heterogeneity and influencing factors of soil erosion in a typical erosion zone of the southern red soil region, China

The southern red soil region (SRSR) of China, a region that is environmentally sensitive, suffers severe soil erosion (SE) as a result of climate change and human activity. The factors driving SE changes in the SRSR of China under changing settings have, however, only been the subject of a small number of research. Changting County is a typical SE area in the SRSR of China. The spatiotemporal variation characteristics of SE in Changting County from 2000 to 2020 were investigated using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), while the dominant factors influencing the spatiotemporal dynamic change of SE were analyzed using the optimal parametric geographical detector (OPGD) and logarithmic mean Divisia Index (LMDI). The results showed that the average annual soil erosion modulus in Changting County shows a decreasing trend, with the SE modulus decreased from 10.00 t·hm−2·a−1 in 2000 to 3.38 t·hm−2·a−1 in 2020. Slight SE intensity was the dominant SE class, accounting for more than 75% of the total area, and the proportion is trending upwards. Natural and anthropogenic factors showed significant effects on the spatial variation of SE, of which land use and vegetation cover were the main factors influencing the spatial distribution of SE. Furthermore, the interaction between these two dominant factors explained greatly the spatial variation of SE. The mitigation of SE was mainly attributed to the increase in vegetation cover following the implementation of various ecological projects, contributing to the reduction of SE by 68.7%. In addition, the changes in land use types and rainfall amounts also played positive roles in reducing SE, showing contributions of 20.2% and 11.1%, respectively.

Environmental Parameters Determine the Structure of Soil Bacteria under Different Land use Types in Tailings Area

Soil microorganisms contribute substantially to a wide range of services and thereby improve recovery in ecosystem restoration. However, there is relatively limited information on how microbial communities respond to different land-use types with similar plant species and their potential roles in supporting soil restoration in mine tailings. To understand the importance of the response of soil microbial communities to the stress of tailings area in different soil habitats, this article selected three different land use types (Tailings area, Buffer zone and Vegetable field) as the variables in the Yanzibian tailings area in Ningqiang, Shaanxi Province, China. Soil physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations of the different land use types were compared. Illumina MiSeq. 2500 Sequencing Technology was used to analyze the abundance and structural diversity of the microbial community in soil samples. The results showed that most of the soil samples were unsafe with multiple metals. All soil samples in the buffer zone and tailings ponds were acidic. With the acidity decreased, bacterial community richness and diversity increased significantly. Briefly, different environmental factors and soil microbial communities were significantly distinct across different land-use types. Cu, Zn, Pb, pH, MC (Moisture content), TN (Total nitrogen), TP (Total phosphorus), and TK (Total potassium) were essential factors affecting the abundance and structural diversity of soil microbial communities across three different land-use types. As a result, Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria were the top dominant classes in the buffer zone and Vegetable field soils, while Sulfobacillia dominated in tailings pond soils. Further, we found that with the continuous decline of the pH, the dominant genera transferred from norank_f__norank_o__Vicinamibacterales, Bacillus and Nocardioides to the norank_f__norank_o__Gaiellales and norank_f__norank_o__Acidobacteriales, then to Sulfobacillus. These confirmed that the responses of microbiota to heavy metals stress varied in different land-use types. Together, this study provides important information on the occurrence and distribution of soil microbiomes in tailings areas and their potentially beneficial roles in soil restoration.

The Patterns of Hegemony of the Kokoda Tribe in the City and Regency of Sorong, Southwest Papua

The essence of social justice in development, as the nation's ideal, is ideally present to provide changes for the better to all people without exception. However, in reality, there are still social inequalities in development, such as those experienced by the Kokoda Tribe in Southwest Papua. The research aims to find out the pattern of hegemony experienced by the Kokoda Tribe. Therefore, the type of research used is qualitative. Qualitative research emphasizes the socially constructed nature of reality. The data analysis process was carried out during the research. Each observation and interview was followed by an interpretation process by connecting one meaning with another. The results show that the hegemony that occurs in the Kokoda Tribe takes place through four patterns, namely: Domination pattern, intellectual hegemony pattern, moral hegemony pattern, and spiral hegemony pattern. The marginalization experienced by the Kokoda Tribe does not occur naturally but is the result of hegemony patterns, namely the existence of a dominant class that constructs the whole life of society.

Hegemoni Kelas Menengah Atas Pada Buku Teks: Studi Analisis Dominasi Kelas Atas Terhadap Kelas Bawah Pada Buku Teks TK B

This study aims to find out how far the upper middle class dominates the lower class and to find out and analyze the narratives built in textbooks when interacting with the lower class. This research uses qualitative research based on library research, where the source of data used as research material is Kindergarten B textbooks. The data is analyzed using content analysis, namely; pragmatic content analysis, semantic content analysis, and analysis of sign means. The results of the study show that the dominance of the upper middle class over the lower class is drawn through lifestyles, such as; vacation to the beach, sitting on soft sofa chairs, diving, and so on. The narrative developed in the Kindergarten B textbook focuses more on urban lifestyles and the balancing narrative that can fit into the upper and lower middle social class is not too significant. Or in another language not apple to apple. Keywords: Hegemony, Upper Middle Class, Textbooks

APPORT DE LA GEOMATIQUE ALA DELIMITATION DES PERIMETRES DE PROTECTION AUTOUR DE LA PRISE DEAUPOUR LALIMENTATION EN EAU POTABLE SUR LA RIVIERE ME A KONGOFON (SUD-EST DE LA COTE DIVOIRE)

The quality of the Me Rivers water is threatened by sources of pollution generated in the region without any measures being taken to protect this resource.So, to reduce the risk of pollution of this water resource, this study aims to delimit the protection perimeters around the water intake on the river.The methodological approach consisted firstly in assessing the vulnerability of the resource through the weighting and combination of five selected parameters, and then in determining the protection perimeters on the basis of the pre-established vulnerability map and data from previous studies.The pollution vulnerability map obtained reveals five classes of vulnerability around the water intake, with a dominance of the high class estimated at 29.44% of the watershed. Three protection perimeters have been defined. The immediate protection perimeter has a 200 m radius around the water intake and covers areas with a strong influence on the rivers vulnerability to pollution over a surface area of 1.97 km2.The close protection perimeter, covering a 1000 m radius, was delimited from the immediate protection perimeter. It covers an area of 43.7 km2 and takes into account the rivers low, medium and very high vulnerability classes, following the direction of water flow in the Me watershed.The remote protection perimeter covers a large part of the watershed, with an area of 1,480 Km2. It covers the rest of the catchments highly vulnerable areas and adjoins the close protection perimeter.The defined protection perimeters can serve as a guide for sustainable management and protection of river quality.