Dominant Amino Acids Research Articles

Characteristics of Seaweed as Raw Materials for Cosmetics

Bioactive components found in seaweed is very prospective to be applied in cosmetics. One type of seaweed with unknown characteristics is Caulerpa sp. This study aimed to determine the content Caulerpa which can be a component of raw material for making cosmetic. The analysis were for the proximate with AOAC method, amino acids, vitamins A, B and E using by HPLC, phytochemical test method Harborne, antioxidant activity (DPPH) and total phenols (Folin-Ciocalteau). Proximate Caulerpa sp. showed that consecutive include water 76.065%, 1.231% ash, 3.73% protein, 0.35% fat, and carbohydrates 18.645%. The dominant amino acids resulted was glutamate, histidine, arginine, aspartate, tyrosine, alanine, and valine [greater of 100 mg · (100 g)–1]. 487.09 mg · (100 g)–1 Vitamin A, Vitamin B 0.42 mg · (100 g)–1, Vitamin E 2.22 mg · (100 g)–1. Derived bioactive components consis of steroids, flavonoids, phenols hydroquinone and saponin, with total phenol at 0.0441 mg GAE · g–1 and antioxidant activity with IC50 of 451.27 mg · kg–1.

Comparison of nutritional quality in fish maw product of croaker Protonibea diacanthus and perch Lates niloticus

Fish maw (the dried swimbladders of fish) is ranked in the list of the four sea treasures in Chinese cuisine. Fish maw is mainly produced from croaker, which is the most highly priced. However, some of the fish maw being sold as croaker maw are in fact not from croaker, but from the Nile perch Lates niloticus. The present work determined and compared the proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid composition of croaker Protonibea diacanthus maw and perch L. niloticus maw. The results indicated that both maws were high protein sources and low in fat content. The dominant amino acids in both maws were glycine, proline, glutamic acid, alanine and arginine. These amino acids constituted 66.2% and 66.4% of the total amino acids in P. diacanthus and L. niloticus, respectively. The ratio of FAA: TAA (functional amino acids: total amino acids) in both maws were 0.69. This is a good explanation for why fish maws have been widely utilized as a traditional tonic and remedy in Asia. Except valine and histidine, all the essential amino acid contents in P. diacanthus were higher than in L. niloticus. Moreover, croaker P. diacanthus maw contained more AA and DHA than perch L. niloticus maw, showing a higher ratio of n-3 / n-6, which is more desirable.

Utilization of Tuna Processing Byproducts: Protein Hydrolysate from Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis ) Viscera

Alcalase showed optimum activity against skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) viscera at pH 10 and 65C. Enzyme concentration, reaction time and fish viscera/buffer ratio affected the degree of hydrolysis (DH) (P < 0.05). Hydrolysis with an enzyme level of 3% (w/w) for 20 min with fish viscera/buffer ratio of 1:2 (w/v) was found to be the optimum condition. Protein, lipid and ash content of freeze-dried hydrolysate were 81.04, 6.78 and 12.01% dry weight basis, respectively. It was brownish yellow in color (L* = 62.46, a* = 1.44 and b* = 23.05). The hydrolysate contained a high amount of essential amino acids (43.13%) and had glutamic acid, methionine and aspartic acid as the dominant amino acids. Therefore, protein hydrolysate derived from skipjack tuna viscera could potentially serve as a good source of peptides and amino acids and the production of tuna waste protein hydrolysate has both ecological and economical advantage for the tuna industry. Practical Applications Efficient utilization of fish byproducts, especially viscera, is important for the economic viability of the aquatic food industry. Enzymatic hydrolysis is one of the most effective technologies for recovering value-added proteins from fish viscera without losing their nutritional value. In this study, protein hydrolysate prepared from skipjack tuna viscera using Alcalase showed high protein content. Hence, it can be used in a wide range of food additives, diet nutrients and pharmaceutical agents.

Comparison of the Amino-Acid Compositions of Artemisia gmelinii and A. absinthium

Amino acids are highly active with respect to pharmacology and important physiological components of organisms [1, 2]. Half of the 20 proteinogenic human amino acids are obtained from plants. Therefore, studies of the amino-acid complexes of medicinal plants represent an important stage of pharmacognostic research. Individual groups of biologically active compounds (BACs, polyphenolic compounds including flavonoids, terpenoids, etc.) from A. gmelinii herb were reported [3–7]. However, information about the amino-acid composition of this plant was missing. The pharmacopoeial Artemisia species in Kazakhstan are A. absinthium L., A. leucodes Schrenk., and A. glabella Kar. et Kir. [8]. Therefore, the study of unofficial Artemisia species (including A. gmelinii Weber ex Stechm.), which is broadly distributed in Kazakhstan [9] and has the sufficient raw-material base required to expand the pharmacopoeial medicinal species, makes the work promising and relevant. Medicinal plant raw material of both Artemisia species was collected in Turgen Gorge, Enbekshikazakh District, Almaty Oblast, in May–June 2014 during the start of flowering. The amino-acid compositions of the herbs of A. gmelinii and A. absinthium were compared at the Magarach National Institute of Grapes and Wine (Republic of Crimea). Free amino acids in a weighed portion (100 mg) of raw material were determined by adding HCl solution (0.1 M) containing -mercaptoethanol (0.2%) and irradiating in an ultrasonic bath for 2 h at 50°C. Total free and bound amino acids were determined and hydrolytic cleavage was performed by adding HCl (6 M) containing -mercaptoethanol (0.4%) to a weighed portion (10 mg) of raw material and irradiating in an ultrasonic bath for 24 h at 110°C. Free and bound amino acids in the experimental samples were determined on an Agilent Technologies Model 1100 chromatograph equipped with a G1379A flow-through vacuum degasser, a G13111A low-pressure quaternary gradient pump, a G1313A autosampler, a G13116A thermostatted column compartment, and a G1316A Agilent diode-array detector. The chromatography used a Zorbax-XDB-C18 column (4.6 50 mm) packed with octadecylsilyl absorbent (1.8 m) and a protective precolumn. The mobile phase used NaOAc solution (0.05 M) adjusted to pH 6.5 with AcOH solution (10 or 20 g/L) with added THF (30 g/L) and NaOAc solution (0.1 M) and MeCN in a 23:22 ratio adjusted to pH 6.5 with NaOAc solution (10 or 20 g/L). The mobile phase flow rate was 1.5–2 mL/min. The eluent working pressure was 220–275 kPa. The column was thermostatted at 50°C. The sample volume was 2 L. UV detection was made on a scale of 1.0 with scan time 0.5 s and detection wavelength 265 nm. Table 1 presents the amino-acid compositions of the herbs of the studied Artemisia species. Studies of the free amino acids in the samples of A. gmelinii and A. absinthium identified 22 and 20 ones, respectively, of which 9 were essential. An investigation of the total amino-acid contents in A. gmelinii detected 20 amino acids; in A. absinthium, 19, of which 9 were essential. Proline was the dominant free amino acid in both studied Artemisia samples. Table 1 shows that the content of total free amino acids in A. absinthium herb was 1775.1 mg/100 g; in A. gmelinii, 2158.9 mg/100 g.

Effects of Feeding Diets Containing Azolla Pinnata and Probiotic on the Growth and Nutritional Content of Patin Fish (Pangasius Djambal)

Abstract The main aim of this research is to explore the effect of supplementary feeding, Azolla pinata and probiotics, on the quality and profile of fatty acids in patin fish oil extracts, protein and amino acids content. In this research, patin fish were divided into three different feeding treatments: pellets only (P1) as a control; pellets and A. pinata (P2); pellets and probiotics (P3). These fishes were characterized for their growth profile, fish oil quality, protein and amino acids content. P3 shows the best growth profile indicated with the heaviest bodyweight compare to other fish samples. Quality of fish lipids was determined by an analysis of acid value, saponification number, peroxide value, iodine number, along with an analysis of the composition of fatty acids via gas chromatography. The results show that the highest oil yield from patin fish meal extracted using dry rendering method was obtained from P3. P3 also shows the lowest saponification number and peroxide value. Oleic acid and palmitic acid are the major constituent of unsaturated fatty acid and saturated one, respectively, in all these fish samples. The highest crude protein content which was determined using Kjeldahl method also presented in P3. The amount and the dominant amino acids content in the protein of P1, P2, and P3, in the order, are 13 amino acids: tryptophan, 14 amino acids: asparagine, and 13 amino acids: glutamic acids.

Characterization of Inorganic Components, Free Sugars, Amino Acids, and Fatty Acids in Angelica gigas Nakai

*Gangneung Science and Industry Promotion Agency, Gangneung 25451, Korea.**Bioherb Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.***Department of Agricultural Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.****Department of Bioconvergence Science and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.ABSTRACTBackground : The major compounds of Angelica species are decursin, decursinol angelate, nodakenin, umbelliferone and β-sito-sterol, which act anti-inflammatories, reduce pains, protect the liver and enhance the immune system. This study investigated thechemical compositions, minerals, metals, sugars and overall amino acid composition in Angelica gigas Nakai.Methods and Results : Powder of Angelica roots smaller than 30 mesh were used. Physico-chemical analysis revealed the pres-ence of carbohydrates (62.0%), crude proteins (13.9%), moisture (11.4%), crude fats (7.3%) and ash (5.4%). Results showed thatpotassium was present in the highest amount (1,859 ppm), followed by magnesium (214.5 ppm), calcium (147.3 ppm) and sodium(6.0 ppm). Free sugar profiles showed the presence of sucrose (29.3 g/100 g). The total amino acids concentrations was 9,752㎎/100 g, the most common and dominant amino acids were arginine (2,181㎎/100 g), glutamic acid (1,212㎎/100 g) and asparticacid (834 ㎎/100 g). The total free amino acids contents was 1,476 ㎎/100 g, in which the most common amino acid were arginine(932 ㎎/100 g), glutamic acid (127㎎/100 g), and γ-aminobutyric acid (80.4㎎/100 g). The fatty acid composition of A. gigasshowed a higher concentration of unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid (443.9㎎/100 g) and palmitic acid (181.3㎎/100 g)according to gas chromatography.Conclusions : These results showed that Angelica roots can be used in various fields of foods and medicines, and in the preparationof cosmetics.Key Words : Angelica gigas Nakai, Amino Acids, Fatty Acids, Free Sugar, General Component Analysis

Effectiveness of Alkaline Pretreatment and Acetic Acid Hydrolysis on the Characteristics of Collagen from Fish Skin of Snakehead

&lt;p&gt;Fish skin is one of marine byproducts potential for alternative source of collagen. This study&lt;br /&gt;investigated the effectiveness of alkaline and acetic acid pretreatment on the characteristics of&lt;br /&gt;collagen from skin snakehead fish. The concentrations of alkaline pretreatment were 0.05; 0.1; 0.15&lt;br /&gt;and 0.2 M for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours, acetic acid concentrations were 0.05 M, 0.1 M, 0.15 M and&lt;br /&gt;0.2 M for 1 and 2 hours. The experimental design used for alkaline and acetic acid pretreatment&lt;br /&gt;was factorial completely randomized design. The result showed that the concentration of alkaline&lt;br /&gt;0.05 M for 6 hours have significant effect on the elimination of non-collagen protein (p&amp;lt;0.05),&lt;br /&gt;whereas for the optimum acetic acid at a concentration 0.1 M for 2 hours significantly different&lt;br /&gt;on solubility and swelling. Extraction yields of collagen was 16%, with characteristics of whiteness&lt;br /&gt;66.67%, protein content 96.21%, viscosity 10 cP, Tmax 159.9oC and glass transition temperature&lt;br /&gt;78.55oC. The dominant amino acid composition were glycine (27.11%), proline (13.87%) and&lt;br /&gt;alanine (12.58%). Functional groups collagen from skin snakehead fish has β-sheet structure&lt;br /&gt;which is a characteristic of collagen.&lt;/p&gt;

Comprehensive elucidation of amino acid profile in human follicular fluid and plasma of in vitro fertilization patients

The assessment of oocyte quality in human in vitro fertilization (IVF) is in focus of intensive studies. Follicular fluid (FF) constitutes the major medium for the developing oocyte and therefore it is a perfect target to search for the biomarkers of female infertility. The objective of this study was to compare the amino acid (AA) profile of human FF and plasma (PL) (from 96 IVF patients) and to examine if the AA composition is related to oocyte quality, IVF results and women’s infertility. In both biological fluids, Gln, Gly and Ala appeared as dominant AAs. Most of AAs are more abundant in PL; the exceptions are Glu, Thr, Ala and Gly, which are higher in FF and Gln, Arg and Phe, the contents of which are similar in both biological fluids. Ser in FF and Met and Phe in PL were detected as potential biomarkers as their content varied depending on the IVF outcome. Significant differences were also detected between the groups of different infertility reasons. Our results suggest that intra-follicular AAs might reflect the condition of the preovulatory follicle and together with PL, AAs can be used to characterize the infertility etiology and oocyte quality related to IVF outcome.

Nutritional composition and total collagen content of three commercially important edible jellyfish

The study aimed to evaluate nutraceutical potential of three commercially significant edible jellyfish species (Acromitus hardenbergi, Rhopilema hispidum and Rhopilema esculentum). The bell and oral arms of these jellyfishes were analyzed for their proximate composition, calorific value, collagen content, amino acid profile, chemical score and elemental constituent. In general, all jellyfish possessed low calorific values (1.0–4.9kcal/g D.W.) and negligible fat contents (0.4–1.8g/100g D.W.), while protein (20.0–53.9g/100g D.W.) and minerals (15.9–57.2g/100g D.W.) were found to be the richest components. Total collagen content of edible jellyfish varied from 122.64 to 693.92mg/g D.W., accounting for approximately half its total protein content. The dominant amino acids in both bell and oral arms of all jellyfish studied includes glycine, glutamate, threonine, proline, aspartate and arginine, while the major elements were sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium, sulfur, zinc and silicon. Among the jellyfish, A. hardenbergi exhibited significantly higher total amino acids, chemical scores and collagen content (p<0.05) compared to R. hispidum and R. esculentum. Having good protein quality and low calories, edible jellyfish is an appealing source of nutritive ingredients for the development of oral formulations, nutricosmetics and functional food.

Proximate composition and nutritional quality of deep sea growth sea cucumbers (Stichopus japonicus) from different origins.

Deep sea growth sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) (DSG-SC) is considered a most nutritious and luxurious seafood in Asia. This study compared the proximate composition and nutritional quality of collagen, polysaccharides, amino acids (AAs) and fatty acids (FAs) in DSG-SCs from different origins. The contents of protein, ash, carbohydrate, fat, collagen, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), total amino acids (TAAs), essential amino acids (EAAs), fucose and uronic acid differed among the origins. DSG-SC of Dalian origin had lower contents of ash, fat, uronic acid, TAAs and EAAs but higher contents of protein, collagen, PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and fucose compared with the other origins. DSG-SCs had a higher proportion of PUFAs and were richer in polysaccharides than other seafood. Glutamate and glycine were the dominant AAs, while leucine and threonine were the most abundant EAAs. DSG-SCs are a good source of collagen, polysaccharides (especially fucose), EAAs (especially leucine and threonine) and PUFAs (especially EPA and DHA). Dalian seems to be a promising origin to produce high-value sea cucumber with high PUFA, fucose, collagen and protein contents. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.

Quantification of biomolecules in herring (Clupea harengus) industry processing waters and their recovery using electroflocculation and ultrafiltration

Four types of herring industry processing waters; refrigerated sea water (RSW), storage water (SW), processing water from cutting (PW) and pre-salting brines (SB) were subjected to chemical characterization and biomolecule recovery using electroflocculation (EF) and ultrafiltration (UF). The highest protein and fatty acid content were found in SB's, up to 12.7±0.3 and 2.5±0.1gL−1, respectively. Long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids represented up to 44.5% of total fatty acids. In all samples, leucine and glutamic acid/glutamine were the dominating amino acids while calcium and magnesium were the dominating trace elements. EF plus UF in series recovered up to 80% proteins and fatty acids from SB's and reduced chemical oxygen demand by 70%. Foaming and emulsifying properties of biomolecules were improved or unaffected by EF/UF treatment. To conclude, large amounts of biomass are currently lost per ton of processed herring, e.g. ∼9.2kg proteins and ∼4.1kg fatty acids; EF/UF represents a promising way of turning such losses to a potential income.

Effects of water turbulence on variations in cell ultrastructure and metabolism of amino acids in the submersed macrophyte, Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) H. St. John.

The interactions between macrophytes and water movement are not yet fully understood, and the causes responsible for the metabolic and ultrastructural variations in plant cells as a consequence of turbulence are largely unknown. In the present study, growth, metabolism and ultrastructural changes were evaluated in the aquatic macrophyte Elodea nuttallii, after exposure to turbulence for 30 days. The turbulence was generated with a vertically oscillating horizontal grid. The turbulence reduced plant growth, plasmolysed leaf cells and strengthened cell walls, and plants exposed to turbulence accumulated starch granules in stem chloroplasts. The size of the starch granules increased with the magnitude of the turbulence. Using capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS), analysis of the metabolome found metabolite accumulation in response to the turbulence. Asparagine was the dominant amino acid that was concentrated in stressed plants, and organic acids such as citrate, ascorbate, oxalate and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) also accumulated in response to turbulence. These results indicate that turbulence caused severe stress that affected plant growth, cell ultrastructure and some metabolic functions of E. nuttallii. Our findings offer insights to explain the effects of water movement on the functions of aquatic plants.

Mining the Amino Acid Dominance in Gene Sequences

In the recent period, the classification techniques are widely applied in the field of Bioinformatics. The proposed Amino Acid Component based Classification algorithm adopts Iterative Dichotomiser3 classifier. The algorithm consists of two phases viz. attribute selection and component based classification. In the attribute selection phase the dominating amino acids and deficiencies in amino acids that cause the diseases are found. The second phase finds the components of amino acids which spread the diseases in the specified sequence. The experiments were carried out on the gene sequence of dengue virus which is available on the NCBI online biological database and the accuracy of the proposed algorithm is calculated as 90.744%. The proposed classification algorithm is compared with the traditional benchmark algorithms such as Naive Bayes, ID3, Random Forest, Multilayer Perceptron and J48. The result of this work can be used by the drug designers to predict new viral diseases.

Positive selection in octopus haemocyanin indicates functional links to temperature adaptation.

BackgroundOctopods have successfully colonised the world’s oceans from the tropics to the poles. Yet, successful persistence in these habitats has required adaptations of their advanced physiological apparatus to compensate impaired oxygen supply. Their oxygen transporter haemocyanin plays a major role in cold tolerance and accordingly has undergone functional modifications to sustain oxygen release at sub-zero temperatures. However, it remains unknown how molecular properties evolved to explain the observed functional adaptations. We thus aimed to assess whether natural selection affected molecular and structural properties of haemocyanin that explains temperature adaptation in octopods.ResultsAnalysis of 239 partial sequences of the haemocyanin functional units (FU) f and g of 28 octopod species of polar, temperate, subtropical and tropical origin revealed natural selection was acting primarily on charge properties of surface residues. Polar octopods contained haemocyanins with higher net surface charge due to decreased glutamic acid content and higher numbers of basic amino acids. Within the analysed partial sequences, positive selection was present at site 2545, positioned between the active copper binding centre and the FU g surface. At this site, methionine was the dominant amino acid in polar octopods and leucine was dominant in tropical octopods. Sites directly involved in oxygen binding or quaternary interactions were highly conserved within the analysed sequence.ConclusionsThis study has provided the first insight into molecular and structural mechanisms that have enabled octopods to sustain oxygen supply from polar to tropical conditions. Our findings imply modulation of oxygen binding via charge-charge interaction at the protein surface, which stabilize quaternary interactions among functional units to reduce detrimental effects of high pH on venous oxygen release. Of the observed partial haemocyanin sequence, residue 2545 formed a close link between the FU g surface and the active centre, suggesting a role as allosteric binding site. The prevalence of methionine at this site in polar octopods, implies regulation of oxygen affinity via increased sensitivity to allosteric metal binding. High sequence conservation of sites directly involved in oxygen binding indicates that functional modifications of octopod haemocyanin rather occur via more subtle mechanisms, as observed in this study.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0411-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Separation and characterization of alpha-chain subunits from tilapia (Tilapia zillii) skin gelatin using ultrafiltration

Alpha-chain subunits were separated from tilapia skin gelatin using ultrafiltration, and the physicochemical properties of obtained subunits were investigated. As a result, α1-subunit and α2-subunit could be successfully separated by 100kDa MWCO regenerated cellulose membranes and 150kDa MWCO polyethersulfone membranes, respectively. Glycine was the most dominant amino acid in both α1-subunit and α2-subunit. However, the tyrosine content was higher in α2-subunit than in α1-subunit, resulting in strong absorption near 280nm observed in the UV absorption spectrum. Based on the DSC analysis, it was found that the glass transition temperatures of gelatin, α1-subunit and α2-subunit were 136.48°C, 126.77°C and 119.43°C, respectively. Moreover, the reduced viscosity and denaturation temperature of α1-subunit were higher than those of α2-subunit, and the reduced viscosity reached the highest when α-subunits were mixed with α1/α2 ratio of approximately 2, suggesting that α1-subunit plays a more important role in the thermostability of gelatin than α2-subunit.

Morphological, Molecular, and Biochemical Characterization of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids-Rich Chlamydomonas sp. KIOST-1 Isolated from Korea.

Microalgae hold promise as producers of sustainable biomass for the production of biofuels and other biomaterials. However, the selection of strains with efficient and robust production of desirable resources remains challenging. In this study, we isolated a green microalga from Korea and analyzed its morphological, molecular, and biochemical characteristics. Microscopic and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the isolate could be classified into the genus Chlamydomonas, and we designated the isolate Chlamydomonas s p. K IOST -1. Compositions of protein, lipid, and carbohydrate in the microalgal cells were estimated to be 58.8 ± 0.2%, 22.7 ± 1.2%, and 18.5 ± 1.0%, respectively. Similar to other microalgae belonging to Chlorophyceae, the dominant amino acid and monosaccharide in Chlamydomonas sp. KIOST-1 were glutamic acid and glucose. On the other hand, the proportions of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids clearly differed from other species in the genus Chlamydomonas, and monounsaturated fatty acids accounted for a large portion (41.3%) of the total fatty acids in the isolate. Based on these results, Chlamydomonas sp. KIOST-1 has advantageous characteristics for biomass production.

Microcalorimetric study of the growth of Streptococcus thermophilus in renneted milk.

The growth of Streptococcus thermophilus ST12 (ST12) in liquid milk, reconstituted from low-heat skim milk powder reconstituted skim milk (RSM) and in RSM with rennet addition (r-RSM) at 40°C was monitored by microcalorimetry. It was shown that the growth rate of bacteria decreased in renneted samples in comparison with liquid RSM starting from certain sizes of the colonies (“deviation moments”), which depended on the inoculation rates. The hydrolysis of lactose was delayed for about 1 h in the r-RSM in comparison with RSM but otherwise the metabolism of carbohydrates in the renneted and non-renneted milks was similar. The total free amino acids (TFAA) content by the end of fermentations was higher in r-RSM than in RSM presumably due to the enzymatic hydrolytic activity of rennet. The quantitatively dominating amino acids were remarkably different in the r-RSM and RSM indicating that the hydrolysis cascade of caseins and/or metabolism of amino acids by the bacteria functioned differently in the two cases. The data obtained showed potential of microcalorimetry to characterize quantitative differences of growth and metabolism of the bacteria in renneted and liquid samples of milk.

Analysis of Improved TDTR Algorithm for Mining Frequent Itemsets using Dengue Virus Type 1 Dataset: A Combined Approach

Association rule mining is the recent data mining research. We have presented an approach for mining frequent itemsets using dengue virus type-1 data set. This paper proposes an Improved Two Dimensional Transaction Reduction (ITDTR) algorithm which is a combined approach of transaction reduction and sampling in bio data mining. This system produces the same frequent item sets as produced from Apriori algorithm and FP-Growth algorithm with the higher performance. This system reveals that Glycine(G), Leucine(L), Serine(S), Lysine(K), Phenylalanine(F) are the dominating amino acids in dengue virus type-1 data set with higher accuracy and efficiency. The efficiency of this algorithm is compared with Apriori algorithm, FP-Growth algorithm, Genetic algorithm and TDTR algorithm which we have implemented in our previous research work.

Characteristics and influence to overlying water of amino acids from typical plants distributed in Lake Taihu, China

The concentrations of total hydrolyzable amino acids( THAAs) were investigated in 8 kinds of typical plants of both East Lake Taihu and Gonghu Bay,in order to find the links and differences of composition of THAAs in the typical plants,sediments and water as well as the composition of THAAs in different typical plants of Lake Taihu. The form and composition of 15 kinds of THAAs in 18 samples were analyzed by o-phthalaldehyde pre-column derivatization-RP-HPLC. The average concentration of THAAs in typical plants of East Lake Taihu was 861. 6 ± 182. 96 μmol / g. The average concentration in typical plants of Gonghu Bay was 700. 0 ± 232. 3 μmol / g. The comparison of the concentrations of THAAs in different kinds of plants showed submerged macrophytes and floating-leaved macrophytes had the highest concentration of THAAs,followed by emerged macrophytes and terrestrial plants. The dominating amino acids were Asparagine,Glutamic acid,Arginine,Alanine and Lysine,which accounted for more than 50% of concentration of THAAs. About 30. 7%-94. 7% of the N in plants were from THAAs,which was an important source of N in plants. Meanwhile,in comparison with the composition of THAAs in sediments and water in Lake Taihu,the typical plants generally aligned with sediments but different from the water. It showed that THAAs in plant may be an important source of the THAAS in sediments.

Nutritional and Anti-Nutrient Composition of Three Kola Nuts (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt; Cola nitida, Cola acuminata &amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;i&amp;gt; Garcinia kola &amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) Produced in Benin

Kola nuts were regularly chewed by West Africans and Beninese in particularly. The aim of this study was to investigate nutritional and anti-nutrient content of three Benin’s kola nuts (Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola). Proximate composition of the three species of kola nuts was assessed using standard analytical AOAC methods. Phenolics and flavonoids contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum trichloride methods, respectively. Mineral composition was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry method. Free and total amino acids were separated and quantified by HPLC. Protein content of the three kola nuts ranges from 4.95% (G. kola) to 10.64% (C. acuminata) whereas fat content ranges from 0.2 ± 0.00 (C. nitida) to 2.5 ± 0.42 (G. kola). Total phenolics abounded (2444.96 ± 81.56 μg Eq AG/100g) in C. acuminata, while flavonoids predominated (561.69 ± 22.10 μgEqQ/100g) in G. kola. The three species are a good source of magnesium and a copper provider was lowest in C. nitida (0.59 ± 0.08 mg/g) and in C. acuminata (0.65 ± 0.02 mg/g). The dominant total essential amino acids were threonine (C. acuminata) and methionine (C. acuminata and G. kola), while the predominant non-essential total amino acids according to species were arginine (C. nitida and G. kola), proline (C. acuminata) and cysteine (G. kola). For the anti-nutrients factors, saponins were in great proportion (8.33% ± 0.25%), while the oxalates were in small proportion (0.44% ± 0.04%). The three species have an interesting nutritional composition, but these seeds have the relatively lowest amino acids content.