Dominant Effect Research Articles

Uncertainty assessment for three-dimensional hydrodynamic and fecal coliform modeling in the Danshuei River estuarine system: The influence of first-order parametric decay reaction

Modeling fecal contamination in water bodies is of importance for microbiological risk assessment and management. This study investigated the transport of fecal coliform (e.g., up to 2.1 × 106 CFU/100 ml at the Zhongshan Bridge due to the main point source from the Xinhai Bridge) in the Danshuei River estuarine system, Taiwan with the main focus on assessing model uncertainty due to three relevant parameters for the microbial decay process. First, a 3D hydrodynamic-fecal coliform model (i.e., SCHISM-FC) was developed and rigorously validated against the available data of water level, velocity, salinity, suspended sediment and fecal coliform measured in 2019. Subsequently, the variation ranges of decay reaction parameters were considered from several previous studies and properly determined using the Monte Carlo simulations. Our analysis showed that the constant ratio of solar radiation (α) as well as the settling velocity (vs) had the normally-distributed variations while the attachment fraction of fecal coliform bacteria (Fp) was best fitted by the Weibull distribution. The modeled fecal coliform concentrations near the upstream (or downstream) stations were less sensitive to those parameter variations (see the smallest width of confidence interval about 1660 CFU/100 ml at the Zhongzheng Bridge station) due to the dominant effects of inflow discharge (or tides). On the other hand, for the middle parts of Danshuei River where complicated hydrodynamic circulation and decay reaction occurred, the variations of parameters led to much larger uncertainty in modeled fecal coliform concentration (see a wider confidence interval about 117,000 CFU/100 ml at the Bailing Bridge station). Overall, more detailed information revealed in this study would be helpful while the environmental authority needs to develop a proper strategy for water quality assessment and management. Owing to the uncertain decay parameters, for instance, the modeled fecal coliform impacts at Bailing Bridge over the study period showed a 25 % difference between the lowest and highest concentrations at several moments. For the detection of pollution occurrence, the highest to lowest probabilities for a required fecal coliform concentration (e.g., 260,000 CFU/100 ml over the environmental regulation) at Bailing Bridge was possibly greater than three.

Chicken litter-derived catalyst for persulfate activation to remove acetaminophen: An organic-waste-to-wealth strategy

Extracting value from organic waste (e.g., chicken litter) to deliver high-end products should become an essential disposal strategy in the future. Herein, chicken litter was employed as the feedstock to produce a catalyst for peroxydisulfate (persulfate) activation for potential wastewater treatment applications. Three different chicken litter samples were prepared to investigate the effects of inorganic species contained in chicken litter on the catalyst performance: (1) chicken litter without pretreatment, (2) chicken litter washed with 0.05 M HCl, and (3) chicken litter washed with 0.25 M HCl. When the chicken litter-derived catalyst was used for persulfate activation, acetaminophen (ACP) was effectively removed, suggesting a synergic effect. When utilizing the catalyst derived from chicken litter without undergoing HCl pretreatment, the degradation efficiency of ACP reached 84.1%, surpassing that of the pretreated catalysts. The ACP degradation efficiency further improved to 93.8% and 93.9% with increased catalyst dose and persulfate concentration. The reactive oxygen species present during the ACP degradation were analyzed using chemical scavengers. O2•− radicals showed a dominant effect on ACP degradation. ACP degradation was greatly suppressed when HCO3− and humic acid coexisted. Furthermore, combustible byproducts of the catalyst production process can be potentially used to supply energy to the process, which would help lower the overall energy requirement.

Pengaruh Pendidikan Karakter, Kreativitas Belajar dan Motivasi Belajar terhadap Prestasi Belajar Siswa

This study aims to determine the effect of Character Education, Learning Creativity and Learning Motivation on Student Achievement in terms of Knowledge and Attitude Values partially and simultaneously as well as the most influential variables. The population is all class XI SMAS Darul Falah Enrekang. Data collection uses a sample selection technique with a non-probability sampling method. Based on predetermined criteria, the sample processed was 64 people who studied Economics with the data collection techniques used were observation, questionnaires and documentation. The data analysis technique used is simple regression analysis and multiple linear regression using SPSS software ver.22.The results of this study indicate that character education, learning creativity and learning motivation partially and simultaneously have a positive effect and the variable character education has the most dominant effect on student learning achievement in terms of knowledge and attitude values in economics subjects.

Acquiring the Dutch Plural in a Bilingual Setting: Investigating the Effects of Language Dominance, Overlap, and Variability

In this study, we aimed to deepen the understanding of the circumstances under which crosslinguistic influence occurs, by focusing on the acquisition of the Dutch plural by two- and three-year old children who attend bilingual Dutch-English daycare. In doing so, we explored the roles of variability, overlap and language dominance as these are all factors that have been linked to the occurrence of crosslinguistic influence in studies on bilingual language acquisition and language contact. We investigated the expectation that young children who are exposed to English might show a stronger preference for -s pluralization in Dutch, because of the partial overlap in Dutch and English pluralization. In total, a group of 95 children that grew up with only Dutch and/or English at home and attended bilingual (Dutch-English) daycare (51 females, 44 males, mean age = 3;6 years) participated in an elicited production task. Results showed that no clear-cut evidence for unidirectional crosslinguistic influence from English to Dutch could be found in the form of -s overgeneralizations. However, we did find evidence for the role of variability in this domain of language, since children made more overgeneralizations when rhyme and sonorancy contradicted. Also, English exposure seemed to facilitate correct production of the -s affix, and children who overgeneralized the -s affix were mostly children that were exposed to the English language at home, suggesting that language dominance does play a role in preference for the -s affix.

Metal-organic framework-derived ultrafine CoSe nanocrystal@honeycomb porous carbon nanofiber as multidimensional advanced anode for sodium-ion batteries

Ultrafine CoSe nanocrystals are embedded in honeycomb porous carbon nanofibers via spinning ZIF-67 nanocubes into polyacrylonitrile fibers, followed by etching of tannic acid, carbonization and selenization. Abundant cubic pores are densely distributed in carbon nanofibers. CoSe nanocrystals with an ultrafine size of 10–20 nm are distributed around cubic pores, and even move to other internal locations of the carbon nanofibers, achieving intimately coupling. CoSe nanocrystal@honeycomb porous carbon nanofiber is used as anode of sodium-ion batteries, exhibiting excellent electrochemical performance. The average discharge capacity at 0.1 A g−1 reaches 433 mAh g−1. It can deliver discharge capacity of 319 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 550 cycles, 254 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 after 500 cycles, 192 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1 after 1000 cycles. The various kinetics analyses indicate the favorable Na+ diffusion (10−10.9 to 10−12.0 cm2 s−1), low internal resistance, fast interface reaction, and dominant capacitive effect in electrochemical reaction. The structure stability is demonstrated by ex-situ observation of the cycled electrodes. The outstanding sodium storage performance is attributed to 0D ultrafine CoSe nanocrystals, 3D honeycomb cubic pores and 1D short carbon nanofibers. The multidimensional nanostructures significantly improve kinetics and cycling stability of CoSe from different aspects.

Effects of elastase-induced emphysema on muscle and bone in mice.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) causes sarcopenia and osteoporosis. However, the mechanisms underlying muscle and bone loss as well as the interactions between muscle and bone in the COPD state remain unclear. Therefore, we herein investigated the effects of the COPD state on muscle and bone in mice intratracheally administered porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE). The intratracheal administration of PPE to mice significantly reduced trabecular bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular bone volume, trabecular number, cortical BMD and cortical area. It also significantly decreased grip strength, but did not affect muscle mass or the expression of myogenic differentiation-, protein degradation- or autophagy-related genes in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles. Among the myokines examined, myostatin mRNA levels in the soleus muscles were significantly elevated in mice treated with PPE, and negatively related to grip strength, but not bone parameters, in mice treated with or without 2 U PPE in simple regression analyses. Grip strength positively related to bone parameters in mice treated with or without PPE. In conclusion, we showed that a PPE model of COPD in mice exerts dominant effects on bone rather than skeletal muscles. Increased myostatin expression in the soleus muscles of mice in the COPD state may negatively relate to a reduction in grip strength, but not bone loss.

Hydrological and sediment-transport characteristics of the middle and lower Yangtze River: Analysis from a magnitude-frequency perspective

In natural quasi-equilibrium rivers or anthropogenically-influenced nonequilibrium rivers, the occurrence frequency and sediment transport capacity of different flow levels are greatly important to understanding the linkage between forms and processes. However, our knowledge of the controlling factors on flow frequency and sediment-transport magnitude in large river systems remains limited. In this paper, the hydrological and sediment-transport characteristics of the middle and lower Yangtze River (MLYR) were systematically examined before and after impoundment of the Three Georges Reservoir (TGR). More than 30 years of daily discharge and suspended sediment concentration data were collected from six hydrological stations. The results showed that in the pre-TGR period, the flow frequency distributions (FFDs) and sediment-transport rating curves had segmentation characteristics. Generally, the FFDs of medium-high flow agreed well with the broken power law, and the sediment-transport rating curves deviated from the power law at high flow. This was because the floodplains, especially the Dongting Lake, had significant effects on flood attenuation and sediment storage. Compared the inflection points of the FFD and the sediment-transport rating curve, as well as the effective discharge and bankfull discharge, these four values were of the same order of magnitude. This suggested that the local river system had a dominant effect on the hydrological and sediment-transport characteristics. In the post-TGR period, the overall characteristics of the FFDs were preserved, but the segmental characteristics of the sediment-transport rating curves at higher discharges disappeared. Through analysis, the effective discharge was largely determined by the inflection value (a1) of the FFD. The reduced a1 induced a 10%–20% decrease in effective discharge, which indicated flood channel shrinkage in the long run. These findings not only further the understanding of water-sediment regimes in a large alluvial river with an extensive floodplain system but also offer guidance for improving dam operation schemes for river restoration.

Mechanistic insight into the enhanced photodegradation by black titanium dioxide nanofiber-graphene quantum dot composites

The photocatalytic activity of black titanium dioxide nanofibers (bTiO2 NFs) can be enhanced through composition with carbon nanomaterials. However, it is unclear whether enhanced charge separation or increased surface adsorption of organic pollutants to the nanocomposite surfaces is the dominant contributor. This knowledge gap was filled when we sought to enhance the surface contact of carbon with the bTiO2 NFs by using graphene quantum dots (GQDs) hypothesizing that this would further enhance photocatalytic activity. The results showed a similar Rhodamine B (RhB) photodegradation rate between the optimal loadings of GQDs and RGO we reported previously. This allowed for further elucidation of the enhancement mechanism, where charge carrier separation enhancement at the photocatalyst surface is the dominant effect, whereas RhB adsorption does not make significant contribution. This significant insight enhances our understanding towards engineering highly efficient composite photocatalysts for organic pollutant removal in water.

A Million-Cow Genome-Wide Association Study of Three Fertility Traits in U.S. Holstein Cows.

A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of the daughter pregnancy rate (DPR), cow conception rate (CCR), and heifer conception rate (HCR) using 1,001,374-1,194,736 first-lactation Holstein cows and 75,140-75,295 SNPs identified 7567, 3798, and 726 additive effects, as well as 22, 27, and 25 dominance effects for DPR, CCR, and HCR, respectively, with log10(1/p) > 8. Most of these effects were new effects, and some new effects were in or near genes known to affect reproduction including GNRHR, SHBG, and ESR1, and a gene cluster of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins. The confirmed effects included those in or near the SLC4A4-GC-NPFFR2 and AFF1 regions of Chr06 and the KALRN region of Chr01. Eleven SNPs in the CEBPG-PEPD-CHST8 region of Chr18, the AFF1-KLHL8 region of Chr06, and the CCDC14-KALRN region of Chr01 with sharply negative allelic effects and dominance values for the recessive homozygous genotypes were recommended for heifer culling. Two SNPs in and near the AGMO region of Chr04 that were sharply negative for HCR and age at first calving, but slightly positive for the yield traits could also be considered for heifer culling. The results from this study provided new evidence and understanding about the genetic variants and genome regions affecting the three fertility traits in U.S. Holstein cows.

Mixed convection and thermal radiation effects on non-Newtonian nanofluid flow with peristalsis and Ohmic heating

Introduction: This investigation explores the heat and mass transfer properties of a non-Newtonian nanofluid containing graphene nano-powder and ethylene glycol during peristalsis. The rheological characteristics of the nanofluid are determined using the Carreau-Yasuda model, and various factors such as viscous dissipation, Lorentz force, Ohmic heating, and Hall effects are taken into account. Mixed convection and thermal radiation effects are also considered in the analysis, and the problem is mathematically described using the long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations.Methods: The resulting nonlinear system is solved using numerical methods to obtain the solutions. The dominant effects of mixed convection and thermal radiation are given particular attention, while the influences of other parameters are discussed in relation to these dominant effects.Results and Discussion: The results demonstrate that increasing the Brinkman number, heat source, and thermal slip parameter leads to higher nanofluid temperatures. However, the heat transfer rate decreases with a higher Hall parameter. The velocity near the center of the channel increases for higher values of the concentration Grashof and Hall parameters. Furthermore, an increase in the Hall and Brownian motion parameters results in a higher concentration of nanoparticles. These findings have practical implications in various fields, including materials science, chemical engineering, and biomedical engineering.

Penetrance of pathogenic genetic variants associated with premature ovarian insufficiency.

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) affects 1% of women and is a leading cause of infertility. It is often considered to be a monogenic disorder, with pathogenic variants in ~100 genes described in the literature. We sought to systematically evaluate the penetrance of variants in these genes using exome sequence data in 104,733 women from the UK Biobank, 2,231 (1.14%) of whom reported at natural menopause under the age of 40 years. We found limited evidence to support any previously reported autosomal dominant effect. For nearly all heterozygous effects on previously reported POI genes, we ruled out even modest penetrance, with 99.9% (13,699 out of 13,708) of all protein-truncating variants found in reproductively healthy women. We found evidence of haploinsufficiency effects in several genes, including TWNK (1.54 years earlier menopause, P = 1.59 × 10-6) and SOHLH2 (3.48 years earlier menopause, P = 1.03 × 10-4). Collectively, our results suggest that, for the vast majority of women, POI is not caused by autosomal dominant variants either in genes previously reported or currently evaluated in clinical diagnostic panels. Our findings, plus previous studies, suggest that most POI cases are likely oligogenic or polygenic in nature, which has important implications for future clinical genetic studies, and genetic counseling for families affected by POI.

Analogue Artificial Synaptic Performance of Self‐Rectifying Resistive Switching Device

AbstractThe immense increase of unstructured data require novel computing systems that can process the input data with low power and parallel processing. This functionality is similar to that of human brains that are composed of numerous neurons, synapses, and their complex connections. To mimic the functionality of the human brain with an electronic device, the resistive switching device and crossbar array has attracted considerable attention for artificial synaptic devices and integrated systems, respectively. For this purpose, the self‐rectifying resistive switching cell based on the Si:ZrOx thin film is developed and its reliability characteristics are tested. Four achievements are highlighted in this study. 1) The retention characteristic is improved by the adoption of TaOx thin film as an oxygen reservoir layer. 2) The asymmetric electrodes can make the self‐rectifying resistive cell (SRC) have sufficient rectifying characteristic. 3) The linearity of conductance update has a dominant effect on the inference performance compared to that of the conductance range variation. 4) The device of the interface‐type resistive switching shows a high enough device yield in the crossbar array device and exhibits reliable multiply‐and‐accumulate operations in the crossbar array to mimic the human brain‐inspired computing system.

Influence of reef structure and its flow field effect on the spatial behavior of Sebastes schlegelii adults

Sebases schlegelii is an important economic reef fish in northern China. Its distribution in the reef area is affected by the reef structure and flow field. To evaluate the effects of differently shaped artificial reefs with distinct flow field properties on the distribution of adult S. schlegelii, four types of artificial reefs (cubic (CAR), pyramidal (PAR), star-shaped (SAR) and tubular (TAR) artificial reef) and the related flow regimes were experimentally examined. The mean gathering rate (MGR) and wavelet analysis were adopted to analyze the distribution patterns of S. schlegelii adults around reef bodies in three representative environmental conditions (static water (FE1), 40 Hz water flow environment (FE2), and 50 Hz water flow environment (FE3)). The significant gathering behaviors around the artificial reefs were depicted through the MGR of adult fish during physical observations. For FE1, the MGR of adult fish showed a decrease in the order PAR > CAR > SAR > TAR. With increasing incoming velocities, the MGR changed such that the quantity of adult fish in the CAR gradually increased more than that in the PAR, but no significant differences were observed between them (P>0.05). Wavelet analysis showed that the fluctuations in the gathering behaviors of adults decreased with increasing flow velocities. Based on the two-factor analysis of variance, the reef structural characteristics had a more significant impact than the flow velocities on the gathering behavior of adult fish. In summary, the PAR and CAR are recommended to restore the habitats of S. schlegelii in marine ranches given their dominant aggregation effects on S. schlegelii.

Conformity or contrast? Simultaneous effect of grademates and classmates on students’ educational aspirations

This study examines the relationship between peers' cognitive abilities and students' educational aspirations. The big-fish-little-pond effect (BFLPE) predicts that compared with equally able counterparts, students tend to have higher educational aspirations when the average ability of their surrounding peers is relatively low. Meanwhile, the local dominance effect claims that the association changes between educational aspirations and peers' ability from relatively local to relatively distant peers; closer distance leads to stronger associations. In addition, some empirical findings contradict the notion that students' aspirations are positively associated with their high-achieving classmates. This study combines the BFLPE and local dominance effect into one theoretical framework and explores whether the “higher aspiration-inferior peers” hypothesis stands at the class and grade levels. Using data from the 2014–2015 China Education Panel Survey and employing multilevel regression modeling, this study finds opposite associations in class and grade. The findings indicate that when classmates' cognitive ability is controlled, students feel negative pressure from their grademates. Better performance exhibited by their grademates results in their relatively low educational aspirations. However, at the class level, the negative correlation by peer comparison with excellent classmates is offset by positive associations brought about by these peers. The findings of this study support the hypotheses that students' educational aspirations are positively correlated with their peers’ cognitive abilities as long as their local peers are relatively high achievers, and their distant peers are relatively low achievers.

Optical solitons in curved spacetime

Light propagation in curved spacetime is at the basis of some of the most stringent tests of Einstein’s general relativity. At the same time, light propagation in media is at the basis of several communication systems. Given the ubiquity of the gravitational field, and the exquisite level of sensitivity of optical measurements, the time is ripe for investigations combining these two aspects and studying light propagation in media located in curved spacetime. In this work, we focus on the effect of a weak gravitational field on the propagation of optical solitons in non-linear optical media. We derive a non-linear Schrödinger equation describing the propagation of an optical pulse in an effective, gradient-index medium in flat spacetime, encoding both the material properties and curved spacetime effects. In analyzing the special case of propagation in a 1D optical fiber, we also include the effect of mechanical deformations and show it to be the dominant effect for a fiber oriented in the radial direction in Schwarzschild spacetime.

Change from aerosol-driven to cloud-feedback-driven trend in short-wave radiative flux over the North Atlantic

Abstract. Aerosol radiative forcing and cloud–climate feedbacks each have a large effect on climate, mainly through modification of solar short-wave radiative fluxes. Here we determine what causes the long-term trends in the upwelling short-wave (SW) top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) fluxes (FSW↑) over the North Atlantic region. Coupled atmosphere–ocean simulations from the UK Earth System Model (UKESM1) and the Hadley Centre General Environment Model (HadGEM3-GC3.1) show a positive FSW↑ trend between 1850 and 1970 (increasing SW reflection) and a negative trend between 1970 and 2014. We find that the 1850–1970 positive FSW↑ trend is mainly driven by an increase in cloud droplet number concentration due to increases in aerosol, while the 1970–2014 trend is mainly driven by a decrease in cloud fraction, which we attribute mainly to cloud feedbacks caused by greenhouse gas-induced warming. In the 1850–1970 period, aerosol-induced cooling and greenhouse gas warming roughly counteract each other, so the temperature-driven cloud feedback effect on the FSW↑ trend is weak (contributing to only 23 % of the ΔFSW↑), and aerosol forcing is the dominant effect (77 % of ΔFSW↑). However, in the 1970–2014 period the warming from greenhouse gases intensifies, and the cooling from aerosol radiative forcing reduces, resulting in a large overall warming and a reduction in FSW↑ that is mainly driven by cloud feedbacks (87 % of ΔFSW↑). The results suggest that it is difficult to use satellite observations in the post-1970 period to evaluate and constrain the magnitude of the aerosol–cloud interaction forcing but that cloud feedbacks might be evaluated. Comparisons with observations between 1985 and 2014 show that the simulated reduction in FSW↑ and the increase in temperature are too strong. However, the temperature discrepancy can account for only part of the FSW↑ discrepancy given the estimated model feedback strength (λ=∂FSW∂T). The remaining discrepancy suggests a model bias in either λ or in the strength of the aerosol forcing (aerosols are reducing during this time period) to explain the too-strong decrease in FSW↑, with a λ bias being the most likely. Both of these biases would also tend to cause too-large an increase in temperature over the 1985–2014 period, which would be consistent with the sign of the model temperature bias reported here. Either of these model biases would have important implications for future climate projections using these models.

The Relation Between Viscous Energy Dissipation and Pulsation for Aortic Hemodynamics Driven by a Left Ventricular Assist Device.

Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) provides mechanical circulatory support for patients with advanced heart failure. Treatment using LVAD is commonly associated with complications such as stroke and gastro-intestinal bleeding. These complications are intimately related to the state of hemodynamics in the aorta, driven by a jet flow from the LVAD outflow graft that impinges into the aorta wall. Here we conduct a systematic analyses of hemodynamics driven by an LVAD with a specific focus on viscous energy transport and dissipation. We conduct a complementary set of analysis using idealized cylindrical tubes with diameter equivalent to common carotid artery and aorta, and a patient-specific model of 27 different LVAD configurations. Results from our analysis demonstrate how energy dissipation is governed by key parameters such as frequency and pulsation, wall elasticity, and LVAD outflow graft surgical anastomosis. We find that frequency, pulsation, and surgical angles have a dominant effect, while wall elasticity has a weaker effect, in determining the state of energy dissipation. For the patient-specific scenario, we also find that energy dissipation is higher in the aortic arch and lower in the abdominal aorta, when compared to the baseline flow without an LVAD. This further illustrates the key hemodynamic role played by the LVAD outflow jet impingement, and subsequent aortic hemodynamics during LVAD operation.

Effect of Thermal Exposure on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of TC25G Alloy.

The microstructure and room temperature tensile properties of heat-treated TC25G alloy after thermal exposure were investigated. The results show that the α2 phase dispersed in the α phase, and silicide precipitated firstly at the α/β phase boundary and then at the dislocation of the αp phase and on the β phase. When thermal exposure was 0-10 h at 550 °C and 600 °C, the decrease of alloy strength was mainly due to the dominant effect of dislocations recovery. With the rise and extension of thermal exposure temperature and time, the increasing quantity and size of precipitates played an important role in the improvement of alloy strength. When thermal exposure temperature rose to 650 °C, the strength was always lower than that of heat-treated alloy. However, since the decreasing rate of solid solution strengthening was smaller than the increasing rate of dispersion strengthening, alloy still showed an increasing trend in the range of 5-100 h. When thermal exposure time was 100-500 h, the size of the α2 phase increased from the critical value of 3 nm to 6 nm, and the interaction between the moving dislocations and the α2 phase changed from the cutting mechanism to the by-pass mechanism (Orowan mechanism), and thus alloy strength decreased rapidly.

4-Phenylbutyric acid attenuates amyloid-β proteotoxicity through activation of HSF-1 in an Alzheimer's disease model of the nematode Caenorhabditiselegans

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia. The pathogenesis is a complex process, in which the proteotoxicity of amyloid-β (Aβ) was identified as a major factor. 4-Phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) is an aromatic short-chain fatty acid that may attenuate Aβ proteotoxicity through its already shown properties as a chemical chaperone or by inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs).In the present study, we investigated the molecular effects of 4-PBA on Aβ proteotoxicity using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model. Computer-based analysis of motility was used as a measure of Aβ proteotoxicity in the transgenic strain GMC101, expressing human Aβ1-42 in body wall muscle cells. Aβ aggregation was quantified using the fluorescent probe NIAD-4 to correlate the effects of 4-PBA on motility with the amount of the proteotoxic protein. Furthermore, these approaches were supplemented by gene regulation via RNA interference (RNAi) to identify molecular targets of 4-PBA.4-PBA improved the motility of GMC101 nematodes and reduced Aβ aggregation significantly. Knockdown of hsf-1, encoding an ortholog essential for the cytosolic heat shock response, prevented the increase in motility and decrease in Aβ aggregation by 4-PBA incubation. RNAi for hda-1, encoding an ortholog of histone deacetylase 2, also increased motility. Double RNAi for hsf-1 and hda-1 revealed a dominant effect of hsf-1 RNAi. Moreover, 4-PBA failed to further increase motility under hda-1 RNAi.Accordingly, the results suggest that 4-PBA attenuates Aβ proteotoxicity in an AD-model of C. elegans through activation of HSF-1 via inhibition of HDA-1.

Analisis Pengaruh Kompensasi dan Lingkungan Kerja terhadap Semangat Kerja Karyawan KPN Eka Cita di Kec. Negara, Bali.

This study aims to analyze the influence of compensation and the work environment both simultaneously and partially and to analyze between compensation and the work environment which has the dominant influence on morale at KPN Eka Cita Negara. This research was conducted at KPN Eka Cita Negara with a sample of 30 employees. This research was conducted using primary data collected through the distribution of questionnaires which were given directly to the respondents. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study prove that compensation and work environment partially and simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on employee performance and compensation has a more dominant effect on morale at KPN Eka Cita Negara.