Reuse Of Domestic Wastewater Research Articles

Pollution Load Reduction from Domestic Wastewater with Electrocoagulation Process for Agricultural Reuse

Objectives: The present study is aimed to investigate electrocoagulation of domestic wastewater and assessment of pollutants removal efficiency for potential reuse in agriculture. Methods: The electrocoagulation treatment of domestic wastewater with Fe – Fe electrodes was performed under optimal conditions of pH (8.0), current density (0.6 mA/cm2), treatment time (45 minutes), and NaCl dose (2.8 g/L) in a slurry type of reactor. The primary clarified and biotreated domestic wastewaters were subjected to electrocoagulation with Direct Current (DC) as power source. Findings: There was observed higher pollutants removal efficiency from the biotreated wastewater as compared with the primary clarified wastewater after electrocoagulation. The treated wastewaters showed significant removal of pollutants in terms of BOD (79.5% – 87.9%), COD (86.8% – 89.5%), TDS (87.4% – 89.9%), TSS (66.7% – 75.3%), conductivity (77.8% – 78.4%), turbidity (74% – 81.2%), colour (77.7% – 86.2%), nitrates (44.1% – 51.7%), and phosphates (48.7% – 55.9%) after electrocoagulation treatment. Electrocoagulation considerably improved the biodegradability index of the primary clarified (0.59 to 0.92) and biotreated (0.69 to 0.8) wastewaters. This indicates easy removal of the pollutants further by biological processes in the aquatic ecosystems. Electrocoagulation demonstrated potential for removal of pollution from the domestic wastewater for productive reuse in agriculture and urban areas. Novelty: There exist few studies of use of electrochemical process for treatment and reuse of domestic wastewater. The treated waters complied with the regulatory standards and had satisfactory quality for reuse in agriculture and urban activities. Keywords: Electrocoagulation, Domestic wastewater, Biodegradability index, Agricultural reuse, National Green Tribunal

Filtration of Grey Water Using Herbs in a Columnar Evaluation

Filtration of Grey Water Using Herbs in a Columnar Evaluation

Domestic Wastewater Treatment Using Natural Filtration and Solar Distillation Processes

Fresh water is most important daily requirement for human survival. On one hand many regions/countries are facing challenges related to availability of potable water for drinking and daily needs, on other hand water is wasted daily from different domestic applications. Processing and reuse of domestic waste water can help bridge gap between demand and supply. Present study describes a domestic waste water treatment process using combined natural filtration and solar distillation methods. In natural filtration process husk fibre, activated carbon and coconut husk fibre were used as filters. For solar distillation a pyramid shaped distillation unit is used. The samples of domestic waste water were collected from laundry, kitchen and house cleaning applications. The pH, TDS (total dissolved solids) and DO (dissolved oxygen) values of domestic waste water samples and water after treatment were tested. The results after treatment reveal that the values of TDS, pH, and dissolved oxygen are close to the standard values required for potable water which can be further used in different applications.

Potable Water Treatment and Reuse of Domestic Wastewater in the CMHC Toronto 'Healthy House'

Potable Water Treatment and Reuse of Domestic Wastewater in the CMHC Toronto 'Healthy House'

Acceptance of on-site wastewater treatment and reuse in Bengaluru, India: The role of perceived costs, risks, and benefits

In dealing with water pollution and freshwater scarcity, on-site treatment and reuse of domestic wastewater has shown to be a promising solution. To increase on-site wastewater treatment and reuse, some cities, among them Bengaluru in India, have mandated the installation and use of the necessary technology in certain building types. However, even with a mandate, a successful and sustainable implementation of the technology, including reliable operation, monitoring, and maintenance, depends on the acceptance (i.e. positive valuation) of the technology and its use by the (prospective) users. Literature on technology acceptance indicates perceived costs, risks, and benefits of the respective technology as key predictors of acceptance. Therefore, the present online study assessed this relationship for on-site systems in Bengaluru. The relation was analysed separately for mandated users of on-site systems (N = 103) and current non-users (i.e. potential prospective users, should the mandate be expanded; N = 232), as the perceptions might differ between the two groups, due to the personal experience with the technology among users. The results show that for mandated users and non-users, acceptance of on-site systems is explained by perceived benefits only, namely a positive image of users, environmental benefits, and, only for non-users, also financial benefits for the city. The findings suggest that interventions aimed at promoting on-site systems should include emphasis on the benefits of on-site systems. Whenever possible, interventions should be tailored to the target group's individual cost, risk, and benefit perception.

Solar-Driven interfacial evaporation for decentralized direct potable reuse of domestic wastewater

Water scarcity in arid areas requires the exploitation of unconventional water resources like domestic wastewater (DWW). Although direct potable reuse (DPR) of DWW as an alleviation is mature based on membrane and advanced oxidation, it is energy- and carbon-intensive with requirement of well-developed infrastructure. Recently, emerging solar-driven interfacial evaporation for sustainable freshwater reclamation has been practiced on seawater desalination but its feasibility of DPR from DWW has not been investigated. Herein, a solar-absorber of b-TiO2-DW was constructed by coating delignified wood (DW) with black reduced TiO2 (b-TiO2) to conduct DPR from DWW in a solar-thermal system, wherein b-TiO2-DW with anisotropic thermal conductivities and enhanced sunlight absorption facilitates DWW evaporation at air–water interfaces with a DRP rate of ∼1.25 kg·h−1·m−2-absorber in ∼97.5 % photothermal conversion efficiency and ∼90 % evaporation efficiency under simulated illumination (100 mW·cm−2) in the lab. For real solar illumination outdoors (0.8–87.2 mW·cm−2, 10 h), DRP rate reaches ∼7.65 kg·day−1·m−2 that can satisfy the demand of daily drinking water for 2–3 persons. The moderate temperature at evaporation interfaces, physical adsorption, and reactive oxygen species generated by b-TiO2-DW synergistically inhibit conventional and emerging (in)volatile contaminants into PRW and prevent biofouling on absorbers. A life cycle assessment (10-years life-cycle amortization) shows that solar-thermal system has lower cost ($ ∼0.027 kg−1 PRW) and carbon footprint (∼0.085 kg CO2-eq·kg−1 PRW) than current technologies ($ 0.25–1.14 kg−1 PRW and 0.67–1.17 kg CO2-eq·kg−1 PRW). Although DPR efficiency of solar-thermal system needs further enhancement, its flexibility indicates a promising scenario for decentralized DPR in undeveloped areas with laggard infrastructures.

Photovoltaic powered operational scale Membrane Capacitive Deionization (MCDI) desalination with energy recovery for treated domestic wastewater reuse

An operational scale Membrane Capacitive Deionization (MCDI) desalination system was trialled for water reuse applications in Western NSW, Australia. The 6 electrode module system had an average current efficiency of 74 %, water recovery of 84 % (77 % including pre-treatment) and delivered 1.0 m3/h of treated water with an electrode energy consumption of 0.35 kWh/m3 (including energy recovery) and total energy consumption of 1.28 kWh/m3 (using mains power) or 1.05 kWh/m3 (using photovoltaics to power the electrodes). No performance decline was noted over an operational period of 3 months that included reverse current stopped flow desorption and regular cleaning with sodium hypochlorite. The use of photovoltaics for the electrode power supply enabled an average power saving of 27 %. The inclusion of energy recovery devices on the electrode control system facilitated a 40 % reduction in electrode energy consumption. The system demonstrated that MCDI desalination is a feasible option for treated domestic wastewater reuse and can be easily coupled with photovoltaics supply to the electrodes. As one of the first larger scale MCDI operations, we demonstrate that performance trends found in bench scale studies do translate to larger units, however control constraints of the operational units may require optimisation trade-offs between performance parameters.

Performance Evaluation of Commercial Package Systems Used in Kuwait for on-Site Treatment and Reuse of Domestic Wastewater

Kuwait’s wastewater management scheme consists of a huge centralized sewerage system that transports all wastewater generated for treatment at central municipal plants for wastewater treatment. However, there are a few remote sites that are still not connected to the public sewerage system. In such sites, on-site systems such as conventional septic tank or package systems are commonly used. This study assessed the performance of two package systems used in Kuwait for on-site wastewater treatment and reuse. Wastewater samples were collected weekly for five months from influent and effluent streams of two package systems located at Ahmedi and Kadhmah areas of Kuwait. Comparison of the means of the laboratory results to the guidelines of Kuwait Public Authority for Environment (KEPA) indicated that the effluents of the two systems are suitable to be reused as irrigation water. However, results obtained also showed that performances of both units were highly fluctuating.

Evaluation of Pilot Scale Domestic Wastewater Reuse System in Terms of Irrigation and Industrial Process Waters in Turkey

ABSTRACT It is now inevitable to reuse the wastewater in urban areas in terms of climate change and circular economy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the reuse of secondary treatment as irrigation water and/or industrial process water by pilot-scale ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) units. The conductivity, pH, organic matter, heavy metals, micropollutants, coliform bacteria and sodium hazard assessments were analysedduring operation. An average flux of 60.02 ± 16 l/m2.h was obtained in UF system and 12.30 ± 2.93 l/m2.h was obtained in RO system. Both UF and RO permeates were compared with the national and the global irrigational water quality standards. It has been determined that UF effluent is suitable for irrigation, while RO permeate water can be used for industrial processes with UF pre-treatment. The total operation and maintenance (O&M) costs of two pilot plants were calculated at 0.252 US $/m3.

Silver nanoparticle filter for domestic wastewater reuse

AbstractBACKGROUNDUnder scarcity of freshwater, the reuse and low‐cost technological solutions applied to wastewaters seek to reduce contamination to the users and freshwater biota.RESULTSA low‐cost cellulose membrane was doped with silver nanoparticles to filter urban wastewater (UW) from a city in Argentina. The total amount of coliforms and Escherichia coli in the filter decreased by 99.6% and 99.9%, respectively. The leak of silver from the filter was 275 ng L−1, analyzed by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Silver nanoparticles tested on HepG2 and A549 mammalian cell lines showed no toxicity in a broad concentration range. Calculation of the organic matter provided by dead bacteria post‐filtration was 347 μg L−1 proteins, 148 μg L−1 nucleic acids, 57 μg L−1 lipids, and 53 μg L−1 polysaccharides, indicating high availability of organic matter. The retention of inorganic salts in the filter was 78.5% ammonia, 6.2% nitrates, 97.6% nitrites, and 19.2% phosphates. In post‐filtered UW, the Lactuca sativa germination test showed early seed germination between 90% and 95% in all the dilutions tested. In the range of 6.25% to 50.0%, filtered UW showed no significant differences in the hypocotyl but the difference was significant in the radicle length (mm) compared to the control made of synthetic media (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONThe development of a low‐cost filter based on cellulose membranes doped with silver nanoparticles allowed the reuse of wastewater for domestic purposes and garden irrigation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Development of a membrane capacitive deionization stack for domestic wastewater reclamation: A pilot-scale feasibility study

This study aims to scale up a membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) stack for the reuse of domestic wastewater for industry applications. The desalination performance of the pilot-scale MCDI was investigated for the removal of ions from the effluent of a domestic wastewater treatment plant in terms of water quality, ion selectivity, water productivity and fouling/scaling phenomena. The MCDI stack was composed of 40 pairs of 20 cm × 20 cm activated carbon electrodes and operated in a single-pass mode. The MCDI stack achieved good removal efficiency of ions from the wastewater effluent (up to 94% Ca2+ and 84% NO3−). For electrode regeneration, the pump-off operation enabled a much higher water recovery of 75%. In particular, the average conductivity after the MCDI treatment was 103 μS/cm, which meets the standard for industrial reuse. For the electrosorption selectivity of cations, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were favored due to their high charge. Among the anions, NO3− had the highest electrosorption selectivity owing to its hydration ratio. Notably, the water quality of MCDI-treated effluents remained stable during consecutive charging-discharging cycles over 5 months of operation. These results provide essential data to scale up the MCDI stack with application to water reclamation.

Potential of aerobic membrane bioreactor for recycling and reuse of domestic wastewater for irrigation

This paper explored the positive attributes of aerobic membrane bioreactor for recycling and reuse of domestic wastewater for irrigation. For this purpose, performances of two different full-scale treatment plants, one designed as aerobic membrane bioreactor (AMBR) equipped with a hollow fiber membrane with a nominal pore size of 0.03 μm, and the other, as a conventional nitrogen removal activated sludge plant with pre-denitrification (A2O) were evaluated and compared. The effluent of the A2O system included an average of 109 mg L−1 chemical oxygen demand (COD), 32 mg L−1 total suspended solids (TSS) and 17 mg L−1 of total nitrogen. The AMBR system was able to reduce the effluent COD level to 24 mg L−1, obviously with lower TSS and turbidity. The effluent quality of the AMBR was in compliance with irrigation water standards; its nitrogen content should be evaluated as an added nutritional value for most plants. Considering the additional profit of the recovered water, the investment and operational costs of A2O and AMBR processes were compatible. The results underlined the merit of AMBR process, especially in low populated areas also requiring resources for irrigation.

UV-C/H2O2 and Sunlight/H2O2 in the Core of the Best Available Technologies for Dealing with Present Dares in Domestic Wastewater Reuse

Traditional urban wastewater treatment plants (UWTPs) are deficiently efficient in eliminating most contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), comprising antibiotics, antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARB & ARGs). Such pollutants lead to some worry for nature and human health. This work discusses the performance of the best available technologies (BATs) for dealing with urban wastewater (UWW) to eliminate CECs and ARB & ARGs. Ozonation, activated carbon adsorption, chemical disinfectants, UV radiation, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and membrane filtration are debated with a view to their potential to efficaciously reduce CECs and ARB & ARGs. Probable treatment trains involving the BATs are compared. In spite of the huge improvements acquired in terms of applying AOPs and understanding their mechanisms in removing ARB & ARGs, transformation products (TPs) of the antibiotics existing may be generated, which may be less bio-decomposable, more poisonous and biologically strong, juxtaposed to the parent compounds. Therefore, attempts have to be concentrated on defining the structure of such TPs and proving if these retain their core moieties, responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the antibiotic, probably comprising antimicrobial resistance to the surrounding microbes.

COD and nutrient removal from urban effluent by desmodesmus subspicatus

O trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o crescimento heterotrófico e potencial de remoção de DQO e nutrientes (nitrogênio e fósforo) da microalga clorofícea Desmodesmus subspicatus em esgoto doméstico coletado em estação piloto de tratamento e reúso de água do CCA/UFSCar. Os resultados indicaram velocidades específicas de crescimento máximas de 0,084 h????1, com concentrações de biomassa de 1000 mg L????1 em 24 horas de cultivo. Devido à composição do efluente esterilizado, tanto a quantidade de matéria orgânica como nitrogênio são limitantes para o crescimento microbiano. Entretanto, para valores de DQO acima de 200 mg L????1, houve uma elevada conversão de matéria orgânica do efluente em biomassa. Estes resultados sugerem a viabilidade de aplicação desta microalga para produção de biomassa e remoção de parte dos nutrientes e matéria orgânica deste efluente, podendo ser considerada como uma das etapas de adequação para reúso agrícola de esgoto doméstico.

Reuse of Domestic Wastewater by Membrane Technologies towards Sustainable City Development

Supply of sustainable clean water is an activity that must be carried out towards smart cities. Nevertheless, the availability of water is decreasing both in quality and quantity. Wastewater including domestic wastewater is a potential source that can be reused as clean water supply dealing with water scarcity. This is due to domestic wastewater is produced continuously in large amount. In addition, reuse can reduce the total cost of handling wastewater. One modern technology that can be used for domestic wastewater treatment is membrane technology. Characteristics, various types, advantages, disadvantages, and challenges of membrane technology for domestic wastewater were discussed. This paper presents a review of domestic wastewater reuse by using membrane technology. More specifically this paper discusses domestic wastewater.

Potensi air limbah domestik sebagai pasokan air irigasi pada daerah padat penduduk dan krisis air

Indonesia merupakan negara yang paling rentan ketahanan pangannya dalam menghadapi defisit air. P.Jawa dan Bali telah mengalami defisit air irgasi sejak tahun 2003. Pengkajian potensi air limbah domestik untuk pasokan air irigasi dimaksudkan untuk alternatif sumber air baku dalam mengatasi defisit air di daerah padat penduduk seperi di P. Jawa dan Bali. Pengkajian menggunakan metoda analisis data primer dan sekunder yang diperoleh dari berbagai literatur. Hasil pengkajian menunjukkan potensi kuantitas air limbah domestik tahun 2020 rata-rata di Indonesia sekitar 228,12 m3/detik, sementara di P. Jawa sekitar 132,38 m3/detik dan di P. Bali sekitar 3,94m3/detik. Potensi nutrisi dalam air limbah domestik tahun 2020 di P. Jawa: Nitrogen sekitar 208.740 ton/ tahun atau setara dengan Urea 386.556 ton/tahun; Fosfor ton/tahun 41.748 atau setara dengan TSP 115.967 ton/tahun; dan Kalium 83.496 ton/tahun atau setara dengan KCl 185.547 ton/tahun. Manfaat dari penerapan kebijakan penggunaan ulang air limbah domestik untuk irigasi merupakan upaya mendukung pertanian yang berkelanjutan karena disamping dapat memasok air baku secara berkesinambungan pada saat defisit air, dapat pula sebagai sumber nutrisi untuk mensubtitusi kebutuhan pupuk. Penggunaan air limbah domestik untuk irigasi dapat pula memperbaiki struktur tanah dan mengurangi beban pencemaran yang masuk ke sumber air. Secara praktis, beberapa petani di sekitar Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah Domestik di Bojongsoang dan Perumnas di Cirebon telah menerima manfaat penggunaan air limbah domestik untuk irigasi terutama pada musim kemarau. Besarnya tingkat kesulitan memperoleh air merupakan faktor penting untuk keberhasilan pemanfaatan ulang air limbah untuk irigasi.

The water-energy-food nexus of unconventional oil and gas extraction in the Vaca Muerta Play, Argentina

Vaca Muerta is the major region in South America where horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques are used to extract unconventional shale oil and gas. Despite the growing interest in the Vaca Muerta resources, there is only a limited understanding of the impacts that their extraction could have on local water resources. This study uses a water balance model to investigate the hydrological implication of unconventional oil and gas extraction in this region. We find that, with current rates of extraction, water scarcity is observed for four months a year. We also find that water consumption per fractured well increased 2.5 times in the period 2012–2016 and produced water from unconventional shale formation sharply increased from roughly zero to 1.15 × 106 m3 y−1 in the 2009–2017 period. Our projections estimate that in this region future water consumption for unconventional oil and gas extraction will increase 2.2 times in the 2017–2024 period reaching 7.40 × 106 m3 y−1. The consequent exacerbation of current water scarcity will likely lead to competition with irrigated agriculture, the greatest water consumer in this semiarid region. Produced water recycling, domestic wastewater reuse, brackish groundwater use, and waterless unconventional oil and gas extraction technologies are some of the strategies that could be adopted to meet future additional water demand. Our results estimate the likely range of water consumption and production from hydraulic fracturing operations in the Vaca Muerta region under current and future conditions. These results could be used to make informed decisions for the sustainable water management in this semiarid region of Argentina.

Human health impact of non-potable reuse of distributed wastewater and greywater treated by membrane bioreactors

We assessed the annual probability of infection resulting from non-potable exposures to distributed greywater and domestic wastewater treated by an aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) followed by chlorination. A probabilistic quantitative microbial risk assessment was conducted for both residential and office buildings and a residential district using Norovirus, Rotavirus, Campylobacter jejuni, and Cryptosporidium spp. as reference pathogens. A Monte Carlo approach captured variation in pathogen concentration in the collected water and pathogen (or microbial surrogate) treatment performance, when available, for various source water and collection scale combinations. Uncertain inputs such as dose-response relationships and the volume ingested were treated deterministically and explored through sensitivity analysis. The predicted 95th percentile annual risks for non-potable indoor reuse of distributed greywater and domestic wastewater at district and building scales were less than the selected health benchmark of 10−4 infections per person per year (ppy) for all pathogens except Cryptosporidium spp., given the selected exposure (which included occasional, accidental ingestion), dose-response, and treatment performance assumptions. For Cryptosporidium spp., the 95th percentile annual risks for reuse of domestic wastewater (for all selected collection scenarios) and district-collected greywater were greater than the selected health benchmark when using the limited, available MBR treatment performance data; this finding is counterintuitive given the large size of Cryptosporidium spp. relative to the MBR pores. Therefore, additional data on MBR removal of protozoa is required to evaluate the proposed MBR treatment process for non-potable reuse. Although the predicted Norovirus annual risks were small across scenarios (less than 10−7 infections ppy), the risks for Norovirus remain uncertain, in part because the treatment performance is difficult to interpret given that the ratio of total to infectious viruses in the raw and treated effluents remains unknown. Overall, the differences in pathogen characterization between collection type (i.e., office vs. residential) and scale (i.e., district vs. building) drove the differences in predicted risk; and, the accidental ingestion event (although modeled as rare) determined the annual probability of infection. The predicted risks resulting from treatment malfunction scenarios indicated that online, real-time monitoring of both the MBR and disinfection processes remains important for non-potable reuse at distributed scales. The resulting predicted health risks provide insight on the suitability of MBR treatment for distributed, non-potable reuse at different collection scales and the potential to reduce health risks for non-potable reuse.

Management challenges for a more decentralized treatment and reuse of domestic wastewater in metropolitan areas

Abstract In a case study located in suburban sectors of the metropolitan area of the Lerma Valley (Valle de Lerma), in the province of Salta (Argentina), 24 informal decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DWWTS) were evaluated. The analyzed systems had three general configurations: A, septic tank; B, septic tank combined with upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor; C, septic tank combined with UASB and a final filtration step. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in effluent quality, measured as total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Treatment A was the most inefficient, and was statistically different from B and C; there were no significant differences between the latter two. Thermotolerant coliform concentrations were high in all analyzed systems and did not comply with local discharge standards in soakaway pits or in the ground. The lack of a final disinfection step in these systems is thus a weakness that needs to be addressed. The formal inclusion of DWWTS in urban planning could reduce overall investment costs, as long as the best technologies are selected for each case. Incorporation of DWWTS in formal urban planning requires an open debate in which the social perspectives of all relevant users need to be considered.

Constructed wetlands and solar-driven disinfection technologies for sustainable wastewater treatment and reclamation in rural India: SWINGS project.

SWINGS was a cooperation project between the European Union and India, aiming at implementing state of the art low-cost technologies for the treatment and reuse of domestic wastewater in rural areas of India. The largest wastewater treatment plant consists of a high-rate anaerobic system, followed by vertical and horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands with a treatment area of around 1,900 m2 and a final step consisting of solar-driven anodic oxidation (AO) and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection units allowing direct reuse of the treated water. The implementation and operation of two pilot plants in north (Aligarh Muslim University, AMU) and central India (Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, IGNTU) are shown in this study. The overall performance of AMU pilot plant during the first 7 months of operation showed organic matter removal efficiencies of 87% total suspended solids, 95% 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5) and 90% chemical oxygen demand, while Kjeldahl nitrogen removal reached 89%. The UV disinfection unit produces water for irrigation and toilet flushing with pathogenic indicator bacteria well below WHO guidelines. On the other hand, the AO disinfection unit implemented at IGNTU and operated for almost a year has been shown to produce an effluent of sufficient quality to be reused by the local population for agriculture and irrigation.