Domestic Solid Waste Research Articles

Association between occupational exposure to domestic solid waste and dental caries: a cross-sectional study.

Studies have shown that domestic waste collectors are exposed to toxicants including infectious pathogens, which may be linked to their oral health conditions. This cross-sectional study evaluated the dental caries and its associated factors among domestic waste collectors. A total of 301 adult men who worked for a waste collection corporation were included; 171 men worked in direct contact with domestic solid waste and 130 did not. Sociodemographic data, working, and medical history were assessed. The decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth (DMFT) index was examined. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with dental status with a significance level of 5%. The overall mean DMFT score was 8.36±5.64. The mean DMFT, missing teeth (MT), and filled teeth (FT) were significantly higher in workers who did not have any direct contact with waste (p≤0.04). In the logistic analysis, DMFT ≥8 was only associated with older age (OR=8.41 [95% confidence interval (95%CI), 5.01–14.12], p<0.001). Decayed teeth (DT) ≥2 was associated with no previous oral hygiene instruction (OR=2.70 [1.50–4.81], p=0.001) and no daily dental flossing (OR=4.26 [1.92–9.43], p<0.001). MT ≥9 was associated with lower education level (OR=3.33 [1.57–7.10], p= 0.002). FT≥3 had a negative association with low income (OR= 0.42 [0.25–0.70], p<0.001) and no daily flossing (OR=0.42 [0.23–0.76], p=0.004). In conclusion, occupational exposure to domestic solid waste was not associated with poor dental status. Instead, age, education, income level, and oral hygiene were associated with dental health status. Missing teeth constituted the major component of the DMFT index. Therefore, prevention and oral rehabilitation programs are necessary to improve dental health.

Kebutuhan Area Penimbunan di Tempat Pengolahan Akhir Sampah Domestik di Kota Probolinggo Provinsi Jawa Timur

The domestic Final Disposal Site (FDS) in Probolinggo City with 2 landfill areas is almost full, so it is necessary to develop a new landfill area as soon as possible. In the domestic FDS Bestari, there is still a large area for development, but some parts have been utilized by the management and the community. The aim of the study is to calculate the landfill area requirement over the next 10 years and development plan on limited land. The estimation of the amount of domestic solid waste in this study is based on a linear regression of the increasing of population, which is corrected by the amount of waste that can be transported to the FDS. However, the activities in Probolinggo City are still dominated by settlements. With a reduction rate of 4 to 8%, the amount of waste that can be transported to the FDS in 2029 will reach 90 tons per day. With a heap height of up to 20 meters, the required land area for the new landfill area is ± 45000 m2. Taking into account the used area, 3 new small landfill areas and an extension of one existing landfill area proposed. This development area of landfill will be followed by new installation for leachate treatment.

Designing of Green Plasticizers and Assessment of the Effectiveness of Their Use.

The growing anthropogenic load on the lithosphere is currently characterized by the alienation of huge areas for solid domestic waste. One of the most common pollutants is traditional plastics with a degradation period of over 100 years. In connection with the increasing environmental requirements, polymer materials, along with a high set of technological and operational parameters, must be environmentally friendly and biodegradable. The development of polymer composite materials that undergo accelerated physicochemical and biological changes in the natural environment due to the introduction of biodegradable additives is one of the potential methods for processing synthetic materials and ensures the release of significant areas of fertile soils and lands from the steadily increasing amount of polymer waste. The use of adipic acid esters as PVC plasticizers contributes to the production of biodegradable composites. The article describes a method for obtaining new esters of adipic acid, presents the results of studying their properties for practical use in PVC composites, and assesses the economic efficiency of preventing damage to the environment when using them.

Comparison of a Traditional Landfill and a Mechanically-Biologically Treated waste Landfill (Case study; Kirkuk landfill)

Owing to the increasing population in Kirkuk, Iraq and the consequent rise in the production of waste, alongside with global warming caused by an increase in the greenhouse gases concentrations, a high level of emissions was observed at the landfill site near Kirkuk. These emissions can be transmitted by the wind over considerable distances and adversely affect the environment and individual health. In this study, two pilot scale columns were built to investigate different options for achieving sustainability by reducing long-term landfill emissions. Each reactor was packed with (8.5) kg of shredded synthetic solid waste (less than 5 cm) that was prepared according to an average composition of domestic solid waste in the city of Kirkuk. The main result of this study was that the pretreatment of the waste may shorten the transition time for active methane development and increase the methanogenesis of the landfill site and also affects COD removals efficiencies which were 19.11% and 66.53% for columns A and B respectively.

Sustainable resources management to support Sei Mangkei SEZ as an eco-industrial park

Sei Mangkei SEZ as an eco-industrial park with the development of downstream of natural resources resulting from plantations in North Sumatra, especially oil palm and rubber, emphasizes the principle of sustainability and environmentally friendly in exploring natural resources into quality ready-made products. The need for energy is very necessary to support the development of the region, region’s ability to provide energy independently is still limited to using of oil palm empty fruit bunches as an alternative source of electricity in the palm oil mill. The use of by-products is one aspect of sustainability that has been done in the Sei Mangkei SEZ. However, a more comprehensive analysis is needed to meet the energy needs of the Sei Mangkei SEZ as a whole so that the area’s operations can proceed as expected. This paper is written with a qualitative approach and then analysed descriptively to obtain renewable energy management to be applied to the Sei Mangkei SEZ. The research informants were the managers of the Sei Mangkei SEZ, namely: the administrator of the Sei Mangkei SEZ, PTPN III, and PT. Kinra. This paper will present the available energy sources, energy management problems, and appropriate energy management advice. Primary data were obtained from interviews and documents, as for secondary data obtained from previous research reports, articles from relevant journals, and regulations that support the application of sustainable energy management in the Sei Mangkei SEZ. This paper concludes that SEZ Sei Mangkei has implemented the principle of the eco-industrial park and can develop as planned. An alternative to meet the needs of electrical energy in Sei Mangkei SEZ are obtained from biomass power energy, namely: shells, empty fruit bunches, palm oil mill liquid waste, and domestic solid waste. This research suggests that biomass energy as an alternative source of electrical energy needs to be applied as soon as possible before the area operates optimally, and the demand for electrical energy is increasing.

An efficient route design for solid waste collection using graph theory and the algorithm of the traveling agent in dynamic programming.

In Santo Domingo de los Tsa'chilas province, Ecuador, the population grows proportionally to the territorial extension in urban and rural parishes; therefore, the conception of domestic solid waste has increased exponentially. In this context, in recent years, the distribution of routes for waste collection has not been dealt with or technically explored. The research objective is to apply the theory of graphs to the sector and use the exact method of the Travel Agent Problem (TSP) in dynamic programming to generate optimal routes by sectors. In addition to measuring the variables longitudinally, we test the researcher's hypothesis using parametric techniques for independent samples in the variable's travel time and distance between the usual route and the new route in the Río Verde parish of Santo Domingo Canton.

Evaluation of solid waste management operational techniques in Kebonsari Urban Village, Citangkil sub-district, Cilegon City

The increase of population is equal to the increase of solid waste generation. Domestic solid waste generation that is not managed properly will cause problems. Solid waste management in Kebonsari Urban Village, Citangkil Sub-District, Cilegon City still uses the old paradigm (collect-transport-dispose) and low service level. This study aims to evaluate solid waste management activities from storage, collection, and transportation to the final disposal. This study used the method of field observation to analysis current service coverage and compare operational technical conditions in Kebonsari Urban Village with SNI 19-2454-2002 of Operational Techniques of Municipal Solid Waste Management. Data analysis was performed by calculating based on SNI 3242-2008 Residential Solid Waste Management. The results showed that only 41% of the population of Kebonsari Urban Village were served, this was due to the fact that there were still many people who did not put garbage in their bin and solid waste operational techniques in Kebonsari Urban Village were still not entirely applying SNI 19-2454-2002 one of them is shown by the low participation of the community in solid waste management. The average of solid waste generation in Kebonsari Urban Village are 0.71 l/person/day or 0.12 kg/person/day and the solid waste composition are 60.2% organic and 39.8 inorganic.

GWP, AP, and EP Contribution on Potential Improving Scenarios of Domestic SWM in Padang City: A Review

The increase in solid waste generation is incompatible with solid waste management (SWM). Padang city have a small processing percentage of 5% through composting and recyling. Improper and nonoptimal SWM lead to many obstacles including climate change, water and soil contamination, to creatures life disturbance. By conducting Impact Assessment and Contribution Analysis, this study examines the most impact contributor of unit processes in four scenarios of domestic solid waste management in Padang City. Scenario 0 presents the existing condition; scenarios 1, 2, and 3 present the improvement of Scenario 0 in recycling percentage rate and technology implementation in a row by composting, incineration, and anaerobic digestion. CML2001, impact assessment method by Center of Environmental Sciences of Leiden University, is used to assess the environmental impact of Global Warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), and Eutrophication Potential (EP). This study found that the significant impact for the four scenarios is GWP by the contribution percentage over 72%. While EP is the second place in the contribution range of 1.70% to 5.46%, and followed by AP under 0.91%. Scenario 1 is the best scenario due to the small contribution of impact compared to other scernarios, and potentially to be applied by modification in increase of composting percentage and additional recovery gas in landfill.

Domestic solid waste generation and management in Hau My Bac A Commune, Cai Be District, Tien Giang Province, Vietnam

The study was conducted to survey the current situation of domestic solid waste generation and management in Hau My Bac A commune, Cai Be district, Tien Giang province in Hau My Bac A village, Cai Be district, Tien Giang province. Data on the status of generation and management were collected through direct interviews with 60 households and placed garbage bags in the households for a period of seven consecutive days a week. The research results showed that the average amount of domestic solid waste generated by each household was about 1-1.5 kg of waste/day, on average, each person generated 0.36 kg/person/day. The composition of domestic solid waste of households was relatively different, mainly organic waste, accounted for 47.88% higher than the other components. Plastic, plastic bags accounted for 24.65%, metals 2.19%, paper and carton 9.89%, foam box accounted for 4.15%. The wood, fabric, rubber, and glass were negligible. Hazardous wastes were not found in the study period. Currently, the collection was not met the demand of efficient solid waste collection due to the lack of facilities and the workforce. The rate of solid waste collection was only about 40-55%. Local domestic solid waste managers have not been paid adequate attention to the overall management of solid waste. Local residents in the study area were not fully aware of the harms of domestic solid waste, did not actively participate in solid waste management activities leading to the difficulty in the management. The active participation of the community and strict enforcement of the environmental protection law can make an important contribution to the full management of solid waste in the study area.

Domestic solid waste generation and management in Hau My Bac A Commune, Cai Be District, Tien Giang Province, Vietnam

Domestic solid waste generation and management in Hau My Bac A Commune, Cai Be District, Tien Giang Province, Vietnam

EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AT THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, OWERRI (FUTO), IMO STATE OF NIGERIA

The main purpose of this work was to evaluate the waste management practices at the Federal University of Technology, Owerri (FUTO). The research utilized library, observations and sample survey technique. Other related literatures were also reviewed. Questionnaires based on formulated hypotheses were also employed. Data gathered were analyzed using textual, diagrams (charts and graphs) and tabular forms of data presentation. Percentages and figures were also used to clarify the relationships between variables. Consequently, the findings gotten from the field shows that the kind of domestic solid wastes that is generated in the study area were majorly organic, paper, plastic, metal and textile wastes. About 72% of all the domestic solid wastes that is generated at the eateries in the study area were mainly organic wastes. The domestic solid waste management strategies in place were burning, open dumping and burying. Open dumping was found to be the most common domestic solid waste management strategy practiced in the study area. The key players involved in the management of solid wastes were the school management and individual households. This study shows that the method of waste management adopted in the study area does not conform to sustainable waste management strategy which results in environmental degradation and health risks. This implies that much attention has not been given to domestic solid waste management in the study area. The study therefore suggests that there is need to introduce solid waste management in the coursework of all the departments in the institution so that they could be informed on the need to maintain a clean and healthy environment. And more attention should be given to waste disposal management through adequate funding by providing the students and residents with properly designed waste disposal points in order to protect the environment from pollution.

Multivariate and Statistical Assessment of Solid Wastes Contamination from Waste Dump Sites on Soil and Perched Aquifers in a Rapidly Developing City

The effect of waste dumps on groundwater quality on perched aquifers in Nsukka and environs was investigated by applying multivariate statistical analyses using Statgraphics Centurion XVII, ArcGIS 10.2.2 and Surfer 10 software on hydrochemical parameters from soil (0 cm and 15 cm depth) and groundwater media. Factor analysis, correlation, principal component analysis and cluster analysis reflect biodegradable domestic solid contaminants, automobile contaminants and construction or building contaminants. The significant or positive correlation between parameters was taken at value equal to or greater than 0.5. Chromium showed positive or significant correlation with copper (0.98), cadmium (0.91), nitrate (0.87) and potassium (0.82) indicating that they are from the same source. Zinc showed positive correlation with manganese (0.89) and pH (0.70) showing similar source. The first cluster showed chromium, copper, cadmium, nitrate, potassium and iron which could be attributed to market and domestic biodegradable wastes. The second cluster showed parameter association for lead, EC and mercury which could be attributed to automobile wastes. The third cluster showed zinc, manganese and pH which could be attributed to construction and building wastes. This showed that the third cluster is the major contributor to the soil pH. Based on the Normality Tests (Shapiro-Wilk significance test) to determine P-Value of the analyzed parameters, in the study area; there was no significant spatial variation (@p > 0.05) in the values of parameters such as chromium, iron, pH in the impact zone and the control area. Conversely, the other parameters were statistically significant. For the groundwater analysis, the dendrogram extracted three clusters highlighting the parameter associations according to their possible sources of occurrence. The first cluster showed potassium, sodium, DOI, manganese, and bicarbonate, which could be attributed to construction and building wastes. The second cluster showed parameter association for sulfate, nitrate, calcium and chloride; which could be domestic biodegradable solid waste. The third cluster showed pH, EC, TDS, Cu+, Pb2+, Hg+, Fe2+, Cr2+ and Cd2+ which could be attributed to automobile wastes.

Situation, Challenges, and Solutions of Policy Implementation on Municipal Waste Management in Vietnam toward Sustainability

Municipal solid waste management is an environmental issue that has received considerable attention from researchers and environmental managers for decades. Supporting the management programs entail policies and regulations related to municipal solid waste. In developed countries, the implementation of environmental policies plays an important role and has a substantial impact on the effectiveness of solid waste management. However, in many developing countries such as Vietnam, the situation and effectiveness of the policy implementation have not been studied extensively. This investigation is conducted to ascertain the situation, limitations, and challenges in implementing solid waste management policy in Vietnam. Then, solutions for the problems and improvements for implementation efficiency are presented. This work used online questionnaires to survey environmental managers in different localities and applied qualitative research method to analyze data. The results show that not all national policies on solid waste management are implemented in all localities. Waste separation is also the foremost concern in municipal waste management in most localities of Vietnam. Most of the localities claimed that the unrealistic nature and difficult implementation of the policies and the lack of needed resources are the main limitations and challenges in Vietnam. Survey results also revealed that different localities in Vietnam have different solutions to increase policy implementation efficiency. Besides, the study also found similarities in the implementation of policies in solid waste management between Vietnam and some other countries and also gathered some valuable lessons for the improvement strategy. Finally, the implementation of an effective domestic solid waste management policy is an important platform for improving environmental quality and ensuring the sustainable development of the nation and mankind.

Constraints Of Community Participation On Domestic Solid Waste Management In Sodo City, Wolayita Ethiopia

This study was undertaken to assess the constraints of community participation on domestic solid waste management activities in sodo city, Ethiopia. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected from 204 households who were randomly selected from four kebeles (Fana, Gebeya, Gido and Selame) of wolayita-sodo city. The primary data were gathered through survey questionnaire, key informant interview, focus group discussion, and field observation. The secondary data were collected from central statistics authority, city municipality, published and unpublished sources. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression model. The result shows that participation of communities on domestic solid waste management was low. The result from binary logistic regression model revealed that the probability of household participation on domestic solid waste management was positively and significantly constrained by educational level of households, household income, and household access to main road, small-scale enterprise service coverage and supply of waste facility. On the other hand, sex of household head and marital statuses were negatively and significantly constrained the probability of household participations on domestic solid waste management. As a result, widening the horizon of education and training, expanding small-scale enterprise service coverage, supply of waste facility and provision of road infrastructure within the community was suggested to reduce constraints of community participation on domestic solid waste management.

A STUDY ON THE GENERATION AND COMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTES IN CHO MOI DISTRICT, AN GIANG PROVINCE, VIETNAM

The study was conducted to investigate the current situation of generation and composition of domestic solid waste in Cho Moi town, Cho Moi district, An Giang province, Vietnam. The current status of generation and composition of solid waste was evaluated through the placement of garbage bags in households in rural and urban areas. Current management status was assessed by direct interviews with the households. The research results showed that the solid waste generated in the rural and urban areas of the whole town was about 8.5 tons/day, the collection rate was only 60.5% of the total solid wastes generated. The average amount of waste generated in rural areas was 0.31 kg/person/day and in urban areas was 0.44 kg/person/day. In the composition of classified domestic solid wastes, the organic composition in rural areas was slightly higher (82.3%) than that in urban areas (80.6%). The proportion of nylon in urban areas (10.1%) was higher than that in rural areas (6.78%). The remaining compositions had a low percentage, ranging from 0.04-7%. The interview results showed that only 70% of the respondents agreed to place their garbage in the waste bins for the collection while 30% of the respondents chose to burn or directly release the wastes into the environments. The behaviours of the respondents showed that people's awareness of the importance of domestic solid waste management was not high. Domestic solid waste management still faces many difficulties because the Cho Moi district does not have an infrastructure to ensure efficient treatment of domestic solid waste. Raising the community’s awareness and investment in solid waste management are urgently needed to keep a clean environment.

Risk Assessment of Water Pollution in Urban Rivers of Northwest China

As the main carrier of regional residential sewage, industrial wastewater and surface runoff emissions, urban rivers are most vulnerable to pollution and destruction. Taking the Dongsha River in the city of Baoji in Northwest China as an example, four river pollutants were monitored, and the improved Nemero index and factor information model were established to for risk assessment of river water pollution. While compared with other methods, the method is verified, and it is believed that this method is a good tool to evaluate the water pollution of urban rivers. Moreover, the source load mechanism of urban river pollution is discussed. Evaluation results show that for TP, risk of upstream is highest, and for COD and NH3N, risks of the middle are highest, while for PH, risk of downstream is highest. Overall, COD and ammonia nitrogen are a major pollutant in urban rivers, which pollutants originate from industry and agricultural wastewater discharge. The domestic sewage, solid waste and agricultural wastewater overflows also play an important role in the change of river water quality. These studies provide the basis for urban environmental planning and pollution control.

Uralsk municipal solid waste disposal

Currently, there is an increase in household waste due to the large population growth. To effectively manage the generation of solid domestic waste, it is necessary to know the rate of waste generation and their composition. According to these parameters, the test site of the city of Uralsk was investigated. The study proposed alternative solutions to the problem of solid waste disposal using new technologies.

Ecological Reclamation of Lawn Coverings in Disturbed Areas

Today, the problem of reclamation of landfills for solid domestic waste is urgent, which is a complex of works aimed at restoring the economic value and productivity of the restored territories. Ecological reclamation is a set of measures for the ecological and economic restoration of lands, the fertility of which has been disturbed as a result of human activity. The purpose of reclamation is to improve environmental conditions, restore the productivity of disturbed lands. In the city of Krasnoyarsk and its suburbs, the peculiarities of weather conditions are traced, affecting the growth and development of lawn coverings. In the course of the study of the correspondence of the parameters of climatic environmental factors to the criteria for the growth of high-quality lawn coverings for the reclamation of landfills, it was established that the humidity regime is the limiting factor. On the basis of this, we have developed types of trash mixtures for reclamation of disturbed areas. When arranging lawn coverings in the city of Krasnoyarsk and its suburban area, it is necessary to focus on the natural conditions of lawn moistening and adopt care technologies adequate to the prevailing conditions. the biological properties presented in these herbal mixtures of herbs meet the requirements that are imposed on the reclamation of disturbed areas and their care. They have high winter hardiness and drought resistance, resist pathogens, pests and weeds.

Surveying causes of surface water pollution at Sao River, Binh Thuy district, Can Tho city, Vietnam

Surface water sources play an important role in human and biological activities and the socio-economic development of the region. Therefore, the assessment of water quality and determination of the causes of water pollution in Sao river is essential for good management of the surface water environment. The study was conducted from July to December 2020. Water samples were collected at the time of low tide to evaluate the water quality indicators of temperature, pH, conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonium (N-NH4+), orthophosphate (P-PO43-) and coliform. The source of pollution was determined by direct interviews with households living near Sao river. The results showed that surface water quality in Sao river had signs of organic pollution and microbiological pollution due to BOD, TSS, N-NH4+, P-PO43-, coliform exceeded the allowable limits of National Technical regulation on surface water quality (QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT, column A1). The results of the interview revealed that 70% of respondents said that water was seriously polluted and the main sources of pollution were domestic solid waste and domestic wastewater. Therefore, to improve surface water quality in Sao river, solid waste and wastewater management is urgently required. It is necessary to promote the monitoring and management of water quality with the participation of local authorities and communities.

Analysis of Water Quality in Batujai Reservoir Due to Community and Business Activities in Central Lombok Regency

The development of an area must be accompanied by an ever-increasing population growth which will also increase the waste produced. Waste production will put pressure on the environment if it is not managed properly which will eventually end up in water bodies. The increased pollution load is also caused by the habit of people disposing of domestic waste, both liquid waste and solid waste directly into the water. Batujai Reservoir is one of the vital objects for the survival of the people of Central Lombok in particular, and the people of Lombok Island in general. Because of its vital role, the Batujai Reservoir needs to be saved so that the reservoir ecosystem can carry out its functions and benefits in improving the welfare of the people of Central Lombok. There are several community activities that are a source of direct reservoir water pollution (point source) such as fishing activities using floating net cages and disposal of domestic waste by the community which is directly channeled to water bodies. Pollutants collected in the Batujai Reservoir will reduce the water quality of the Batujai Reservoir. This research aims to analyze the water quality of the Batujai Reservoir which is caused by business activities and the community based on Government Regulation Number 82 of 2001 and to determine the water pollution index of the Batujai Reservoir. This study uses a quantitative approach by collecting primary data from direct observations in the field and secondary data based on previous research reports and government reports. The results showed that the average physical parameters were above the water quality standard threshold for class II water quality, the average chemical parameters were above the water quality standard for class III and class IV water quality, while the biological parameters were above the threshold. Water quality limits for class II and class III. The decline in water quality in the Batujai Reservoir is caused by various wastes entering the Batujai Reservoir water bodies. The analysis result with storet system shows that the water quality of Batujai Reservoir is in bad condition or heavily polluted.