Domestic Smoke Research Articles

Comparative Study of Korean and Japanese Standards for Improvement of Domestic Natural Smoke Ventilation Standards

This study aims to identify issues in domestic natural smoke ventilation standards and derive improvements. The objective of this study is to analyze the corresponding standards in Japan, which has a legal framework similar to that of Korea, and to determine the differences between the Korean and Japanese standards for natural smoke ventilation. The natural smoke ventilation-related standards addressed in Japan's Building Standards Act are used for comparison. The criteria for comparison include the evolution of the natural smoke ventilation standards in Korea and Japan, installation targets, installation methods, and design and maintenance guidelines. Based on this comparison, the following conclusions are drawn. First, there exists a need to review the current standards regarding the installation targets for natural smoke ventilation. Second, there is a lack of clear guidelines regarding installation methods and materials and this should be addressed by specifying various installation methods and the use of noncombustible materials in the standards. Third, when designing a natural smoke ventilation system, the issues related to existing fire compartments must be considered and guidelines regarding the horizontal distance between installations must be introduced. Finally, for a systematic inspection and maintenance process, the items under regular inspection should be subdivided into relevant categories.

Effect of Insect Repellent Bomb on Unwanted Fire

A fire detection and alarm system triggered by any element other than fire, such as smoke or a foreign object, is referred to as an unwanted fire alarm. According to the data from the National Fire Agency, as of 2021, the ratio of the number of unwanted-fire dispatches to the total number of 119 dispatches is 17.2%, and the ratio of the number of malfunctions to the number of dispatches triggered by fire detection and alarm systems has remained above 99% for 10 years, resulting in a loss of firefighting resources. In this study, we conducted unwanted fire alarm experiments using insect repellent bombs and implemented the detector and smoke experiments into a three-dimensional numerical analysis to verify the usefulness of the analysis. The smoke concentration at detector points P1 to P3 reached 15%/m in both experiments and numerical simulations, confirming the similarity. For points P4 to P6, the analysis showed that the time at which the smoke concentration started to increase and the time at which it reached its peak were similar in both experiments and numerical simulations. For P7 to P8, the smoke concentration did not reach 15%/m in both experiments and numerical simulations, indicating that the results were similar. The findings of this study suggest that numerical analysis can be used to implement the flow characteristics of domestic smoke generated by an insect repellent bomb, and this study can be used as basic research for analyzing the flow of smoke in a detector or studying the characteristics of a detector through numerical analysis in the future.

A Study on Numercalization of Smoke Detector Response Characteristics

This study was conducted to quantify the response characteristics of a smoke detector. The theory on the entrance resistance of a smoke detector was reviewed, and a method for quantifying the response characteristics through the time constant and characteristic length was proposed. To apply the proposed method, a real-scale fire test of paper and wood, as described in the Excellent Quality Certification Test Rules for Detectors, was conducted. The time constant of the smoke detector was classified into three categories and derived. For domestic smoke detectors, the time constant can be reasonably determined based on the smoke peak value in fires that generate grayish white smoke. This study can serve as a reference for further studies on various samples and fire patterns; the expected response characteristics can be inferred when the detector is installed, which will contribute to improving the reliability of the detector.

Evaluation of Chronic Cough Etiologies in Children

Objective: Cough is one of the leading causes of hospitalization in children worldwide. It should be considered important because it can be a symptom of various serious diseases and affects the quality of life of the child. A differential diagnosis should be performed on all children with a chronic cough. This study aimed to determine the etiologies in patients evaluated for chronic cough. Material and Methods: The study included patients admitted to the pediatric immunology and allergy outpatient clinic, with the complaint of chronic cough between the ages of 0–18 years. Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients were recorded. Results: This study included 323 patients between the ages of 0-18years. The median age of the patients was 7 (interquartile range: 5-9.7) years. One hundred and forty five (45%) of the patients were female. One hundred seventy-nine (55.4%) patients had a family history of atopic diseases such as asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. The presence of aeroallergen sensitivity was demonstrated in 127 patients. One hundred and forty-four (44.6%) patients were diagnosed with asthma, 75 (23.2%) patients with wheezing, 54 (16.7%) patients with post-infectious cough, 43 (13.3%) patients with postnasal drip syndrome, 4 (1.2%) patients with gastroesophageal reflux, 2 (0.6%) patients with foreign body aspiration, and 1 (0.3%) patient with psychogenic cough. Moreover, two patients with asthma, and one patient with wheezing had reflux symptoms in addition to the diagnosis of asthma and wheezing. One patient was found to have a partial IgA deficiency, and 18 patients had hypogammaglobulinemia. Immunoglobulin replacement therapy was initiated for a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia. Of the 219 patients diagnosed with asthma or wheezing, 144 had an atopic disease in the family (p<0.001). It was found that one hundred and eighty-five patients (57.3%) had domestic smoke exposure. Furthermore, smoke exposure was observed in 58 (77.3%) of 75 patients under the age of 6 years who were followed up with the diagnosis of wheezing (p= 0.010). Conclusion: In our study, asthma, which is one of the most common causes of chronic cough in the literature, was found to be the most common cause. For a correct approach when making a differential diagnosis in pediatric patients presenting with chronic cough, the patient’s history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and risk factors should be evaluated as a whole with systematic evaluation.

Secondhand smoke exposure, diabetes, and high BMI are risk factors for uterine cervical cancer: a cross-sectional study from the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (2010\u20132018)

BackgroundHuman papilloma virus infection and tobacco smoking are the major risk factors for cervical cancer. There are limited studies searching other risk factors for cervical cancer and the results are not consistent. This study investigated the relations between cervical cancer and possible risk factors, including secondhand cigarette smoke exposure, diabetes, body mass index (BMI), and work schedule.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 29,557 women completed a cervical cancer questionnaire and were selected using 2010–2018 data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Details in secondhand smoke exposure, diabetes, BMI, and work schedule were assessed with participants’ health interviews and health-related surveys.ResultsTwo hundred sixty-two women (0.89%) in the sample were diagnosed with cervical cancer. Domestic secondhand smoke exposure, diabetes, and high BMI significantly increased cervical cancer risk. Respective odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were: 1.547 (1.042–2.297), 2.156 (1.535–3.027), and 1.036 (1.006–1.067). Weekly work hours, and work schedule were not significantly related to cervical cancer incidence.ConclusionAmong Korean women, passive exposure to cigarette smoke at home, diabetes, and high BMI increase risk for cervical cancer.

Household Air Pollution Risk on Respiratory Health among Women: A Case Study of Indian District after Clean Fuel Programme

Objectives: Some of the highest exposures to air pollutants in developing countries occur inside homes where biomass fuels are used for daily cooking. Inhalation of these pollutants may cause deleterious effects on health. Study Design: A total of 450 non-smoking, non-pregnant women aged 15 years and above exposed to domestic smoke from cooking fuels from an early age, working in poorly ventilated kitchen were selected and on investigation presented various health problems. Method: Symptoms were enquired by means of using standard questionnaire adopted from that of the American Thoracic Society (ATS, 1995). Lung function was assessed by the measurement of Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), (FEV1), i.e. volume of air (in liter) that is forcefully exhaled in one second. Using ratio of FEV1 to FVC (FEVI/FVC), expressed as percentage. Results: FVC less than 80% of the predicted was considered as abnormal pulmonary function. Symptoms like chest pain, breathlessness, eye irritation, and blackout were found to be significantly higher in biomass users (P <0.05). Moreover, an increasing trend in the prevalence of symptoms/morbid conditions was observed with increase in exposure. Conclusion Thus women exposed to biomass fuels smoke suffer more from health problems and are at greater risk of respiratory illnesses when compared with other fuel users.

건물형 전통시장의 규모별 배연설비와 방화구획 개선에 따른 피난안전성 평가

This study presents domestic and foreign smoke exhaustion equipment and fire partition standards, and investigating the traditional market of D city building type, classifying the Plan shape and internal layout by size. (1) Building-type traditional markets were categorized by market size, and buildings with a Plan shape and internal layout with poor evacuation safety were selected as the target of analysis. it was found that the buildings subject to analysis of all sizes are not secured with evacuation safety. (2) In the case of a small (Tru+OSS), safety of evacuation is not secured due to rapid changes in smoke height, CO concentration, and indoor temperature, so additional structural improvement of the building is required. (3) When the medium-1 (Not+Chk) has 1% of the exterior wall area to smoke exhaustion equipment, fire partition every 1,000㎡, and the has 1% of the exterior wall area to smoke exhaustion equipment, fire partition every 500㎡, medium-2 (Cru+Als) has 1% of the exterior wall area to smoke exhaustion equipment, fire partition every 1,000㎡, medium-large size (Rec+Chk) has 1% of the exterior wall area to smoke exhaustion equipment, fire partition every 1,000㎡, and the has 1% of the exterior wall area to smoke exhaustion equipment, fire partition every 500㎡ and large size (Rec+Chk) has 1% of the exterior wall area to smoke exhaustion equipment, fire partition every 1,000㎡ securing evacuation safety were presented.

Household air pollution (HAP) from solid biomass fuel and lung inflammation: An exposure study in rural high altitude households of Nepal.

Background/Aim Biomass smoke exposure is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, disproportionately affecting low and middle income countries. The domestic smoke exposure pattern and its pulmonary effect have not been explored in high altitude Himalayan regions. This study aimed to (i) monitor the status of HAP in homes using biomass fuel in one rural high altitude (4000 m) Nepalese village and (ii) assess the short term effect of exposure on lung inflammation.Methods Real-time cooking period exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) was monitored in 14 households specifically 9 households with improved cook stove (ICS) and 5 households with traditional cook stove (TCS). Simultaneously with the exposure monitoring, biomass smoke sample was collected in cell and tissue culture media (DMEM). The samples were used to stimulate ex vivo human lung tissue in a short term exposure tissue culture model and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured in the resulting culture supernatant.Results The cooking period average PM2.5 and CO concentration were significantly reduced from 746 µg/m3 (95% CI: 350, 1142) to 91.2 µg/m3 (95% CI: 37.3, 145.2) and 12.56 ppm (95%CI: 6.7, 18.4) to 2.6 ppm (95% CI: 1.74, 3.6) among household using TCS and ICS respectively. A range of pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected with the fold stimulation of ~2 fold for IL-8 and IL-6, ~2.5 fold for IL-1β and ~3.5 fold for TNF-α. However, no significant variations in the levels of these cytokines were observed among the samples from two stove designs.Conclusions The increased level of inflammatory cytokines from lung tissue revealed short term exposure to high levels of indoor pollutants elicits marked airway inflammation. The people using ICS in this region are exposed to lower concentration of indoor pollutant; however remain likely to be at risk of developing airway inflammation despite ownership of ICS.

Associations between a smoke-free homes intervention and childhood admissions to hospital in Scotland: an interrupted time-series analysis of whole-population data

Many children are exposed to second-hand smoke in the home and are at increased risk of asthma and other respiratory conditions. In Scotland, a public health mass-media campaign was launched on March 24, 2014, called Take it Right Outside (TiRO), with a focus on reducing the exposure of children to domestic second-hand smoke. In this study, our aim was to establish whether the TiRO campaign was followed by a decrease in hospital admissions for childhood asthma and other respiratory conditions related to second-hand smoke exposure across Scotland. For an interrupted time-series analysis, data were obtained on all hospital admissions in Scotland between 2000 and 2018 for children aged younger than 16 years. We studied changes in the monthly incidence of admissions for conditions potentially related to second-hand smoke exposure (asthma, lower respiratory tract infection, bronchiolitis, croup, and acute otitis media) per 1000 children following the 2014 TiRO campaign, while considering national legislation banning smoking in public spaces from 2006. We considered asthma to be the primary condition related to second-hand smoke exposure, with monthly asthma admissions as the primary outcome. Gastroenteritis was included as a control condition. The analysis of asthma admissions considered subgroups stratified by age and area quintile of the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivations (SIMD). 740 055 hospital admissions were recorded for children. 138 931 (18·8%) admissions were for respiratory conditions potentially related to second-hand smoke exposure, of which 32 342 (23·3%) were for asthma. After TiRO in 2014, we identified a decrease relative to the underlying trend in the slope of admissions for asthma (-0·48% [-0·85 to -0·12], p=0·0096) in younger children (age <5 years), but not in older children (age 5-15 years). Asthma admissions did not change after TiRO among children 0-15 years of age when data were analysed according to area deprivation quintile. Following the 2006 legislation, independent of TiRO, asthma admissions decreased in both younger children (-0·36% [-0·67 to -0·05], p=0·021) and older children (-0·68% [-1·00 to -0·36], p<0·0001), and in children from the most deprived (SIMD 1; -0·49% [-0·87 to -0·11], p=0·011) and intermediate deprived (SIMD 3; -0·70% [-1·17 to -0·23], p=0·0043) area quintiles, but not in those from the least deprived (SIMD 5) area quintile. Our findings suggest that smoke-free home interventions could be an important tool to reduce asthma admissions in young children, and that smoke-free public space legislation might improve child health for many years, especially in the most deprived communities. University of Aberdeen Research Excellence Framework 2021 Impact Support Award Scheme.

Modern Methods and Devices for Obtaining Technological Smoke: Review

The present article is based on the review of the current patent, scientific and technical sources. It summarizes the main types of smoke generators currently used in the meat and fish industry of the Russian Federation. The classification of smoke-generators on the basic attributes characterizing their technological and ecological efficiency is offered. Advantages and disadvantages of modern apparatuses for obtaining smoke are considered. The problem of contamination of food products with polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during smoke smoking is reviewed. The main reason for the formation of this negative technological effect (pyrolysis of wood fuel in uncontrolled temperature conditions in the overwhelming majority of smoke generators and thermal chambers of different design) is pointed. The article substantiates the high urgency of improving the methods of obtaining carcinogenic free smoke compounds and devices on the basis of the analysis of constructions of domestic and foreign smoke generators and thermal chambers with the option of smoke generation, operated at food enterprises of the Russian Federation. Description of the method of smoke production with the use of infrared heating is given for the infrared smoke generator of Murmansk State Technical University as an example of successful solution of the problem mentioned in the article.

Study of the current state and health effects of domestic second-hand smoke among primary and secondary school students

Study of the current state and health effects of domestic second-hand smoke among primary and secondary school students

747 Poor Domestic Smoke Ventilation is associated With an Increased Risk of Rheumatic Heart Disease in Sri Lankan Children

747 Poor Domestic Smoke Ventilation is associated With an Increased Risk of Rheumatic Heart Disease in Sri Lankan Children

A Comparative Study of Domestic and Foreign Smoke Compartment Standards for Improving Evacuation Safety in Facilities where People are Vulnerable to Disaster

Buildings that require a long evacuation time cause large-scale casualties through smoke spread. Therefore, such buildings are required to have compartmentalization as a consideration for horizontal evacuation. For this reason, we compared the Korean domestic and foreign standards for smoke compartments. In Korea, fire spread occurs through fire compartments, but for the purpose of protecting against smoke spread, a fire compartment is insufficient. Foreign countries install smoke compartments for the purpose of restricting smoke spread. Therefore, in Korea, establishing a standard for smoke compartments is necessary. In this study, we suggest a new purpose and direction for the development of a smoke compartment standard based on the results obtained from examining domestic and foreign standards. Keywords: Smoke Control, Fire Compartment, Smoke Compartment, Guideline

Evaluation of radiation safety for ionization chamber smoke detectors containing Am-241

The safety assessment was carried out for ionization chamber smoke detectors (ICSDs) containing 241Am under normal use and accident scenarios. The internal and external doses were estimated using dose coefficients and associated calculations. In normal use of the ICSDs with the activity in a range of 0.002–1 MBq per ICSD, the external doses to an individual for installation, use and maintenance were found to lie in the range of (0.01-4.17)×10−3 (0.017 - 6.76)×10−1 and (0.006-2.5)×10−2 μSv/y respectively. The activity of 241Am for domestic smoke detectors contains approximately 40 kBq per ICSD. The corresponding committed effective doses to a fire fighter during a fire and for cleanup operation after a fire via inhalation were found to be 6.1×10−5 and 0.024 μSv/y respectively. The committed effective dose equivalent to an infant via ingestion would be 148 μSv/y. The doses arising from normal use and incidents of ICSDs are less than 10 μSv/y and 1 mSv/y respectively which do not exceed the dose criteria for exemption from regulatory control. It could be concluded that the resultant radiological risk are estimated to be very low and lower than 1 mSv which is the annual dose limit to a member of the public for the safe use.

Urinary Cotinine Level in Indonesian Children Exposed to Domestic Cigarette Smoke.

Background:Cotinine is a major metabolite of nicotine, and its urinary level is an indicator of exposure to cigarette smoke. The present study was aimed at identifying the urinary cotinine level in Indonesian children who were exposed and not exposed to domestic cigarette smoke.Methods:The study was a cross-sectional study in elementary school-aged children who had not smoked. The subjects were categorized into an exposed group and unexposed group based on their exposure status. Data were obtained from a questionnaire and random urinary samples measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results:There were a total of 128 subjects, including 64 children in the exposed group and 64 children in the unexposed group. The median level of cotinine in all subjects was 17.95 ng/ml (with a range of 0.1–158.3 ng/ml). The urinary cotinine level in the exposed group was higher than the unexposed group (median: 30.1 ng/ml vs. 8.45 ng/ml; P < 0.000). There was a correlation between urinary cotinine levels in children exposed to cigarette smoke and the number of cigarettes smoked by the smokers at home (P < 0.05). The optimal cut-off points of urinary cotinine levels in children, which was utilized to evaluate cigarette smoke exposure, was 17.95 ng/ml (81% sensitivity; 81% specificity; P < 0.000).Conclusion:The urinary cotinine level in children exposed to cigarette smoke is higher than children who are not exposed to domestic cigarette smoke. The urinary cotinine level can be used as a noninvasive marker to evaluate cigarette smoke exposure in children.

Correlation between Domestic Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Respiratory Complaints, Hospitalization and School Absence due to Respiratory Complains in the Indonesian Elementary School-Aged Children.

Background:Over 43 million Indonesian children who are exposed to cigarette smoke are at risk of having health hazard and morbidities.Aims:The aim of this study is to identify the correlation between cigarette smoke exposure and respiratory complaints, hospitalization, as well as school absence due to respiratory complaints in elementary school-aged Indonesian children.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in nonsmoking elementary school-aged children. Participants were categorized into the exposed and unexposed groups based on the report of their parents. Questionnaire-retrieved data were analyzed to identify the correlation between cigarette smoke exposure and respiratory complaints, hospitalization, as well as school absence due to respiratory complaints in elementary school-aged children.Results:A total of 128 study participants of nonsmoking children aged 6–12 years (mean 9.8 ± standard deviation 1.6 years) were categorized into 64 children exposed and 64 children unexposed to domestic cigarette smoking. There was a significant correlation between smoking exposure and cough episodes as well as upper respiratory infection in children within the past 12 months. A cough episode of ≥3 times/year was found more prevalent in exposed children compared to the unexposed children (26.6% vs. 9.4%; P < 0.05). Cough ≥3 times/year was found in 50% of children exposed to cigarette smoke of a smoker with a smoking habit of >10 cigarettes/day. There was a correlation between cigarette smoke exposure and hospitalization frequency of ≥1 time(s)/year due to respiratory complaints in children (P < 0.05).Conclusion:Cigarette smoke exposure is correlated with complaints of cough, upper respiratory tract infection, and hospitalization due to respiratory complaints in children.

Correlating household second-hand smoke exposure and respiratory symptoms in school children

Objective. Aim of this paper was to correlate exposure to household second-hand smoke and respiratory symptoms in participating school children, who are attending ten primary schools in Belgrade, Serbia. Method. In order to determine correlation between second-hand smoke exposure at home and respiratory symptoms in primary school pupils, a comparative cross-sectional study has been conducted. The study was conducted in ten primary schools on 735 children, in 44 classrooms in Belgrade, Serbia. A standardized questionnaire was distributed to parents/caregivers, on child's respiratory health, socioeconomic status and parents' lifestyle habits, primarily cigarette smoking. Results. 78% of all exposed children have parents smoking up to 20 cigarettes/day, while more than 22% are exposed to parents' household second-hand smoke of more than 21 cigarettes per day (p<0.0001). Respiratory disorders appear in 45.9% of children exposed to domestic second-hand smoke (CI 1.04-1.89), asthmatic symptoms in 33.5% (CI 0.94-1.78), while the least incidence of disorders is reported for continuous cough, which have lasted for 3 months (3.3%, CI 0.44-2.36), wheezing after exercise (4.5%, CI 0.38-1.41) and being awaken by wheezing in last 12 months (7.4%, CI 0.89-3.28). Conclusion. Univariate logistic regression analysis proved that parental smoking exposure is a statistically significant predictor for childhood respiratory symptoms' manifestation.

Su2009 HIV Infection and Domestic Smoke Exposure, but Not Human Papilloma Virus, Are Risk Factors for Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Zambia: A Case-Control Study

Su2009 HIV Infection and Domestic Smoke Exposure, but Not Human Papilloma Virus, Are Risk Factors for Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Zambia: A Case-Control Study

HIV infection and domestic smoke exposure, but not human papillomavirus, are risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Zambia: a case-control study.

There is emerging evidence that esophageal cancer occurs in younger adults in sub-Saharan Africa than in Europe or North America. The burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is also high in this region. We postulated that HIV and human papillomavirus (HPV) infections might contribute to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) risk. This was a case–control study based at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. Cases were patients with confirmed OSCC and controls had completely normal upper endoscopic evaluations. A total of 222 patients were included to analyze the influence of HIV infection; of these, 100 patients were used to analyze the influence of HPV infection, alcohol, smoking, and exposure to wood smoke. The presence of HIV infection was determined using antibody kits, and HPV infection was detected by polymerase chain reaction. HIV infection on its own conferred increased risk of developing OSCC (odds ratio [OR] 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0–5.1; P = 0.03). The OR was stronger when only people under 60 years were included (OR 4.3; 95% CI 1.5–13.2; P = 0.003). Cooking with charcoal or firewood, and cigarette smoking, both increased the odds of developing OSCC ([OR 3.5; 95% CI 1.4–9.3; P = 0.004] and [OR 9.1; 95% CI 3.0–30.4; P < 0.001], respectively). There was no significant difference in HPV detection or alcohol intake between cases and controls. We conclude that HIV infection and exposure to domestic and cigarette smoke are risk factors for OSCC, and HPV immunization unlikely to reduce OSCC incidence in Zambia.

HIV infection and domestic smoke exposure, but not human papillomavirus, are risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Zambia: a case-control study

HIV infection and domestic smoke exposure, but not human papillomavirus, are risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Zambia: a case-control study