Domestic Product Research Articles

Topical issues of the formation of an effective economic and social policy in Cambodia

Cambodia, currently classified as a lower-middle-income developing country, aspires to reach upper-middle-income status by 2030. To achieve this ambitious goal, the Cambodian government has embraced an open market economic system and prioritized attracting foreign investments as well as encouraging final consumption expenditure (FCE) and stimulating the level of industries, including construction. This study aims to find out the influences of the fluctuations of foreign direct investment (FDI), FCE, and industry (including construction) (IIC) on gross domestic product (GDP) growth in Cambodia and to identify the key factors that can increase FDI, FCE, and IIC growth. The study employs descriptive and correlational analysis, mainly focusing on statistical analyses by constructing an econometric model. The results indicate that Cambodia’s GDP is directly and positively impacted by the FDI, FCE, and IIC, according to the analysis of the specification of the econometric model using a linear mathematical equation. The study concludes that the Cambodian government’s attention to strategic policies and initiatives in promoting FDI, FCE, and IIC, ultimately leading to a higher overall economic growth rate, is crucial. Factors such as political stability and governance, regulation and legal framework, infrastructure, human capital development, market access, publicprivate partnership, fiscal policy, and social protection should be at the forefront of the Cambodian GDP development roadmap.

The relationship between the Debt-to-GDP ratio and the GDP in developed (US, Japan), developing countries (of Asia and Europe) and African sub-saharan countries with emphasis on Indian scenario: A comparative study

There is no simple relationship between debt and growth […]. There are many factors that matter for a country’s growth and debt performance. Moreover, there is no single threshold for debt ratios that can delineate the “bad” from the “good”. (International Monetary Fund, 2012, p. 9)Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is often used as an indicator of the size of the economy and the debt-to-GDP ratio works as an indicator of the financial leverage for an economy. A low ratio points that an economy’s goods and services production is adequate to pay off its debts without letting further debts be incurred. The borrowing pattern of a nation and the election to opt to incur further debt depends on economic and geopolitical considerations which include recession, war, interest rates etc. On the other hand, a high ratio would imply that the economy is not producing sufficiently to pay off its debts. Just like any bank would be interested in providing a bigger amount of loan only when an individual makes more money; likewise, in an economy’s scenario, investors would be more interested in taking on a country’s debt if it could produce more. And if at any time investors happen to worry about the repayment, and then they start to ask for higher interest rate returns to secure themselves against the risk of default. This way, it increases the cost of debt and the economy might fall into the trap of debt crisis.This paper investigates the impact of India's public debt on its economic growth through an econometric analysis using data from the Reserve Bank of India, the International Monetary Funds, and the World Development Indicators for the period 1989-2014. The data is regressed in basic time series analysis taking into account the different variables that influence economic growth. The regression results show an inverted U-shape relationship between the public debt to GDP and its square. The results illustrate the theoretical findings of Reinhart and Rogoff's (2010) changing relationship between real GDP growth and government debt based on a debt threshold.

ANALISIS STRATEGI APARATUR DINAS LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DAN PERTANAHAN DALAM PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH DI KABUPATEN TAKALAR

This research aims to find out and analyze the strategies implemented by the Environment and Land Service apparatus in managing waste in Takalar Regency. The waste problem in various regions in Indonesia is a very urgent matter that needs attention from officials in each regional government because it is closely related to public health and healthy environmental conditions. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach method, and the data is analyzed using the SWOT technique. Data collection was carried out by combining observation techniques, in-depth interviews with informants (Heads of Departments, Heads of Divisions, implementing officers in the field, and the general public), as well as documentation data. The findings obtained in this research are that the strategies implemented by the Environment and Land Service apparatus have been working well, although they still require various improvements and attention from the relevant apparatus. This strategy, which has not yet been effective, should receive more serious attention in the waste management process because it has the potential to create new jobs, as well as contribute more to increasing the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of Takalar Regency. To improve waste management in Takalar Regency, increase the number of PDUs, TPS3R, and community-based waste banks as well as carry out outreach and create the "SALINTAK" application. Keywords: Strategy Management, Waste Management, SWOT Analysis

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis and Mammography in Breast Cancer Screening: A Markov Modeling Study.

Mammography (MG) has demonstrated its effectiveness in diminishing mortality and advanced-stage breast cancer incidences in breast screening initiatives. Notably, research has accentuated the superior diagnostic efficacy and cost-effectiveness of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT). However, the scope of evidence validating the cost-effectiveness of DBT remains limited, prompting a requisite for more comprehensive investigation. The present study aimed to rigorously evaluate the cost-effectiveness of DBT plus MG (DBT-MG) compared to MG alone within the framework of Taiwan's National Health Insurance program. All parameters for the Markov decision tree model, encompassing event probabilities, costs, and utilities (quality-adjusted life years, QALYs), were sourced from reputable literature, expert opinions, and official records. With 10,000 iterations, a 2-year cycle length, a 30-year time horizon, and a 2% annual discount rate, the analysis determined the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) to compare the cost-effectiveness of the two screening methods. Probabilistic and one-way sensitivity analyses were also conducted to demonstrate the robustness of findings. The ICER of DBT-MG compared to MG was US$5971.5764/QALYs. At a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of US$33,004 (Gross Domestic Product of Taiwan in 2021) per QALY, more than 98% of the probabilistic simulations favored adopting DBT-MG versus MG. The one-way sensitivity analysis also shows that the ICER depended heavily on recall rates, biopsy rates, and positive predictive value (PPV2). DBT-MG shows enhanced diagnostic efficacy, potentially diminishing recall costs. While exhibiting a higher biopsy rate, DBT-MG aids in the detection of early-stage breast cancers, reduces recall rates, and exhibits notably superior cost-effectiveness.

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Loan Growth of Banks with a Focus on Non-Performing Loans

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the intertemporal relationship between the non-performing loan ratio and bank lending and to analyze factors affecting loan growth using data from Mongolian commercial banks. There has been a lack of research on Mongolian banks’ lending behavior due to their short history. Thus, this paper investigates the effect of the non-performing loan ratio on total loan growth using an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model with panel data. We used bank-related variables such as the loan-to-deposit ratio, provision-to-gross loan portfolio ratio, equity-to-asset ratio, and liquidity ratio, and economic variables such as the real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate, interest rate, and inflation rate. The results of this paper show that non-performing loans have a significant negative impact on total loan growth. The implication of this result is that non-performing loans affect banking efficiency, which, in turn, affects financial stability and the real economy. Moreover, high non-performing loans reduce banks’ profits. Also, this paper found that loss reserve and the liquidity ratio have a positive effect on total loan growth, while the effects of the loan-to-deposit ratio and the equity capital ratio were not found to be significant. Additionally, from a macro perspective, the inflation rate has a positive effect on the total loan growth rate, while the interest rate has a positive effect on total loan growth rather than a negative effect. And real gross domestic product (GDP) growth does not affect the total loan growth rate.

Artificial Intelligence in the Effective Execution Process of Construction Projects in the Future

The construction industry currently constitutes 13% of the global gross domestic product (GDP), with projections indicating an 85% increase in value to $15.5 trillion by 2030. The widespread adoption of information technology (IT) has significantly enhanced the integration of disparate data in construction project environments. Consequently, the construction sector including full construction value chain, is undergoing a transformative phase. The increasing investment in artificial intelligence (AI) makes it impossible to keep pace with its rapid advancements. Hence, this study aims to examine the role of AI in facilitating the effective execution of construction projects in the future. This research employs a document analysis approach and scrutinizes 20 relevant papers from both domestic and international scientific databases. Methodologically, this study adopts an applied research approach, and based on the method of data collection, it is considered a descriptive survey method. Therefore, a questionnaire was designed and distributed among 100 experts and practitioners familiar with AI concepts in Tehran for data collection to conduct a census-style field study. Subsequently, Smart PLS software was employed for data analysis. The findings not only validate the model's reliability, validity and fit but also present solutions and pertinent issues related to challenges concerning AI future role in enhancing project execution efficacy.

Economic growth in the Sub-Saharan African world region: convergence theory

Purpose The processes of convergence are particularly challenging in the Sub-Saharan African frameworks, considering the diversity of contexts and endogenous particularities. Creating conditions to support these nations to improve their socioeconomic dynamics and performance requires additional contributions from international organisations, governments and the scientific community. In this scenario, this paper aims to analyse the convergence process in Sub-Saharan African countries over the past three decades. Design/methodology/approach To achieve these objectives, data from the World Bank were considered for the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita over the period 1990–2021. This statistical information was assessed through panel data approaches based on the models from the convergence theory. Specifically, the concepts of sigma and beta convergence were addressed, as well as the concept of catch-up rates. Findings The findings obtained highlight evidence of the existence of clubs of convergence among the Sub-Saharan African countries and the processes of catching up. These results may be relevant support for the policymakers and international funds and programmes. Originality/value This research provides a new perspective on the convergence of GDP per capita in Sub-Saharan African countries, based on an analysis focused on groups of countries identified on the basis of catch-up rates. This approach presents a way of dealing with the different specificities of these nations.

Purchasing new for remanufacturing: Sourcing co-opetition, tax-planning and data validation

In practice, to guarantee remanufactured products to be “the same as new”, many remanufacturers purchase the core component and then assemble it with the remanufactured non-core components. Doing so enables the remanufacturer to keep the high product quality and achieve an overall cost saving, but the core component supplier like LG usually has the self-brand business that competes with the remanufacturer. We refer to their relationship as sourcing co-opetition in this study, under which the core component supplier determines its production location: overseas production for tax-planning benefit vs. domestic production for centralized supply efficiency. We reveal that the core component supplier's inclination towards overseas/domestic production is non-monotonic, depending on both the cost disadvantage and the corporate income tax disparity between the production and sales countries/regions. When the new product's cost disadvantage is not significant, overseas production is preferred under either limited or very large tax disparity. Interestingly, we find that overseas production can lead to a higher system profit and better environmental performance, indicating a win-win situation for the Pareto improvement of profitability and environmental sustainability.

Research on the Accounting and Spatial Effects of Emergy Ecological Footprint and Industrial Green GDP--The Case of Yangtze River Economic Belt

The booming development of industrial enterprises at the cost of ecological resource consumption has inevitably harmed the ecological environment, especially since the phenomenon of water resource pollution is more serious. Exploring the relationship between the ecological environment and the industrial economy is crucial to the green and sustainable development of the region. This study uses the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) to investigate the impact of emergy ecological footprint on the industrial green of gross domestic product (GDP) under the perspective of water resources, based on the panel data of 11 provinces in Chinas Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) from 2012 to 2021. The results show that first, the overall industrial green GDP of the YREB has increased year by year, and the effect of water resource protection is outstanding. Second, the emergy ecological footprint has a significant positive effect on industrial green GDP, and the spillover effect is also significant. Third, heterogeneity analysis shows that the spatial relationship between emergy ecological footprint and industrial green GDP is different in different regions, and the local effect and neighborhood effect of the high industrial green economic development areas are consistent with those of the YREB, while the relationship between the low industrial green economic development areas is not obvious. This paper is of great significance for the green development of industrial enterprises in the YREB and guides the formulation of sustainable development policies.

Variation in labor skills and offshoring across time zones

AbstractWe check the role of time‐zone difference on offshoring of service tasks when the skill of labors varies between the partner countries. We frame a model where partner countries are located in non‐overlapping time zones, and the skill level of the partner‐country labors is lower. In our model, service production is divided into two sequential stages, and output is a supermodular function of the skill of labors and time. The problem of the producers is to choose between domestic production and offshoring. Domestic production employs high‐skill labors though the time management is inefficient. On the other hand, offshoring to a non‐overlapping time zone helps to work round the clock and reduce the cost, but the lower expertise of skilled labor lowers the output. In such a framework, we check conditions for beneficial offshoring. The condition derived in our analysis provides combinations of skill and time that can make offshoring beneficial. Results show that offshoring across time zones is beneficial even when the complexity of stages of production vary. However, only the relatively less‐critical task is offshored. We further find that availability of domestic low‐skill labor does not benefit the firm, while foreign low‐skill labor may be beneficially utilized through time‐zone exploitation.

Bank loans to agricultural SMEs and the performance of the agriculture sector in Sri Lanka

The objective of this study is to examine the impact of bank loans for agricultural SMEs on agriculture sector performance, specifically assessing how this financial support influences the overall performance of the agricultural sector in Sri Lanka. Data for both dependent and independent variables were meticulously sourced from the annual reports of the Ministry of Finance, covering the study period from 2012 to 2021. The study evaluates the performance of 16 distinct agricultural economic activities, each contributing uniquely to Sri Lanka's economy. The descriptive statistics, particularly the mean values, highlight intriguing aspects of Sri Lanka's agricultural sector. Notably, there is a considerable disparity in the average gross domestic production, with marine fishing and marine aquaculture emerging as highly productive. At the same time, the growing of other beverage crops demonstrates a significantly lower contribution. Crucially, the regression analysis affirms a positive and statistically significant impact of bank loans to agricultural SMEs on the performance of the overall agricultural sector in Sri Lanka. This substantiates the fundamental need for adequate bank loans for agricultural SMEs to empower and enhance the performance of the entire agriculture sector. As this study sheds light on the positive correlation between bank loans for agricultural SMEs and agricultural sector performance, it underscores the importance of tailored public policies concerning loan proportions and amounts for distinct economic activities within the agriculture sector.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Quinolones by Magnetic MOFs Materials and Mechanism Study.

With the rising incidence of various diseases in China and the constant development of the pharmaceutical industry, there is a growing demand for floxacin-type antibiotics. Due to the large-scale production and high cost of waste treatment, the parent drug and its metabolites constantly enter the water environment through domestic sewage, production wastewater, and other pathways. In recent years, the pollution of the aquatic environment by floxacin has become increasingly serious, making the technology to degrade floxacin in the aquatic environment a research hotspot in the field of environmental science. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), as a new type of porous material, have attracted much attention in recent years. In this paper, four photocatalytic materials, MIL-53(Fe), NH2-MIL-53(Fe), MIL-100(Fe), and g-C3N4, were synthesised and applied to the study of the removal of ofloxacin and enrofloxacin. Among them, the MIL-100(Fe) material exhibited the best photocatalytic effect. The degradation efficiency of ofloxacin reached 95.1% after 3 h under visible light, while enrofloxacin was basically completely degraded. The effects of different materials on the visible photocatalytic degradation of the floxacin were investigated. Furthermore, the photocatalytic mechanism of enrofloxacin and ofloxacin was revealed by the use of three trappers (▪O2-, h+, and ▪OH), demonstrating that the role of ▪O2- promoted the degradation effect of the materials under photocatalysis.

Is GRDP a mediating factor in enhancing local tax revenues due to ICT development in Indonesia?

Purpose: This study aims to investigate whether the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of the information and communication sector mediates the relationship between Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development and local tax revenue enhancement across districts and municipalities in Indonesia. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study uses a quantitative approach to examine how ICT growth, access, infrastructure and utilization affect local taxes and regional levies using panel data from 2017 to 2021.The GRDP of the information and communication sector is incorporated as a crucial moderating variable. Findings: The findings reveal that the GRDP of the information and communication sector plays a vital moderating role in the relationships between ICT factors and local taxes and levies. ICT development benefits local tax systems through increased efficiency, transparency, reduced disparities and enhanced accessibility. Effective ICT infrastructure enables digital fiscal transactions, increasing revenues while improving collection efficiency and reducing income disparities among provinces. High ICT utilization supported by technological proficiency enables local governments to enhance local taxes and levies. Practical Implications: An increase in the GRDP of the information and communication sector leads to higher tax revenues for local governments, funding public services and infrastructure development. Additionally, it attracts investments from other sectors, boosting regional levies and promoting overall regional economic development. The study highlights leveraging the GRDP of this sector as a strategic factor to enhance local tax revenue and regional levies across Indonesian provinces contributing to fiscal decentralization efforts.

Evaluasi pemungutan pajak restoran berdasarkan Peraturan Daerah Kota Ternate Nomor 15 Tahun 2014 tentang pajak restoran di Badan Pengelolaan Pajak dan Retribusi Daerah Kota Ternate

Restaurant tax is a source of regional revenue that contributes significantly to the increase of Regional Original Domestic Product (PAD) due to the large number of culinary tourisms in Ternate City. This research aims to evaluate the implementation of restaurant tax collection based on Ternate City Regional Regulation Number 15 of 2014 concerning Restaurant Tax at the Ternate City Regional Tax and Levy Management Agency. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. The research results show that the collection carried out at BP2RD Ternate City is in accordance with Ternate City Regional Regulation Number 15 of 2014 regarding restaurant tax. However, there are also areas that do not comply with the regional regulations, namely designated areas. This shows that BP2RD Ternate City has not fully implemented the collection in accordance with the applicable regulations, but has only partially implemented the collection in accordance with the applicable regulations.

A Panel Data Analysis of Antidumping Duties in Seafood Trade: A Gravity Model Approach

ABSTRACT This study uses a panel of monthly data to investigate the effects of antidumping (AD) duties imposed on shrimp imports to the U.S. The results from the augmented gravity model show that initiating AD investigations and the final AD duty rate harm trade with the named countries. Distribution of AD duties among domestic industry producers stimulates a positive supply response. Rejection of imports by European countries for food safety reasons deflects trade to the U.S. The pass-through effects of the AD duty rate (and exchange rate) on import prices are small, indicating minimal adverse effects of AD policy on consumer welfare.

Assessing the Impact of Inflation and Exchange Rate on Nigerian Gross Domestic Product (1981-2022)

This study evaluated the impact of inflation and exchange rate on the Nigerian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from 1981 to 2022. The data for this study were obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. Multiple Linear Regression model was adopted for the study to determine the relationship between the GDP, the inflation and exchange rates and the result showed that there is a significant relationship with the p-value (0.005). The result also showed with Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method that inflation rate has a negative impact on the Nigerian GDP while exchange rate is significant with (p-value <0,005) over the years of study. The value of the coefficient of variation R2 for this research is 92.2% indicating that inflation and exchange rate account for about 92% of the variation in the GDP over the years of study. It was observed there was an increase in exchange rate and price level is also detrimental to the economic growth, this means it contributes to the growth of Nigerian GDP over the period of study.

Tax Revenue In Asian Countries: Contribution Of Economic Sector With The Rule Of Law As A Moderating Variable

The implementation of government effectiveness aims to provide the best service to the community. The effectiveness of this organization can be measured by one of them using The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) project index. From 2010 to 2019, there are seven Asian countries with effectiveness indexes above the world average, namely Georgia, Hong Kong, Thailand, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and Malaysia. Through this study, it will be assessed whether this effectiveness supports tax revenue by conducting research on the effect of the contribution of the industrial sector and the service sector to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on the effect of tax revenue. Then the author also conducts research whether the interaction of moderating variables, in this case the Rule of Law Index variable with the two independent variables (the contribution of the industrial sector and the service sector to Gross Domestic Product (GDP)) has an influence on the contribution of tax revenue to GDP considering that law enforcement is one of the steps in the implementation of controlling tax payments. The results obtained in this study state that before the interaction with moderating variables, the independent variables, namely the industrial sector and the service sector in GDP contribution, have a significant negative effect on tax revenue. Then when the moderating variable, namely the rule of law index, interacts with the industrial sector and the service sector, the effect of the two independent variables on the tax revenue variable has increased to a significant positive effect, so that the moderating variable in this study has a role that strengthens the influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

Fiscal Dominance and the Effectiveness of Monetary Authority in Nigeria 1980-2020

The study examined the existence as well as the degree of fiscal dominance in Nigeria. Annual time series secondary data for the period 1980-2020 were employed in the study. Specifically, data on fiscal deficit, public debt, government expenditure, money supply, interest rate, and real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the study period were obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN, 2020), and the World Development Indicators (WDIs, 2020). The study used descriptive statistics in form of tables, and the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) for long run analysis. It was established in the study that government expenditure and outstanding debt have significant positive relationship with money supply. Specifically, N1 billion increase in public debt is expected to increase money supply by N1.2 billion (t = 8.25, p < 0.01). Similarly, N1billion increase in government spending will cause money supply to increase by N1.36 billion (t = 4.29, p < 0.01). Conversely, interest rate exhibited negative effect on money supply, such that one percent increase in interest rate will bring money supply down by 150 percent (t = -2.0113, p < 0.05). With a measure of fiscal dominance with the δ of 0.28, the study concluded that there is no case of fiscal dominance in Nigeria. The study recommends that with the active counterbalancing roles of monetary policy Nigeria, the government can aggressively pursue and sustain economic growth through fiscal expansion-backed borrowings and spending.

Is Transition to Retirement Associated With Volunteering? Longitudinal Evidence from Europe.

Studies have shown that retired older adults are more likely to volunteer than their working counterparts. However, whether the transition to retirement is associated with increased volunteering frequency and whether this varies according to material and time resources of participants is unclear. We used four waves of data from the longitudinal Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, collected between 2011-2018 across 19 countries (n = 12,400 person-observations from 6200 individuals over 50). Within-person (or panel fixed-effect) regression analyses revealed that transition to retirement was associated with an increased volunteering frequency over time. This association was stronger among individuals with better health, higher education, improved financial situation and in countries with higher gross domestic product per capita. Overall, transition to retirement tends to open new ways of organizing everyday life and is associated with increased frequency of volunteering.

Effectiveness assessment of technical innovations in the implementation of the modern model of the agricultural sector of Ukraine

The agricultural sector of Ukraine requires fundamental changes to improve efficiency, rural development and sustainability, which is possible through the implementation of an innovative development model. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the introduction of one of the types of technical innovations - agricultural drones - in the agricultural production of Ukraine. The study uses the dialectical method of scientific cognition, analysis and synthesis, systematic generalisation, comparative analysis, rating method, and the mathematical method of calculation "solution optimisation" using Excel. The study analyses modern approaches to assessing the efficiency of individual processes, which helped to formulate its algorithm for calculating the efficiency of land cultivation using agricultural drones. At the first stage of the study, the technical advantages of agricultural drones were identified, which are manifested in increased labour productivity. The second stage of the study calculated the increase in the main crops (corn, wheat, sunflower, barley, soybeans, rapeseed, peas, buckwheat, and millet) that can be obtained as a result of the use of agricultural drones on a national scale. The third stage of the study yielded an indicator of the economic efficiency of introducing agricultural drones into agricultural production, as well as a forecast of the social and environmental effects. It is emphasised that state support for the Ukrainian production of agricultural drones in various forms (subsidies, preferential lending, leasing, etc.) will contribute to the development of innovative Ukrainian industry, which will positively affect the change in the sectoral structure of the national economy and significantly increase the country's gross domestic product. The following conclusions, suggestions and practical recommendations may be useful in developing relevant programmes and measures aimed at developing the agricultural sector of Ukraine.