Domestic Problems Research Articles

Myanmar’s struggle for survival: vying for autonomy and agency

Despite terminological variations used to characterize Myanmar’s foreign policy within the extant literature, in practice Myanmar has adopted a foreign policy of neutrality and non-alignment since independence to avoid being drawn into global and regional post-World War II power struggles. As realist perspectives suggest, Myanmar’s behavior is a rational choice derived from inherent limitations that a typical weaker state must inevitably conform to the systemic pressures and changes. However, as the discussion illustrates, a weaker state can also be relatively autonomous and possess the ability to pursue independent foreign policies in relation to more powerful states at the international level while dealing with unit-level domestic security problems and challenges. Meanwhile, it is essential not to treat the state as a cohesive unit, as commonly done within existing IR theories based on the experiences of the West. Rather, the state should be treated as a fragmented unit in which its segments possess varying degrees of agency to interact and leverage with other actors at both the international and domestic levels. In order to understand Myanmar’s foreign policy behavior, this article examines how the country has actualized its avenue of agency in coping with both the fluidity of international order and the multidimensional internal instability.

The Long-Overlooked Gender Inequality Problem in Turkey

Gender inequality can be traced back to social and legal conventions. It could manifest itself in the form of unequal economic opportunity, educational access, and decision-making processes. When roles are divided based on gender, men and women will have different access to resources within them. Fisheries, water, and agriculture are examples of such resources. GBV has always been used or employed to preserve such a power imbalance, according to evidence. Expectations and conventions in society have been ruthlessly enforced. These have only served to exacerbate the issue of gender inequality. The focus of this study will be on gender-based violence in Turkey. Since the 1980s, this has been included in the state’s agenda and that of civil society organizations. There is also need for gender politics to be focused on. Violence against women is an issue that needs to be taken seriously. This is because it is not just a criminal act but can also have some economic and social implications. When a culture adopts gender norms that are considered inflexible, there is always the issue of visible imbalance between men and women. There is a significant issue or challenge that has hampered the analysis of domestic violence in Turkey. This study takes a critical look at the topic in this regard. In addition to the neglect of this problem in Turkey, women have been left behind in education, employment, the language of violence against women in the media, the insufficient law is both effective and worrying in the domestic violence problem in Turkey.

Forced returnee Bangladeshi female migrant domestic workers and their social reintegration experiences

Bangladeshi female migrant domestic workers are often forcefully repatriated from the Middle East before concluding their working tenure due to the various difficulties and challenges they face while working there. However, they face many new challenges in reintegrating with family and society after returning home. This article explores the experiences and challenges faced by forced returnee Bangladeshi female migrant domestic workers during social reintegration. It also examines the experiences of those returned migrant women who were not returned forcibly to provide a better idea of the reintegration. The questions of how and why forced returnee Bangladeshi female migrant domestic workers face challenges and problems in their social reintegration are addressed in this study. This article uses the qualitative techniques of data collection and the analysis is based on an in-depth interview of 28 respondents among different categories of participants. This article finds that the social reintegration experiences of forced returnee female migrant domestic workers are often stressful and difficult due to the issues of changed social perceptions towards them, psychological changes in the returnees themselves, challenges in intimate partnerships, and economic factors in the case of relationship rebuilding with friends, family and society. Finally, the article outlines some policy implications regarding the female migration of Bangladesh.

CONFLICT OF DOMESTIC AND PROFESSIONAL DUTIES AMONG LADY HEALTH WORKERS

Community Health Workers (CHWs) are helpful in linking the health services and different communities. They are referred as Lady Health Workers (LHWs) in Pakistan and are performing duty to provide reproductive and primary health care to communities. Lady health workers are facing many problems in their personal lives due to their professional duties. Present study is conducted to identify the problems faced by LHWs while providing services to the communities. Quantitative research methodology was employed to attain the objective and the social ecological model served as the theoretical framework to explain the data acquired. Systematic random sampling was used to draw the sample and interview schedule was used as tool of data collection. The findings of the study revealed that majority of the respondents were facing problems at domestic level because of their professional duties and it resulted in negatively affecting their personal health and family responsibilities. The study concluded that it is essential to focus and solve the problems of LHWs, so that they could be able to perform their duties more effectively. Keywords: Lady Health Workers, Community Health Workers, Domestic problems, District Lahore

Concept, Essence and Characteristics of Aviation Personnel in the System of the Aviation Component of the Internal Affairs of Ukraine

The scientific research is focused on studying the concept and essential characteristics of aviation personnel in the system of aviation component of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. The relevance of the article is due to global trends, which are associated with the fact that aviation is becoming a key element in the development of many countries. The use of airspace for various purposes is becoming an increasingly important and sometimes a priority direction in the political, military and social strategy of most countries, including Ukraine. Legal issues of interaction between the Ukrainian system of internal affairs and the aviation system are important for Ukraine in addition to specific domestic economic, technical and legal problems in this area. A legal issue in regard to the organization of the movement of aircraft is a systemically interconnected group of special legal principles of air law. A special place in the system is occupied by the regulation of labor relations of aviation personnel. Accordingly, addressing the problems that arise in the framework of labor relations in the field of aviation is one of the important components of the analysis of aviation as a component of the internal affairs system. The concept of aviation personnel in both civil and state aviation has been studied in the framework of this article. The purpose of theoretical research is a systematic review and clarification of the concept of "aviation personnel for further analytical work and in-depth study of existing problems that may arise in the system of aviation component of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. Certain concepts were generalized; key differences between aviation and aviation ground personnel were identified; and basic conceptual imperfections were identified through the synthesis and analysis.

HISTORICAL CONDITIONS IN DESIGNING PRE-SCHOOL CENTERS, ON THE EXAMPLE OF GERMANY AND UKRAINE

The article considers the peculiarities of the architectural organization of children's preschool institutions in European countries on the example of Germany and Ukraine in the 20th century. The study examines examples of architectural design of preschool institutions in the dense urban development of foreign cities, which are of particular importance for further solving of domestic problems of preschool institutions location in Ukrainian urban settlements. The considered projects demonstrate individual design decisions of kindergartens with revealing of regional features and local traditions of the countries which at the same time correspond to modern educational programs of these countries and reflect the advanced world tendencies in designing of children's preschool institutions.

State regulation of taxes and fees by the governments of the Generals A. I. Denikin and P. N. Wrangel during the Russian Civil War

The subject of this research is the poorly studied in the domestic historical legal science problem of legislative and administrative activity of anti-Soviet authorities in the territory of the Armed Forces of South Russia in the tax sphere during the Civil War. It is determined that tax legislation and law enforcement practice of the white governments were based on the laws of the former Russian Empire and the Provisional Government, which underwent adequate amendments over time. For pumping up the budget in the environment of economic devastation and rapid inflation, the legislator increased the rates of direct and indirect taxes, as well as introduced the new sources of taxation and revision of tax incentives. The author concludes that due to tax evasion of the population, the revenue from direct taxes into the budget, including commercial and industrial classes, were insignificant. Attempts of the government to concentrate legislative and administrative activity on indirect taxation also did not bring expected results; indirect taxes or non-taxable fees barely covered the expenses on the rapidly expanding bureaucratic bodies of civil administration. It is revealed that the supply of warring armies in such conditions was mainly through the uncontrolled issue of banknotes, which boosted inflation, and thus, plundered the public treasury. Being the main source of filling the state budget, it became one of the methods of comprehensive compulsory taxation. It is stated that due to shortage of budgetary funds, military commanders were forced supply the troops via conducting contributions and requisitions, which in fact was tax in kind and negatively affected public image of the government.

메타분석을 활용한 프로스포츠 구단 및 기업의 사회적 책임(CSR)활동이 이미지에 미치는 영향력의 효과검증 : 구단, 기업 이미지를 중점으로

This study found that social responsibility (CSR) activities of professional sports teams and companies are important lawyers who positively influence public perception. At a time when Corona 19 is facing difficulties in economic, social, and sports fields, we hope that it will lead to a change in the image of domestic demand, sports welfare, community cooperation, and problem solving is as follows. In order to objectively and comprehensively examine the social responsibility (CSR) activities of professional sports teams and companies, eight Korean academic journals and six academic papers were selected according to the selection criteria. Excel 2016, R program, and CMA3 are used for analysis, and the conclusion is as follows.<BR> Firstly, it was confirmed that the overall effect of social responsibility activities of professional sports teams and companies on the image is very large. Secondly, the impact on the image of social responsibility activities on the sub-factors (economy, charity, ethics, law) was greatest, followed by charitable, ethical, and legal factors. Third, there was a significant difference in the influence of social responsibility activities in the form of publication on the image. Fourth, there was a significant difference in the effectiveness of socially responsible activities by image type (company, baseball team, brand, team).

Terapi Progressive Muscle Relaxation Mandiri bagi Perempuan dalam Menghadapi Stress Pandemi COVID-19

Women groups are vulnerable to psychological issues during Covid-19. The burden of domestic work and household problems can trigger stress and anxiety for them. The purpose of this community service is to reduce stress levels in women using progressive muscle relaxation techniques. The progressive muscle relaxation technique is the simplest and easiest relaxation method, simply by tensing and relaxing the muscles of the body. This therapy was carried out offline and online in seven sessions. The method for measuring the results of this activity was by a quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design model. The community service was located in Padukuhan Ngelorejo, Gari, Wonosari, Yogyakarta Special Region, involving women PKK cadres. The results showed an effect of manipulation of progressive muscle relaxation therapy on reducing stress levels. Based on these results, there was a decrease in stress levels in participants after a progressive muscle relaxation therapy session. The effect of physical changes felt by participants was in the form of a lighter and relaxed body condition, while the psychological impact was a feeling of calm and comfort. Through the modules and video tutorials, participants were expected to facilitate progressive muscle relaxation therapy techniques to others independently.

Online Learning Experience and Challenges of Undergraduate Students During COVID-19

The paper presents a comprehensive view of students' viewpoints on online learning and academic, psychological, domestic, and social problems. The study analyzed different aspects of online learning and their effects on students' lives. This research aimed to analyze the concerns of undergraduate students of the University of Central Punjab. Due to the closure of physical classes and institutes, the data collection for this study was done online through a survey questionnaire structured on google forms. A primary source of data collection was used and a sample of 100 studentsfrom different departments of the University of Central Punjab was approached. Responses to the survey questionnaire served to represent students' stance on online learning. A majority of respondents showed satisfaction over online learning and grading system. Similarly, most of the respondents had a neutral perspective on Microsoft Teams as a learning platform. Assignment submission and attempting quizzes was not a very difficult task for the university students. Poor internet connection was a major issue along with a lack of motivation for students in onlineclasses. The study addressed major issues faced by students during online classes and learning feedback on the shifted system of online classes due to COVID-19.

Online Learning Experience and Challenges of Undergraduate Students During COVID-19

The paper presents a comprehensive view of students' viewpoints on online learning and academic, psychological, domestic, and social problems. The study analyzed different aspects of online learning and their effects on students' lives. This research aimed to analyze the concerns of undergraduate students of the University of Central Punjab. Due to the closure of physical classes and institutes, the data collection for this study was done online through a survey questionnaire structured on google forms. A primary source of data collection was used and a sample of 100 studentsfrom different departments of the University of Central Punjab was approached. Responses to the survey questionnaire served to represent students' stance on online learning. A majority of respondents showed satisfaction over online learning and grading system. Similarly, most of the respondents had a neutral perspective on Microsoft Teams as a learning platform. Assignment submission and attempting quizzes was not a very difficult task for the university students. Poor internet connection was a major issue along with a lack of motivation for students in onlineclasses. The study addressed major issues faced by students during online classes and learning feedback on the shifted system of online classes due to COVID-19.

An empirical analysis of the impact of financial development on the income gap between urban and rural residents in China - based on the PVAR model

Although the level of China's financial industry has developed rapidly, but the domestic problem of urban-rural development imbalance is becoming more and more serious, which has formed a serious obstacle to the development and progress of social economy. In order to explore the relationship between the level of China’s financial development capacity and the income gap between urban and rural residents, this paper surveys relevant data from 30 provinces, municipalities and regions in a total of 17 years from 2002 to 2018, and introduces the income gap between urban and rural residents, the scale of financial development, and efficiency. Established a PVAR model based on related variables such as financial development structure, and then conducted co-integration test, Granger causality test, GMM estimation, impulse response and variance decomposition. The empirical results show that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between various variables, and the urban-rural income gap It is the Granger reason for the scale of financial development, but there is no reverse causality. Through dynamic analysis, it is found that the urban-rural income gap is mainly affected by its own reasons. The scale of financial development can narrow the urban-rural income gap to a certain extent, and the efficiency of financial development is to a certain extent. Will widen the income gap between urban and rural areas, and the explanatory effect of the financial development structure can be ignored.

Institutions, Ideation, and Diffusion of Japan’s and China’s Overseas Infrastructure Promotion Policies

ABSTRACT This article examines Japan’s (1980s-90s) and China’s (2000s-10s) overseas infrastructure promotion campaigns. We explain how developmentalism, i.e. the state’s active engagement in economic development, has given rise to these two go-global campaigns, as the governments of both countries sought to expand industrial policy outward to compensate for domestic political economic problems. We explain how Japan, the go-global forerunner, influenced China, the go-global latecomer, and how China has formulated its own campaign strategies based on its distinct institutional and ideational settings as well as lessons derived from Japan’s past policy practices.

Interlinkage of Poverty-Hunger-Health-Wellbeing As Critically Seen For Effective Policy Anticipation on the Need for Wetland Ecosystem Reclamation: “An Argument on the Importance of Truly Sincere & Much Intense International Cooperation to Tackle Future Regional Economic Shortcoming”

Every country with a large number of population but has got a limited stock and deposit of natural resources must always anticipate domestic problems of poverty, hunger, poorer health and declining wellbeing. However, such a classic chain of problems is no longer to be faced alone by a country, as human environment has become so borderless. Neighbouring nations of densely populated countries may frequently have to face sequence of such problems especially in years when the world undergoing an extreme condition. Anticipative collaboration among them could presumably overcome the problems in more elegant way with effective resource utilization and efficient use of funds, while all stakeholders across borders getting mutual benefit with just and pride. The countries have to determine 2-starting points of concern: 1) Focus on the most challenging problem that urgently needs solution (e.g. potential problem of hunger); 2) Focus on particular natural resource base (e.g. a portion of remaining wetland ecosystem) that each country ready to allocate. Subsequent collaborative efforts should be focused on innovative science-tech inquiry and planning appropriate programs to tackle root of the main problem as trigger to overcome all other problems.

COVID-19 in Douala-Cameroon: Epidemiologic features, challenges to fight the pandemic, and psychosocio-economic impacts

Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that can cause illnesses such as the common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). In 2019, a new coronavirus was identified as the cause of a disease outbreak that originated in China. Cases of COVID-19 have been reported in a growing number of cities worldwide. Cameroon recorded the first case of the Coronavirus on March 6, 2020 and thereafter, there was a geometric increase in the number of cases. In response to this, the government announced firm measures in an effort to curb the exponential increase of the Coronavirus cases in the country. Despite the measures, the number of cases has continued to increase, coupled with another unwanted socio-economic phenomenon. This study aims to present the challenges to fight COVID-19 in Cameroon urban settlements as with the case of Douala metropolitan city, to examine its geographical distribution pattern, and to apprehend its socio-economic impacts on Douala city dwellers. Data used here derived from local and national health statistics, and from a cross-sectional study conducted in Douala city from May to December 2020. Results reveal that coherent measures were taken by health officials to fight the pandemics. However, spread of the virus has continued in the city, under a differentiated dissemination pattern. Findings also revealed that during lockdown, the city witnessed downturn in the economy, increase in domestic violence and mental health problems. The study recommends the effective follow-up of the measures put in place by the government as well as all the stakeholders, the financial support of enterprises and an aggressive sensitization of the population.

A Research on the Policy Coordination of “Expanding Domestic Demand” in China：From the Perspective of Income Distribution

The world’s economic systems have been repeatedly hit by the COVID-19 epidemic, which has led to the resurgence of domestic demand problems and made it more complicated. What is the root cause of domestic demand problems and how will it be solved? Few studies have responded in a more complete way, but they offer the possibility to take demand issues further. Therefore, it is valuable and practical to observe the state of domestic demand and find ways to boost it from the perspective of income distribution.This paper tests the effect of labor bargaining power shocks and wage stickiness on domestic demand, as well as the effect of the combination of fiscal and monetary policies and minimum wage policies by constructing a heterogeneous household DSGE model that incorporates the wage determination mechanism. In addition, the previous results are corroborated by using residential sector survey data. The results show that: Firstly, sluggish domestic demand in China is related to the uneven distribution of residents’ income, and it is more obvious in low-income groups. Secondly, policy coordination can deal with sluggish domestic demand, and fiscal policies are most effective.To expand domestic demand, this paper suggests that: Firstly, we should improve income distribution, including the establishment of a flexible wage adjustment mechanism, the protection of labor bargaining power, etc. Secondly, we should build a combination regulatory framework of various macro policies, and supplement black box testing, policy target balancing, policy matching timing, etc.The possible contribution of this paper lies in that: Firstly, it presents the solutions of domestic demand problems from the perspective of income distribution, which provides a feasible idea for strengthening China’s domestic demand and policy regulation. Secondly, it builds a heterogeneous household DSGE model that includes intra-labor splits, wage negotiations and wage stickiness, as distinct from the New Keynesian model, which is a new attempt and can explain domestic demand volatility in China. Thirdly, it verifies the feasibility of policy coordination by extrapolating from theory to residential sector behavior analysis, capturing the generalizability of findings.

Implementing the Coordination of the Law Enforcement Activities in the Process of Ensuring the Safety of Witnesses in Investigating Corruption-Related Crimes

Introduction: anti-corruption issues are not only a domestic problem, but also an international one. The practice of organizing the coordination of the law enforcement activities in this direction can be successfully translated into the solution of these issues at the interstate level. Special attention in this area should be paid to the issues of combating corruption by increasing the participation of citizens. One type of such participation is witnessing. However, the participation of citizens as witnesses in the investigation of corruption-related crimes has only positive prospects if they understand not only the importance of involvement in the process of proof, but also the awareness of their protection from any encroachments. In this connection, further improvement of the activities aimed at protecting witnesses and providing them with an appropriate level of security requires the formation of a highly coordinated interaction of all the law enforcement agencies involved in this process. The purpose of the study: to identify the main areas of optimization of the existing ones and consider promising opportunities for improving the security of witnesses in the investigation of corruption-related crimes. The research objectives: in the study of this problem, to highlight its internal structure and to consider the possibilities of implementing joint international cooperation in the field under study. Methods: the methodological framework for this study is the system method, the methods of analysis, synthesis, the comparative legal and formal legal methods, and others. Results: the issues considered in the paper characterize the content of the procedure for ensuring the safety of witnesses through the prism of studying the existing features of the content of the entire essence of this process, which determines the need to create the conditions for the protection of the parties to criminal proceedings in the investigation of corruption-related crimes. The possible areas for improving the application of witness protection measures have been identified. It is assumed that the use of the full potential of the opportunities will ensure the safety of witnesses and will increase the active participation of citizens in the fight against corruption. It is emphasized that the full implementation of the research activity is only possible with the effective interaction of all its participants in the presence of a single coordination center. It provides for the possibility of implementing measures to achieve international cooperation in the area of the law enforcement activities under consideration. Conclusions: as a result of the study, the key types of threats against witnesses were identified, and the conditions for applying measures to ensure the safety of witnesses were revealed. The possibilities of implementing the interaction of the law enforcement agencies in the implementation of the state protection are established.

Tinjauan Yuridis Terhadap Pembuktian Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Psikis Dalam Lingkup Rumah Tangga

Domestic problems were initially seen as private issues between individuals, but the rise of domestic violence led the government to contribute to addressing the problem. One of the violence that is often accepted in the domestic is psychic violence, therefore researchers are interested in studying the analysis of the evidence of criminal acts of psychic violence in the domestic sphere. This research is an empirical juridical law study. Through a sociological juridical research approach. The research location is located in Samarinda Police, Samarinda State Prosecutor's Office, Samarinda District Court, types and sources using primary data as well as secondary data, techniques of obtaining data obtained through primary data collection techniques by interview while secondary data collection techniques are obtained from literature studies.

The effectiveness of the process of restoring the functional status of servicemen who were in the area of the Joint Forces operation

Psychological rehabilitation of combatants is especially relevant today, when the hybrid war in the east of our country has been going on for eight years. The scale of this phenomenon in Ukrainian society requires an active study of the psychological problems of servicemen that have emerged during this time. The aim of the work is to determine the effectiveness of medical rehabilitation of servicemen after being in the combat zone according to the indicators of emotional burnout. A specially designed questionnaire was used to assess the impressions of combat and domestic problems that arise in the military in the area of the Joint Forces Operation (JFO) in relation to the effects of internal and external factors of combatants. To determine the development of chronic fatigue, the method "Diagnosis of emotional burnout" by Boyko V. V. was used. Statistical analysis of the obtained results was carried out with the involvement of methods of parametric and nonparametric statistics, cluster, stepwise multiple correlation and stepwise discriminant analysis using the software package STATISTICA 13.3. Analysis of the obtained data showed that six psychophysiological qualities (Rsl=0.67) were the most related to the parameter of stress load "before" treatment. The list of informative characteristics indicates the high activity of the body of servicemen, the dependence of endurance of their nervous system, the level of concentration and reliability of activity from the received stress. After treatment, the number of informative psychophysiological indicators decreases significantly, and the strength of the connection with stress increases slightly (Rsl=0.78), which indicates the gradual restoration of relevant body functions. It was found that the characteristics of emotions are associated with stress (Rsl=0.52). Before treating these relationships, there are three feelings: "self-dissatisfaction", "caged", "emotional and moral disorientation". After treatment, this connection is slightly reduced along with the elimination of the emotion of "self-dissatisfaction", which characterizes the gradual ordering, systematization of the feelings of the combatant, starting with the relationship to himself. It was found that the average efficiency of 10-day treatment is 16.7 %, which indicates the benefit of restorative procedures. Information technology has been developed that allows to quantify the outcome of treatment, the use of which will allow a meaningful approach to the treatment process, to carry out dynamic control of its results and improve rehabilitation techniques.

Post-legislative Domestic Violence Situation and Socio-cultural Status of Women in Punjab: An Objective Hermeneutics Analysis

Violence against Women (VAW) occurs in different societies in assorted ways in the world. It can be seen from the different lens starting from family structure to the workplaces of women. In Pakistan women experience violence from their own family members even after the promulgation of legislation at national as well as at provincial level. There is variety of existing literature which explains the prevalence of violence in different countries around the globe but mere to find the literature that shows the post-legislative status of women in a country. This paper aims at describing the status of women after filing a case under the PPWAV Act, 2016 in Punjab. To explain and describe the said issue, the following study followed descriptive analysis and was based on qualitative social research methodology, followed by narrative approach. Relying on saturation of data, thirteen interviewees were interviewed for the said study. For analyzing the narratives, the objective hermeneutics as explained by flick (2014) was used to present data analysis. Major themes derived from the data were violence bringing women from four walls of the house, filing a case of domestic violence: violation of society values and Post case filed domestic problems. It is concluded that the said law does not harmonizes with the family values prevailing in Pakistani social structure hence is unable to eliminate the problem of domestic violence from Punjab.