Domestic Poverty Research Articles

The nature, role and importance of family support for micro-female entrepreneurs from Cameroon

ABSTRACT This paper explores the ambivalent nature of family support for women starting and developing a business in Cameroon. Being embedded in a collectivist family culture, women expected and received welcome assistance from family members both financial and in kind, but this was often accompanied by burdensome conditions that negated the value of the initial assistance. Family members were obliged to help where domestic poverty was extreme or emergencies occurred, but assistance in starting businesses was not considered as essential. Instead, any woman showing any business success became a target as a source of support which was difficult to refuse. Family collectivism, whilst initially welcome, was thus counterproductive to entrepreneurial success.

Covering the Distant Other: Discursive Construction of the Makoko Community in Nigeria as “Venice of Africa”

ABSTRACT Journalistic texts are sites for the construction of meaning. Through their work, journalists construct, enact, and sustain identities and social realities. In particular, journalistic representations of poverty have implications for how poverty is perceived and addressed, and although extensive research has examined media representations of domestic poverty in the United States, very little is known about how American news organizations represent poverty in other contexts. Nonetheless, Western media have been criticized for presenting a homogenizing and totalizing image of Africa as the “dark continent.” This study explores CNN’s representation of Makoko, a low-income community in Nigeria, as the “Venice of Africa.” Critical discourse analysis of CNN stories about Makoko published between 2012 and 2023 reveals a complicated practice. CNN constructed different identities for Makoko, such as victim, achiever, and spectacle, thereby challenging notions of stereotypical representations of countries in Africa by Western media. However, a predominant focus on success, and the discursive strategy of transforming suffering into artistic spectacle, suggests an exclusive ideology, which contributes to a public ambivalence toward addressing the structural issues faced by this community.

Measuring Attributions 50 Years on: From within-Country Poverty to Global Inequality.

Fifty years after Feagin's pioneering 1972 study, we present a systematic review of the measurement of attributions for poverty and economic inequality. We conducted a search for articles published from 1972 to 2023 in APA PsycArticles, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, APA PsycInfo, PSYNDEX Literature with PSYNDEX Tests, and Google Scholar. We used the following English keywords: "poor", "poverty", "inequality", "attribution", and "attributions" and their equivalents in Spanish. Applying our inclusion and exclusion criteria led to a final sample of 74 articles. We report three main findings. First, the majority of studies classify attributions on the dimensions of individualistic vs. structural. Second, there is a clear tendency to measure attributions for domestic poverty without considering supranational factors or poverty as a global challenge. Third, studies focus almost exclusively on poverty rather than (economic) inequality. We identify potential for future development within the literature, namely, from a domestic to a global perspective, from locus to controllability, and from poverty to inequality.

СЕЛЬСКАЯ БЕДНОСТЬ В РЕГИОНАХ СЕВЕРО-ЗАПАДА РОССИИ: СОСТОЯНИЕ И НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ ЕЕ СОКРАЩЕНИЯ

The results of scientific research on the state, causes and justification of rural poverty reduction in the subjects of the North-West are presented. A comparative analysis of the world and domestic poverty of the population is given. The dynamics of changes in the poverty of the population in the period 1995-2021 is shown. A methodological approach to measuring the level of poverty in urban and rural settlements is proposed. The distribution of the poor among the rural and urban population is analyzed. The analysis showed that in the absolute majority of the subjects of the region, the level of poverty in rural areas is many times higher than the same indicator for urban residents. The influence of poverty on the economic availability of food has been revealed. An assessment of the causes of poverty in rural areas is given. The priority directions of its reduction are substantiated. The approach based on the close relationship of federal and regional authorities, rural entrepreneurs, scientific organizations in solving the problem of poverty in rural communities, according to the author, characterizes the novelty of the presented article. The practical significance of the work is seen in the possibility of applying the results of the study in developing a strategy to reduce the poverty level of the rural population.

Health systems strengthening interventions for perinatal common mental disorders and experiences of domestic violence in Cape Town, South Africa: protocol for a pilot implementation study

BackgroundDuring the perinatal period, common mental disorders (CMDs) such as depression and anxiety are highly prevalent, especially in low-resource settings, and are associated with domestic violence, poverty, and food insecurity. Perinatal CMDs have been associated with several adverse maternal and child outcomes. While the Department of Health in South Africa provides healthcare workers with the tools to detect psychological distress and experiences of domestic violence, few healthcare workers routinely screen pregnant women at clinic visits, citing discomfort with mental health issues and the lack of standardised referral pathways as the key barriers. The aim of this study is to select and evaluate a set of health systems strengthening (HSS) interventions aimed at improving the care and outcomes for perinatal women with CMDs and experiences of domestic violence, attending public healthcare facilities in Cape Town.MethodsThis study consists of a pre-implementation, development, and implementation phase. Contextual barriers identified during the pre-implementation phase included poor patient knowledge and health-seeking behaviour, high levels of stigma, and poor detection, referral, and treatment rates. Implementation science determinant frameworks were applied to findings from the pre-implementation phase to identify determinants and gaps in delivering high-quality evidence-informed care. A participatory Theory of Change workshop was used to design a HSS programme, consisting of awareness raising, detection, referral, and treatment. HSS interventions selected to support the delivery of the HSS programme includes training, health promotion, change to the healthcare environment, task-sharing, audit and feedback, and performance monitoring. The implementation phase will be used to assess several implementation and clinical outcomes associated with the delivery of the HSS programme, which will be piloted at three healthcare facilities. Qualitative and quantitative methods will be used to evaluate the implementation and clinical outcomes.DiscussionThis pilot implementation study will inform us about a range of implementation and clinical outcome measures that are relevant for assessing HSS interventions for perinatal women with depression, anxiety, or experiences of domestic violence in low-resource settings. Lessons learnt from the pilot study will be incorporated into the design of a cluster randomised control trial for which further funding will be sought.

WOMEN ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT IN PAKISTAN: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK

Pakistan is a country that has been facing the biggest problem of gender inequality since its inception and has been considered one of the worst performers for decades, especially in terms of women's economic empowerment. Strategic analysis shows that this threat is the result of religious misrepresentation as well as many political, socio-economic and cultural barriers. Rendering to world economic forum report of 2018, Pakistan is classified 148th out of 149 countries. In Pakistan, women, who make up about half of the population, are deprived of basic services such as domestic violence, poverty, poor health, economic dependence and low literacy rates, with little difference between metropolitan and rural life. At the same time, this research should carefully address this issue and point out that legal reforms are necessary and indispensable for the participation of women in the economic development of the country. This will be a first stride to provide objective measure of how specific regulations, implementation and protection of inheritance of property right affect women’s inclusive participation in economic development. The study is correlated to new index introduced by WBL2019 which is structured around eight indicators that encompass different stages of women’s working life, provide essential grounds for economic standing of women, the particular emphasis will be on seventh indicator that is managing assets that involves ownership and inheritance of property. Keywords: Economic empowerment, Legal reforms, Property rights, Inclusive participation, WBL

Стратегия Китая по борьбе с бедностью и ее глобальное значение

At the historic moment of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, China’s domestic poverty alleviation strategy has achieved a comprehensive victory, China’s overall regional poverty has been fundamentally resolved, and the arduous task of eradicating absolute poverty has been completed. China’s poverty alleviation strategy highlights China’s will and determination to build a harmonious and balanced social development model, and provides practical experience for China to further implement the “Belt and Road” initiative on the international stage and strengthen economic cooperation with developing countries within the framework of the United Nations. The success of China’s poverty alleviation strategy has provided Southeast Asian countries with international experience that can be used for reference in further poverty eradication, and has far-reaching world significance

The inequality of health-income effect in employed workers in China: a longitudinal study from China Family Panel Studies

BackgroundThe relationship between health and income is an essential part of human capital research. The majority of current analyses using classical regression models show that health has a significant impact on income after controlling for the endogeneity of health due to the measurement error and reverse causality. Currently, the Chinese government implements various policies including health related policies to fiercely fight for the domestic poverty issues, and thus only estimating the average effect of health on income could underestimate the impact for low income population and will make policy makers neglect or not pay enough attention to the significant role of health in poverty alleviation. To study the effect of health on income for workers at different income quantiles, we apply the quantile regression method to a panel data from a Chinese household survey. Furthermore, we test the heterogeneity of this health-income effect for different subgroups of workers characterized by sex, registered residence, and residential area. Lastly, we provide an explanation on the possible mechanism of the health-income effect.MethodsThis study uses data from four waves of the China Family Panel Studies (CPFS)- a biennial longitudinal study spanning from 2012 to 2018. The final data used in the regression analysis includes a balanced sample of 19,540 person-year observations aged between 18 to 70 years, with complete information of demographic and social economic status characteristics, job information, and health status of individuals. We use lagged self-reported health to control the potential endogeneity problem caused by reverse causality between health and income. Our identification on heterogenous treatment effects relies on panel quantile regressions, which generate more information than the commonly used mean regression method, and hopefully could reveal the effects of health on income for workers with income distributed at a wide range of quantiles. In addition, we compare the results derived from panel quantile regressions and mean regressions. Finally, we added interaction terms between health and other independent variables to recover the influence channel of health on income.ResultsThe regression estimates show that the effects of health on income are more pronounced for workers distributed on the lower ends of income spectrum, and the health-income effect decreases monotonically with the increase of income. The treatment effect is robust to alternative measures of health and seems to be more pronounced for females than males, for rural workers than their urban counterparts. Finally, we find that health not only directly affects worker’s income but also has different effects on income for different occupation cohorts.ConclusionsThis study provides a different perspective on the impact of individual health status on income, uncovering the heterogeneous effects of health deterioration on income reduction for workers with different incomes by using panel data and rather advanced statistical techniques- panel quantile regressions. At present, the Chinese government is making every effort to solve the problem of poverty and our findings suggest public policies on health and income protections should emphasize different needs of workers with different incomes and special attention should be paid to low-income workers who are much more financially fragile to health deterioration than other income groups.

Discussion of Critical Success Factors in Colleges and Universities Participating in Poverty Alleviation Tourism Based on Analytical Hierarchy Process

Domestic socio-economic development has acquired great achievement, while poverty is still a major problem in restraining the development of domestic rural areas. The past developmental poverty alleviation could not satisfy the requirement for poverty reduction to comprehensively build the well-off society. Although distinct models of poverty alleviation through tourism for impoverished villages were proposed from the aspects of the government, enterprises, and communities, most of them, from macro perspectives, stressed on the development of tourism in impoverished villages, while specific research on who to help the development of poverty alleviation through tourism in pilot villages and how to integrate resources to implement the effective support of impoverished villages was little. For this reason, critical success factors in colleges and universities participating in poverty alleviation tourism are analyzed in this study. Aiming at visitors to Nianshan Village, Fujian Province, 300 copies of questionnaire are distributed for this study. Total 214 valid copies are retrieved, with the retrieval rate 71%. The research result reveals that “government department” is the most emphasized dimension in hierarchy, followed by “social enterprise”, “college and university organization”, and “villages with poverty alleviation through tourism” and top five most emphasized indicators, among 17 evaluation indicators, are policy support, funding support, system design, practice base, and top management support. Finally, suggestions are proposed according to the results, expecting to help the overall development of domestic poverty alleviation tourism and promote the development of both students and impoverished villages.

자선, 불안, 그리고 식민주의 - 중산층의 불만시각으로 『황량한 집』 다시 읽기

This article aims to read Charles Dickens’s Bleak House with the viewpoint of angry middle class. In his book, the author criticizes the philanthropy for the undeveloped in Africa or American Indians, not considering the poor conditions in urban labors in England. The imbalance of benevolence between the philanthropy for two regions, Dickens argues, increases the tension in English society and he argues that the tension might cause the serious conflict in the Victorian society. The suggestion by Dickens in Bleak House is to give up the oversea charity as soon as possible and to concentrate on solving urban sanitation problems which might increase the anxiety of the lower classes. For this purpose, Dickens depicts a character who rescued the crews in wrecked ship in Indian Ocean as his hero in Bleak House. The hero, Allan Woodcourt, is the idealized character by the author who is able to solve the problem of imbalance between the oversea charity and domestic poverty.

Church, State and American Evangelicalism: A Political Missiology for the Poor

Abstract How should the American church tackle domestic poverty, and how should US faith-based aid organizations approach the change process in developing countries? These questions about aspects of the church in mission are best answered in light of a wider historical debate about the relationship between church and state. In this article, I explore the history of this relationship and argue that the radical separation of church and state favored by conservative evangelicals in the United States, harms the disadvantaged both domestically and abroad. Just as governments should not abrogate their responsibility to the poor, Christian institutions should not shrink from their God-given task of holding secular, political authorities to account.

Determining the Development Status of United States Counties Based on Comparative and Spatial Analyses of Multivariate Criteria Using Geographic Information Systems

The United States ranked 8th in 2015 according to the United Nations’ Human Development Index, but empirical evidence shows that there are regions within the U.S. that would not classify as having “very high human development.” We know about domestic poverty and hardship, but there are regions in the United States that are starting to look developmentally more like Albania or Kenya. Using multivariate quantitative data (health statistics, education levels, and income) to replicate international development indices like that of United Nations on the national level, U.S. counties were ranked according to their development status. In this way, widely recognized scales of development were translationally applied to the United States to fully understand the state of development, or rather regression, in the U.S. The results were displayed cartographically to show the geographic distribution of regression across the U.S., mainly the Mississippi River Delta and the Appalachian Region. In total, there were 66 counties that fell into fourth class, or the “low development” category, for all three development criteria.

HOWARE EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME INFLUENCE SOCIETY ATTITUDE TO PAY ZAKAT IN SOUTH SUMATERA WITH TAWHIDI PERSPECTIVE

The purpose of this article is to share about how important zakat fund which collected and distributed well, according to the rule based on Islam, in order to improve economic. The phenomena in South Sumatera shows unsycnchronized data between Gross Regional Domestic Product and poverty level. South Sumatera province is the top 11 rankings from34 provinces in Indonesia in terms of GRDP acquisition. But in reality, South Sumatera also the top 18 rankings from 34 provinces in Indonesia in terms of poverty level. This research will discuss the phenomena from society attitude with some factors that might influence, from the tawhidi perspective. Using primary data from 4 regencies and 1 city in South Sumatera and also supported by 2 factors (employment and income), thisresearch describe how are these 2 variables influence society attitude to pay zakat viewed from tawhidi perspective. The result of hypothesis test by using regression model shown that employment variable and income variable influence society attitude to pay zakat simultaneously and partially. With Tawhidi String Relation methode by induced these 2 variables with tetha (θ) will change the result in the good range.

Role of Trade in Growth and Poverty Reduction: A Review of Literature with Special Reference to India

The growing volumes of international trade and lowering of tariff barriers have triggered continuing debate and analysis on the impact of international trade on poverty. The United Nations has identified eradication of poverty – especially of extreme poverty – as its number one Millennium Development Goal (MDG). This paper tries to assess the relevance of trade in reducing poverty in India and promoting pro-poor growth through a survey of the existing literature and concludes that a strong performance on the international market can help reduce domestic poverty in developing countries. Through a review of the literature on this topic, the author finds that there is strong empirical evidence in favour of the growth enhancing effects of exports and trade in general. Furthermore, a number of detailed microeconomic studies using firm-level and household data show that exporting can lead to productivity, growth and directly reduce poverty through wage and employment effects.

Poverty Research and Measurement: Making the Case for Consumption Adequacy

Scholarship involving impoverished consumers and consumption is an important part of consumer research on well‐being. Investigations have looked at domestic (US) poverty as well as its global manifestations at the base of the pyramid. Together they form a body of scholarship with underlying assumptions about what scholars, policy makers, and consumer advocates believe constitutes being poor versus not being poor. While these studies have much to offer, ambiguous definitions of impoverishment guide their research, which also include choices among possible measurement instruments. To address this deficit, our article approaches the differences in research focus across constituencies, seeking to understand how poverty is both defined and measured within our field. Under the conceptual foundation of the consumption adequacy perspective, we advance a definition of poverty that is used to determine the lived experiences of material impoverishment.

The return of the ‘Black Babies’: how development education affects schoolchildren’s attitudes to the majority world – the Trócaire 2012 Lenten campaign

This article investigates how development education campaigns affect schoolchildren’s understanding of both global and domestic poverty, through examining the 2012 Lenten campaign by the Irish agency, Trócaire. It analyses Trócaire campaign material as well as its reception by schoolchildren, aged 10–12. We found the material contained neo-colonial stereotypes about Africa as a primitive place dependent on Western aid, displaying continuity with the prior ‘Black Baby Phenomenon’. This refers to the collection boxes Irish children were given with a picture of a black baby on them, which fostered an understanding of Africans as helpless childlike victims, Children in our focus groups understood the Africans portrayed by the Trócaire campaign as hopeless, primitive, intellectually inferior Others. Furthermore, this there was strong indication that this imagery fostered social distance towards ethnic minorities in Ireland and encouraged children to minimise domestic poverty, through considering this to be only an issue in ‘developing countries’.

A Call for Love in the Face of Hatred

A Call for Love in the Face of Hatred

The ethics of scholarship in a changing region

Peoples and states in the Asia-Pacific face acute and overlapping insecurities: competition between countries; domestic violence, instability, and poverty; normative contestation between local and ...

Introduction: Symposium on Robust Political Economy

ABSTRACTMark Pennington’s Robust Political Economy is a systematic exposition of a framework for analyzing institutional performance. The Robust Political Economy framework evaluates institutions according to their ability to solve knowledge and incentive problems. On grounds of robustness, Pennington combines insights from Austrian market-process theory and public-choice theory to defend classical liberalism from several compelling critiques. These include theories of market failure in economics; communitarian, deliberative-democratic, and liberal-egalitarian theories of justice; and concerns with social capital, domestic and international poverty, and ecology.

People and Things on the Move: Domestic Material Culture, Poverty and Mobility in Victorian London

The development of what Mayne and Lawrence (Urban History 26: 325–48, 1999) termed “ethnographic” approaches to studying nineteenth-century households and urban communities has gathered momentum in recent years. As such research agendas have taken hold and been applied to new contexts, so critiques, methodological developments, and new intellectual and theoretical currents, have provided opportunities to enhance and develop approaches. This article contributes to this on-going process. Drawing upon household archaeological research on Limehouse, a poor neighborhood in Victorian London, and inspired by the theoretical insights provided by the “new mobilities paradigm,” it aims to place “mobility” as a central and enabling intellectual framework for understanding the relationships between people, place, and poverty. Poor communities in nineteenth-century cities were undeniably mobile and transient. Historians and archaeologists have often regarded this mobility as an obstacle to studying everyday life in such contexts. However, examining temporal routines and geographical movements across a variety of time frames and geographical scales, this article argues that mobility is actually key to understanding urban life and an important mechanism for interpreting the fragmented material and documentary traces left by poor households in the nineteenth-century metropolis.