Domestic Patent Applications Research Articles

Political leader's background and innovation in developing countries

Studies of innovations in developing countries remain mitigated. Those that have tackled the quest for determinants have been limited to the profiles of business leaders, thus neglecting those of presidents. Yet they are the main drivers of their countries' economic policies. In order to overcome this shortcoming, this article aims to verify, in the light of the political leader theory, the effect of the profile of national leaders on innovation indicators. We formulate the following hypothesis: the preferences of political leaders are defined by their background. We test this hypothesis on a panel of 48 developing countries, covering the period from 1995 to 2018, using the GMM estimation. Results indicate that militaries spend more on R&D than other professions and enhance patent demands, while political horizon hinders innovations. The robustness of the results is verified by using other innovation indicators, in particular domestic patent applications, foreign applications, and the political regime. This article contributes to the pursuit of Sustainable Development Goal 9 by providing a new tool for policy‐makers to rely on.

R&D Expenditures-Innovation Relationship: Panel Data Analysis for Selected Countries

In the study, the concept of innovation, which is an important phenomenon in the process of economic growth and development, has been analyzed. This study aims to reveal the relationship between innovation, which is an important factor in economic development and growth, and research and development expenditures. In the study, an econometric model was established in order to determine the effect of research and development expenditures on innovation. In this model, the number of domestic patent applications was taken to represent innovation as the dependent variable. As independent variables; R&D expenditures and gross capital data were used. Panel data analysis was conducted for the sample of 35 countries, covering the period 2000-2019. The country sample was formed from among the top 49 countries whose data is available in the 2022 global innovation index ranking.
 In the analysis, it has been concluded that R&D expenditures have a significant positive effect on innovation. The gross capital variable, on the other hand, negatively affects the patent variable, which represents innovation. In the study, it was concluded that R&D expenditures have a significant positive effect on innovation. In order to increase innovation, countries should first allocate more resources to research and development activities.

THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENTREPRENEURIAL FINANCE: VENTURE CAPITAL INVESTING AND INNOVATION

The use of venture capital has been discussed extensively in recent years as an alternative source of funding for start-ups to meet their financial needs. The contribution of venture capitalists to the overall business development of companies has been highlighted in this debate. This paper presents a research framework to identify the innovation indicators in terms of the role of government in their creation that influence venture capital investment. The relationship between innovation as measured by ease of business creation, ease of resolving insolvency, current expenditure on education, ICT (information and communication technology) use, ease of getting credit, domestic financial resources to private sector, protection of minority investors, knowledge-intensive employment, exports of creative goods, domestic patent applications and venture capital investment is examined for OECD countries over the ten-year period between 2012 and 2021. The results show that the main determinants of innovation that affect venture capital investment are ease of insolvency procedures, ease of access to credit, current expenditure on education, use of ICT, knowledge-intensive employment, exports of creative goods and GDP per capita.

Does complementarity matter for the emergence of new specialization industries in the regions of Russia?

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to assess how internal and external complementarity linkages are responsible for the emergence of new specialization industries in the context of Russian regions in the period from 2005 to 2015, taking into account other factors that are significant for the emergence of such industries. The internal complementary linkages are measured by the share of new specialization industries related to existing specialization industries in the same region. External complementarity linkages are measured by the share of new specialization industries related to existing specialization industries in neighboring regions. Our data show that internal and external complementarity linkages have a strong positive effect on the emergence of new specialization industries, with a greater effect had by external ones. The number of specialization industries, the number of employees, market potential, gross domestic expenditure on research and development (R&D), domestic patent applications, working population with a higher education, and the distance from the administrative center of a region to the nearest million‐plus city also influence the emergence of new specialization industries, while gross regional product (GRP) per worker, the share of companies using the internet, and special economic zones do not. In addition, we assess the models that predict beginning of the process of diversification in a region. Finally, some policy measures are suggested for the creation of new specialization industries for Russia.

İnovasyonun İstihdam Düzeyine Etkisi: Türkiye İçin Bir ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı

Since the acceleration of technological advancements, many studies have been done in the economics literature on the direction and extent of the relationship between innovation and employment. The findings of these studies indicate that there is no unanimity among the researchers on an innovation-employment relationship. Based on annual data for the 1990-2018 period, this paper investigates the effect of innovation on employment in the Turkish economy using the ARDL bounds testing approach. The results obtained from the analysis show that exports of high-tech products, R&D expenditures, and changes in the number of firms positively affect employment, whereas, contrary to expectations, the number of domestic patent applications seems to affect it negatively.

Discrimination against foreigners in the U.S. patent system

Inventions of foreign origin are about ten percentage points less likely to be granted a U.S. patent than domestic inventions. An empirical analysis of 1.5 million U.S. patent applications identifies three systematic differences between foreign and domestic patent applications that partly explain this bias. They include differences in patent agents, the financial resources of the applicants, and the level of effort that applicants put into the prosecution process. We find no evidence of disparate treatment (‘intentional discrimination’) of foreigners. Instead, our evidence points to a disparate impact (‘unintentional discrimination’) of the U.S. patent system on foreign inventors. Our results suggest unequal access to the patent system for foreigners compared to locals (but also for small U.S. firms). Giving examiners the power of (truly) rejecting a patent application may be one solution to level the playing field between foreigners and locals, but also between large and small firms.

Do Returnee Faculty Promote the Internationalization of Higher Education? A Study Based on the “2014 Faculty Survey in China”

Based on data from the “2014 Chinese University Faculty Survey,” this article analyzes the distribution characteristics and manifestations of internationalization from returnee faculty to Chinese colleges as well as their impacts on the internationalization of higher education in the three dimensions of scientific research output, teaching content and methods, and international exchanges. Compared to local teachers, returnee faculty members adjust their research output strategies to reach a higher level of internationalization. They favor publishing papers in international journals and publish fewer domestic papers and make fewer domestic patent applications. They focus on international perspectives and content in their course teaching content and methods. In terms of international exchanges, they participate in international academic conferences and travel abroad more often for advanced studies. Their experiences studying overseas accumulate their comparative advantage in the internationalization of the academic profession. Higher education institutions should make them play larger roles in promoting the internationalization of scientific research and teaching as well as international academic exchanges to improve the level of internationalization of Chinese higher education.

A comparative approach to national innovative capacity in the long-run: Spain between Europe and Latin America

This article explores the evolution of the Spanish innovative capacity from the 19th century to the present day compared to some countries in Western Europe and Latin America. To this end, three indicators have been used: patents granted in the USA, domestic patent applications in each country, and scientific publications. The first appears to be, within its limitations, the best measure of national innovative capacity, although the other two provide valuable complementary information. The study reveals that Spain has significantly improved its innovative capacity over time, although it still lags far behind the most innovative countries. On the other hand, Argentina and Mexico were ahead of Spain in the first half of the twentieth century, but today Spain has an innovative capacity several times greater than that of the two Latin American countries. In fact, Argentina and Mexico seem to have reversed their innovative capacity over time.

Discrimination Against Foreigners in the U.S. Patent System

Inventions of foreign origin are about ten percentage points less likely to be granted a U.S. patent than domestic inventions. An empirical analysis of 1.5 million U.S. patent applications identifies three systematic differences between foreign and domestic patent applications that partly explain this bias. They include differences in patent agents, financial resources of the applicants, and the level of effort that applicants put into the prosecution process. We find no evidence of disparate treatment (‘intentional discrimination’) of foreigners. Instead, our evidence points to a disparate impact (‘unintentional discrimination’) of the U.S. patent system on foreign inventors. Our results suggest unequal access to the patent system for foreigners compared to locals (but also for small U.S. firms). Giving examiners the power of (truly) rejecting a patent application may be one solution to level the playing field between foreigners and locals, but also between large and small firms.

A comparative approach to national innovative capacity in the long-run: Spain between Europe and Latin America

This article explores the evolution of the Spanish innovative capacity from the 19th century to the present day compared to some countries in Western Europe and Latin America. To this end, three indicators have been used: patents granted in the USA, domestic patent applications in each country, and scientific publications. The first appears to be, within its limitations, the best measure of national innovative capacity, although the other two provide valuable complementary information. The study reveals that Spain has significantly improved its innovative capacity over time, although it still lags far behind the most innovative countries. On the other hand, Argentina and Mexico were ahead of Spain in the first half of the twentieth century, but today Spain has an innovative capacity several times greater than that of the two Latin American countries. In fact, Argentina and Mexico seem to have reversed their innovative capacity over time.

Innovation, the Flying Geese Model, IPR Protection, and Sustainable Economic Development in China

China has achieved an “economic miracle” with 40 years of continual high-speed growth and the simultaneous realization of global innovation prowess. In this study, a large panel dataset from 1985 to 2017 was used in an effort to explore how innovation (at the enterprise level), the flying geese model (at the global and national level), and intellectual property rights (IPR) protection (at the governmental level) have facilitated China’s sustainable economic development (SED). We employed ridge regression to compensate for the obvious multicollinearity among independent variables. For control purposes, we included multiple variables, namely, population, the labor force, the exchange rate, human capital, and research and development (R&D) expenditures. The results show that all three factors have significant explanatory power for China’s SED. First, either Total domestic patent applications or Total domestic patent grants by Chinese enterprises have overtaken those by their foreign counterparts and become a powerful engine for China’s SED. However, we understand that patent applications as a measure of innovation could overestimate China’s innovation capability more than patent grants. Second, the flying geese model can explain not only China’s SED but also China’s innovation diffusion at the global and national levels. From 1985 to 1992, China’s industrialization and innovation were mainly driven endogenously; from 1993 to 2008, they were simultaneously driven exogenously and endogenously. Since 2009, they have gradually become predominantly endogenously driven. Third, China’s IPR protection has grown increasingly tighter at the governmental level, which has further facilitated China’s SED. About 98.5% (annually) of patent infringement disputes through the administrative protection system could be closed promptly between 2014 and 2017. Additionally, the proportion of infringed patent rights holders from foreign countries has been declining in recent years. The results significantly enrich the extant theories, and the analysis also has several key implications for actions that should be taken to maintain China’s sustainable economic growth; specifically, China should (1) keep its opening-up policy so as to continually expand exports and attract foreign direct investment (FDI); (2) encourage innovation activities from domestic enterprises since they have been the stimulus of China’s SED; (3) improve its IPR protection system, particularly its judicial protection system, so as to form a virtuous circle of innovation in China.

Patented in China

The body of research providing empirical support for the importance of innovation for rapid economic growth has left countries scrambling to cultivate innovative capabilities amongst their citizens. China’s emergence as the top filer of domestic patent applications in 2011 has been attributed to policies enacted by the Chinese leadership aimed at increasing innovative activity within the country. This paper finds support for the argument that government intervention has a stronger influence on innovation than free markets, for patterns in domestic patent activity in China and Malaysia seem to coincide with each government’s policies and incentives that explicitly target innovative activity. However, the debate on the quality of Chinese patents suggests the importance of implementing a more sustainable innovation development strategy over enforcing short-term quantitative targets. This paper discusses the role of education in serving as a more sustainable method in the development of a nation’s innovation trajectory.

The Effect of Intellectual Property Rights on Domestic Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Sector

Summary There is little empirical evidence concerning the effect of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protecting pharmaceutical products and processes on pharmaceutical domestic innovation. Indeed, existing literature does not provide a punctual estimate of this effect for developing countries. This paper fills this gap, by exploiting a self-constructed dataset which provides, for a 22-year period, information concerning IPR reforms involving pharmaceuticals for 74 developed and developing countries. The identification strategy exploits the different timing across these countries of two sets of IPR reforms. Domestic innovation is measured as citation-weighted domestic patent applications filed at the European Patent Office (EPO): the highly skewed distribution of the dependent variable, and the high number of zero observations, are taken into account using count data models. In particular, a Zero Inflated Negative Binomial model is adopted, to overcome previous literature assumption that all innovations are patented in the main markets of reference, and to take into consideration the choice not to patent at the EPO. Results show that innovation is sensitive to IPR protection, but not to its degree. Moreover, the effect is not long lasting. My study also finds that developing countries profit significantly less than developed ones from the protection, benefiting from an effect that is roughly half of that for developed countries. Consequent policy implications are examined, and include the conclusions that a “one size fits all” approach can be inappropriate, and that gradual reforms should be preferred to rare reforms that greatly alter the level of IPR protection.

The Relationship between Patent and Second Tier Patent Protection: The Case of the Dutch Short-Term Patent System Abolition

While the effect of changes in patent protection strength on innovative activity has been studied extensively, the role of second tier patent protection in national innovation systems has been a neglected research topic. Empirical evidence on the interaction between patent and second tier patent protection, especially in advanced economies, remains very scarce. This paper studies how the abolition of Dutch short-term patent system affected the level of domestic patent filing activity in the short and medium run. Synthetic control method is implemented to investigate the effect. The results indicate that the abolition of the short-term patent institution did not affect the level of domestic patent applications, which indicates that there was a shift from short-term patents to normal patents. The result questions the justification of the short-term patent protection in advanced economies: a better option might be to adjust patent systems for the needs of SMEs and individual inventors than to have separate second tier patent protection institutions.

R&D in Russia – global and regional aspects

The article is devoted to interconnection between Russia’s place in the global economic space and internal processes at the regions for creation and implementation of new products. Corruption impact on firm’s capacity to transform R&D into market successful goods is discussed. Its impact on business access to credits and loans is considered. Russia’s place in the global system of patent registration is compared with the internal patent activity. For this purpose statistics on domestic patent applications was disaggregated on federal districts statistics. Federal districts is compared on patent activity. The effectiveness of human capital use is interpreted as one of the causes of different patent activity. The volume of shipped innovation products per unit of human capital is chosen as the criterion of effectiveness of human capital use. Furthermore, the interrelation between patent activity and industrial facilities and business incubators (technoparks) at Federal district is discussed. The possibility to use the world positive experience of business-incubators for innovation activity development in Russian economy is analyzed.

특허의 기술이전 활성화를 위한 소셜 태깅기반 지적재산권 추천플랫폼

특허의 기술이전 활성화를 위한 소셜 태깅기반 지적재산권 추천플랫폼

국내 특허분석을 통한 기능성이 적용된 의복의 기술 동향

Patent and utility indicate international competitiveness in the knowledge-based society of the <TEX>$21^{st}$</TEX>century where both the quantity and quality of the nation's scientific intelligence and innovative technology represent key criteria to evaluate its strength. Thus, discerning the trends of patents is inevitable for further development. This research is centered on apprehending the technological current of the functional clothing of Korea, through an analysis of patents and utility models. The number of patent applications in Korea was low until the mid-1990s. However, it began to grow rapidly in the 2000s and the number of patents surpassed the number of utility starting in 2006. The technological level of invention in this field has been turned into a higher level. The IPC code with the strongest application was the field related to temperature controllable clothing (A41D 13/005), followed by surgeon or patient apparel related fields (A41D 13/12), and reflective or luminous safety devices (A41D 13/01).The main technological idea was to give functionality that could protect the human body from various hazards and represents the goal of various applied techniques. About 66% of domestic patent applications belong to individuals; however, the proportion of corporate or institutional applications(including universities) remains poor. Consequently, more systematic and long-term support for research on patents is required.

The Response of Inventors to IPR Reform

We analyze the impact of intellectual property rights (IPR) reform on patenting in emerging economies. Building on the institutional view of the firm, we argue that IPR reform has a positive impact on both domestic and foreign patent applications because it increases the transparency, credibility, consistency, and ease of patenting for both types of inventors. However, we propose that a democratic political system reinforces the effect of IPR reform on foreign but not domestic patent applications, whereas a strong legal system heightens the impact of IPR reform on domestic but not foreign patent applications. The analyses of a panel of 501 patent applications in 18 countries from 1967-2009 provide support for these arguments.

Modeling the Region Patent Applications Based on P-SVM and SA

The domestic patent applications by region (DPAR) are complex to conduct due to its nonlinearity of influenced factors. It is necessary to make a trade off among these factors when some of them conflict. A novel way about nonlinear regression modeling of DPAR with the potential support vector machines (P-SVM) is presented in this paper. In the model development, a simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is employed to optimize P-SVM parameters selection. Using a set of real data from China, simulation results show that the SA optimization algorithm is robust. The results also indicate that methods based on the P-SVM perform are better than the ones based on the standard SVM in both model generalization and DPAR forecasting accuracy.

Technological development and political stability: Patenting in Latin America and the Caribbean

We examine the effect of national political institutions on patent application rates. The expected future value of a patent, like any other form of property, depends at least partially on certainty about the future. In circumstances where policy stability is greatest, and hence political uncertainty least, one should expect more aggressive pursuit of intellectual property rights. We test these ideas using a 27 year panel of Latin American and Caribbean nations, estimating US patent applications and domestic patent applications by local inventors for each observation, and holding other economic and technological inputs to innovation constant. Our principal finding is that political stability matters to patenting. For US patent applications institutional system tenure, regardless of system type, increases patent applications. For domestic patent applications, institutional stability has either a weakly negative or insignificant effect, a result we attribute to generally escalating local patenting standards over time. The type of government influences both US and domestic patent applications rates, with a veto-players institutional coding better predicting marginal patenting rates than regime type.