Domestic Instruments Research Articles

Women and Reproductive Health Challenges in Igboland: A Historical Study

The objective of the work is women and reproductive health challenges in south east, Nigeria. The research also treats the nature of reproductive health challenges in Igboland before and after 1970, and the official reaction to reproductive health challenges in contemporary Igboland. The research method employed was the qualitative analytical method which involved content analysis of relevant documentary data on the subject. The approach adopted was also thematic. The research findings indicate that reproductive health challenges in Igboland before and after 1970 can be classified into five, namely: genetic reproductive health challenge, witchcraft and curses, labor and accident, harmful socio-cultural practices, as well as infectious and communicable disease. The government response to reproductive health challenges includes the different frameworks for the protection of the reproductive health rights of women. These include the domestic instruments as well as the international instruments ratified by the government. The study observed that a number of factors inhibit the provision and availability of reproductive health rights in south east Nigeria, and it includes the social and economic factors as well as cultural and religious factors. It also argues that in spite of these challenges, some successes have been recorded as a result of the official responses to reproductive health challenges in Igboland. These include the elimination of child marriages, reduction in the violence against women and reduction of the harmful cultural practices, such as female genital mutilation (known as women circumcision) and polygamy.

Access to post-secondary Education in Canada for students with disabilities

In Canada, access to post-secondary education is guaranteed by a number of domestic instruments. These instruments are: statutory human rights legislation, constitutional law, and accessibility legislation. These guarantees are further bolstered by Article 24 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Statutory human rights legislation (or anti-discrimination law) plays the most extensive role in controlling the discretionary power that colleges and universities exercise with respect to the admission of prospective students and the reasonable accommodation of matriculated students with disabilities. This article presents the findings of a review of decisions by human rights tribunals in Canada over the 7-year period of 2014–2021. With respect to both admissions cases and in-program reasonable accommodations cases, it identifies the main types of barriers experienced by persons with disabilities. It also examines the ways in which accessibility legislation, a proactive standard-setting form of legislation in Canada, has sought to improve access to post-secondary students with disabilities, focusing on Ontario’s post-secondary education accessibility standards as an example. Finally, it argues that changes to policies and practices on the ground that draw more inspiration from Article 24 of the CRPD will help to ensure that the equality right to post-secondary education for students with disabilities is fulfilled in letter and spirit.

Preferential trade agreements, externalities, and domestic policy

AbstractAs multilateral trade barriers fall, there are increasing concerns that domestic policies will be used to undermine tariff cooperation. We examine how the ability to use domestic instruments affects the formation of trade agreements, and the resulting implications for the pursuit of free trade. We examine how optimal tariffs relate to domestic policy choices, and how negotiated restrictions on trade policy affect both domestic policies and the incentives to enter different trade agreements. We show that unrestricted domestic policy can lead to very different equilibrium trade agreements than with exogenous domestic policy.

X-Raying the Environmental Impact of Armed Conflict in Nigeria

The prevailing armed conflicts in Nigeria particularly in the Niger Delta region and North East have caused massive destruction to human lives and the environment at large. The high-level weapons, bombs and other explosives employed by the Niger Delta Militants, the Boko Haram group and the Nigerian military in counter-terrorism strategies have impacted negatively on farmlands, water-bodies, wildlife and natural forests. The paper examines the history and activities of the armed groups together with the effects of such activities on the Nigerian environment. The paper relies on doctrinal method of research utilizing primary and secondary information. The paper clearly finds that the conflict in the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria is attributed to consistent marginalization and undue neglect of the inhabitants by the Government and the oil companies as major stakeholders in the oil and gas industry. The extant legal frameworks on the protection of the environment during armed conflicts were equally examined, including international, regional and domestic instruments pointing out the lacunas inherent in the laws. The paper therefore, recommends that the Nigerian government should engage the armed groups operating in the North Eastern part of the country in more productive negotiations rather than employing armed attacks which have proven to be counter-productive. Keywords: Environment, impact, Armed conflict, legal framework, Protection, Compensation, Negotiation DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/131-01 Publication date: April 30 th 2023

Status of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for portal hypertension in China: A national survey analysis

AbstractAimThe transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure has been performed in China for 30 years, but our understanding of the status and difficulties associated with the use of TIPS for portal hypertension is incomplete. This study aims to investigate the current situation of the use of TIPS for portal hypertension, which should aid the development of TIPS in China.MethodsThis study involved a questionnaire survey, initiated by the China Portal Hypertension Alliance (CHESS) to investigate the use of TIPS for portal hypertension in China. Questionnaires were released on the Internet between August 16, 2022 and September 16, 2022. Detailed information was collected from 545 hospitals contracted by the CHESS in China, which performed TIPS surgery in 2021.ResultsThe 545 hospitals covers the majority of hospitals in China that conduct TIPS intervention. In the survey, a total of 13,527 TIPS interventions were carried out with 94.1% (498/545) of them had a system of routine follow‐up after TIPS. The majority (42.6% [232/545]) believed that the main indication of TIPS was the control of acute bleeding. Overall, 48.1% (262/545) carried out early or pre‐emptive TIPS, 53.0% (289/545) carried out TIPS for cavernous transformation of the portal vein, and 81.0% (441/545) chose routine embolization of collateral circulation during operation. Most used coils (97.0% [475/490]) and biological glue (72.0% [353/490]) as embolic materials, and 78.5% (428/545) routinely performed intraoperative portal pressure gradient measurements. When selecting TIPS stents, 57.1% (311/545) chose viator‐specific stents, and 57.2% (312/545) chose conventional anticoagulation after TIPS. Conventional anticoagulation after TIPS is over a time interval of 3–6 months (55.4% [173/312]). The limitation of TIPS surgery is mainly its cost (72.3% [394/545]) and insufficient understanding of the procedure by doctors in other related departments (77.4% [422/545]). Most of the hospital teams accept the use of domestic instruments in TIPS surgery (92.7% [505/545]).ConclusionsThis survey shows that TIPS is an essential part of the treatment of portal hypertension in China. TIPS is widely used in Chinese patients with portal hypertension, and this survey presents a more comprehensive picture of the options and difficulties encountered in the implementation of TIPS. In the future, it is necessary to promote TIPS technology and further standardize surgical indications, routine operations, and instrument application.

Potential Negative Externalities of Private Military Entrepreneurs from an Economic Perspective

ABSTRACT Private military companies (PMC) can have considerable advantages for the customer on the one hand, but on the other hand can come with great dangers. Based on the theory of externalities, an attempt is made to illuminate this situation and to analyze the negative externalities associated with it. By using an instrumental case study method we can identify two potential negative technological externalities of hiring PMCs which should be internalized. These two are the violation of national law and international humanitarian law in the theater of operation, and the lack of control of the executive by the legislative branch in the exporting state. Based on this, we present and discuss options to eliminate these negative technological externalities. It can be shown that the preferable set of measures includes instruments to create transparency, and command-and-control regulations on the individual state’s level. While the second effect can easily be solved with domestic instruments, a supranational organization is needed to solve the first effect.

Progress in quantitative research on the relationship between atmospheric oxidation and air quality

Atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC) is an essential driving force of troposphere chemistry and self-cleaning, but the definition of AOC and its quantitative representation remain uncertain. Driven by national demand for air pollution control in recent years, Chinese scholars have carried out studies on theories of atmospheric chemistry and have made considerable progress in AOC research. This paper will give a brief review of these developments. First, AOC indexes were established that represent apparent atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIe) and potential atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIp) based on aspects of macrothermodynamics and microdynamics, respectively. A closed study refined the quantitative contributions of heterogeneous chemistry to AOC in Beijing, and these AOC methods were further applied in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and key areas across the country. In addition, the detection of ground or vertical profiles for atmospheric OH·, HO2·, NO3· radicals and reservoir molecules can now be obtained with domestic instruments in diverse environments. Moreover, laboratory smoke chamber simulations revealed heterogeneous processes involving reactions of O3 and NO2, which are typical oxidants in the surface/interface atmosphere, and the evolutionary and budgetary implications of atmospheric oxidants reacting under multispecies, multiphase and multi-interface conditions were obtained. Finally, based on the GRAPES-CUACE adjoint model improved by Chinese scholars, simulations of key substances affecting atmospheric oxidation and secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation have been optimized. Normalized numerical simulations of AOIe and AOIp were performed, and regional coordination of AOC was adjusted. An optimized plan for controlling O3 and PM2.5 was analyzed by scenario simulation.

FINANCIAL INITIATIVES IN ENSURING THE INVESTMENT ACTIVITY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION CHALLENGES

The purpose of the study is to study and summarize the existing views of scientists and practitioners on the application of various financial instruments in the theory and practice of investment resources in the agricultural sector in the context of globalization challenges. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study were the provisions of state regulation of the economy, investment and the theory of agricultural relations. Theoretical and methodological basis of the study are general and special methods of scientific knowledge: generalization - identified benefits and caveats for the use of certain financial instruments in the agricultural sector, analogy, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction (to clarify the conceptual apparatus, theoretical generalizations of research, conclusions and proposals); On the basis of systematic and comparative analyzes, innovative instruments for financing agricultural producers are grouped. Results. The practice of using various financial instruments in the system of formation of investment resources of the agricultural sector of Ukraine in the context of globalization challenges is assessed. Internal and external financial instruments are distinguished on the basis of the generalization of the prevailing financial practices of raising funds by economic entities in the agricultural sector. It was revealed and proved that the most widespread in recent years in the list of domestic financial instruments were: bank lending, which includes agricultural insurance, avalized promissory notes, lending for software products; forward purchases; agricultural receipts. Globalization challenges lead to the expansion (emergence of new) financial instruments to attract investment resources, in particular: factoring and mezzanine lending. Practical consequences. According to the results of the study, priority financial initiatives in increasing the investment activity of agricultural producers, which will ensure financial security, through a balanced and sound state policy of agricultural enterprises and the proposed financial instruments in the context of global challenges.

Taxpayers’ Data Protection: Do International, Regional, and Domestic Instruments Guarantee Adequate Rights in Tax (A)EoI?

Ongoing developments in terms of internalization and digitalization of the economy have resulted in an ever-developing worldwide shift towards a data-driven socioeconomic model whereby personal data has become one of the most valuable assets. The tax environment has not gone unscathed. As relevant sources and users of data, governments are increasingly exploiting technologies in pursuit of greater revenue collection and tax audits for which many measures have been adopted internationally, regionally, and nationally to strengthen tax cooperation and enhance international tax exchange of information (EoI) among jurisdictions. A remarkable outcome is the new standard of automated processing and transfer of bulks of taxpayers’ data that, albeit desired by tax administrations, inherently raises concerns over the risks of violation of data protection rights. In this article, the author analyses whether existing international instruments (OECD), regional regulations (EU), and domestic data protection laws (Brazil) effectively safeguard taxpayers’ rights to data protection, particularly in (A)EoI procedures. Building upon the findings of this analysis, the author concludes that an adequate and satisfactory level of protection has not yet been implemented globally and proposes a temporary solution for the issue in the absence of specific instruments dealing with taxpayers’ data protection in (A)EoI procedures. Exchange of information, automatic exchange of information, data protection, EU GDPR, brazilian LGPD, Convention 108, taxpayers’ Right

CORRUPTION PREVENTION SYSTEM IN THE BORDER GUARD AGENCIES (STATE BORDER GUARD SERVICE OF UKRAINE AS AN EXAMPLE)

The article is devoted to the model of anti-corruption system building study using State Border Guard Service of Ukraine as an example. The content of this system certain elements depending on corruption risks and the factors that affect them is analyzed. This takes into account the corruption level and its prevention experience in the border guard agencies of some foreign countries. It is noted that the state border protection and defense effectiveness directly depends on the degree of anti-corruption system efficiency rate. A number of theoretical and applied nature conclusions are formulated. Among them are the following ones: State Border Guard Service of Ukraine anti-corruption system is characterized by international, domestic and departmental institutions and instruments interaction. It is a part of domestic anti-corruption system and includes such elements: object, goals, principles, legal framework, participators and prevention measures; range of participators involved in State Border Guard Service of Ukraine corruption prevention extends beyond the borderguard agency. It is proposed to consideranti-corruption participators powers based on such classification: 1) international actors; 2) domestic actors: governmental institutions (special anti-corruption authorized agencies and state bodies involved in the corruption prevention); departmental bodies for corruption prevention; non-government organizations, individuals and legal entities; corruption prevention in State Border Guard Service of Ukraine should be based on selfservice activities for integrity and staff corruption resistance level increasing. Combating illegal activities at the state border is also actual for anti-corruption objectives achieving.

Treading through a trajectory of broken statutes: (non) compliance to global instruments in internally displaced persons' education, Zimbabwe

Zimbabwean internally displaced children's (IDC) access to education is largely hindered by non-adherence to international instruments as well as failure to implement these into domestic law. The paper aims to unpack the conditions leading to the failure to implement both international and domestic laws in IDPs' rights to education in Zimbabwe. In this qualitative research, access to education is analysed through the lens of rights and obligations outlined in international and domestic instruments. These include the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (GPID), Kampala Convention and domestic laws such as the Constitution of Zimbabwe. The paper concludes that Zimbabwean IDPs' entitlements to education are generally titular as most IDPs do not enjoy these. It also establishes that obligations to provide education for IDC have largely been unmet which then deconstructs the role of agency as propounded by the capabilities approach. This creates a gap between the provisions of international human rights laws and their implementation in Zimbabwe's domestic law on education. Consequently, the IDPs are deprived of both their rights to education and related achievements, perpetuating their vulnerability.

Comparison of the Performance of the Two Dry Block Furnaces for RTC158B and Const660

The dry block temperature calibrator uses air as the calibration medium with small volume and light weight, and therefore is widely applied in field calibration work. With the improvement and vigorous development of the technology of domestic instruments, the technology of domestic dry body furnace is also developing rapidly. Whether the performance of domestic dry block temperature calibrator is better than the foreign instruments, this question is not very clear yet. Therefore, this study focuses on the comparative analysis of the performance parameters of the two dry-type temperature calibrators of Foreign dry furnace-RTC158 and domestic dry furnace-Const660, such as temperature deviation, temperature volatility, axial deviation, and radial deviation. The results reveal that the comprehensive performance of domestic instrument-Const660 is better than foreign instrument-RTC158.

UNDERSTANDING THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION AT THE WORKPLACE: COMPONENTS AND SCOPE

Freedom of association is one of the most important fundamental rights entrenched in a number of legal international and domestic instruments, especially the International Labour Organization (“ILO”) Conventions, national constitutions and labour legislation.The right to freedom of association can be exercised in different sectors of human activity. It is also critical to the workplace. However, despite its widespread “veneration”, the right to freedom of association remains a contested concept. It does not mean the same thing for employees and employers and defining it remains a challenge even among labour lawyers and analysts. It is against this background that the paper strives to examine the meaning, contents and scope of the right to freedom of association.

Science Missions of the Korean Lunar Exploration Program

The Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO), which is the Korean first lunar and space exploration spacecraft, will be launched in August 2022 and arrive in a lunar orbit in December 2022. The KPLO will carry out nominal missions while in a lunar polar orbit an ~100-km altitude for one year. The KPLO has five lunar science mission payloads and one technology demonstration payload in order to achieve their own science and technology goals. The science payloads consist of four Korean domestic instruments and one internationally collaborated science instrument for scientific investigations on the lunar surface and in a space environment. The Korean dometstic science instruments are the gamma-ray spectrometer named KGRS, the wide-angle polarimetric camera named PolCam, the fluxgate magnetometer named KMAG, and the high resolution camera named LUTI. The name of the internationally collaborated science instrument is ShandowCam, which was developed by Arizona State University, U.S., and funded and managed by NASA. The science data acquired by the science payloads will be released to the public in order to enhance scientific and educational achievements. The science data acquired by each science instrument will be archived and released through the web sites of the KPDS (KARI Planetary Data System) for the Korean science instruments and the NASA PDS (Planetary Data System) for the internationally collaborated science instrument.

Unveiling the Impediments in the Implementation of the Law on Domestic Violence against Women: Nigeria as Case Study

The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms ofDiscrimination against Women (CEDAW) and its Optional Protocol contain comprehensive and wide-ranging provisions for promoting and protecting the Human Rights of Women. As a party to the UNCEDAW, Nigeria equally domesticated the Convention and other Laws for the promotion and protection of the rights of women against domestic violence. Despite these provisions, findings indicate that the rights of women against domestic violence are inadequately protected in Nigeria. This is mainly due to ineffective implementation of the existing laws, legislation and convention as enshrined for the protection of women against violence. Various impediments such as cultural practices, illiteracy, economic, Legal and political factors havebeen identified as fundamentally affecting the efficacy of the laws bothering on the rights of women, and arefound to have contributed to the violation of women against domestic violence. Domestic violence covers various aspects of violence and harassment to which women are subjected in Nigeria. The aim of this paper is to expose these impediments confronting effective implementation of these laws. To achieve this aim, some international and domestic instruments relevant to the subject undertaken shall be reviewed with a highlight of the impact on women in Nigeria. The conclusion shall look into efforts made to integrate the CEDAW into Nigerian law. There is still a wide gap between the provisions of the laws and practice, therefore, more needs to be done to mainstream it across all policy areas and reflect the paradigm shift of women as human rights issues as reflected in the convention. It proposes among others that there is need to move from policy to implementation while steps are taken to improve the awareness about the UNCEDAW among the general public.

Gender Mainstreaming in Peacebuilding and Localised Human Security in the Context of the Darfur Genocide: An Africentric Rhetorical Analysis

Summary A wide body of scholarship has been developed on the Darfur crisis in Western Sudan which started in February 2003.1 Such scholarship includes various academic works by scholars such as Apiah-Mensah (2005, 2006), Deng (2007), Howell (1974), Mohamed (2007), Rankhumise (2006). Among other issues identified by these scholars and conflict resolution practitioners, was the need to establish a nexus between human security and development as a key in conceiving an understanding of human peace and security. The conflict in Darfur and its impact on human security and development also caught the attention of regional and international organisations, including the African Union (AU) and the United Nations (UN). It is on this basis that this article seeks to employ an Africentric perspective (also read as Afrocentricity) for the purpose of analysing the place of women during the Darfur peacebuilding process with a focus on the underlying factors that led to the marginalisation of women. Methodologically, this article is heavily dependent on conversations and interdisciplinary critical discourse analysis in its broadest form. Contrary to the official narrative, this article contests the notion that in the post-genocide era in Darfur authentic women voices have found expression in peace-building. The argument established in this article is that existing domestic and inter-national legal instruments have given a false sense in terms of women inclusion in the post-genocide political life of Darfur.

Design of Domestic Physical Instruments for Rapid (without Alternation of Generations) Genotype Identification during Selection in Segregating and Wild Plant Populations

During the period from 1984 to 2014, our scientific school (consisting of 35 candidates and 12 doctors of science by 2018) developed a new theory of the ecological genetic organization of quantitative traits (TEGOQT). The theory is based on the discovery of a new epigenetic phenomenon, a change in the gene product profiles under a quantitative trait with the change of limiting environmental factor. A total of 24 important results and 10 techniques capable of eliminating the “bottlenecks” of traditional yield, increasing breeding technologies originated from the theory. TEGOQT gave rise to 16 innovative technologies for the construction of cutting-edge crop varieties characterized by high yield and product quality, which have been experimentally tested on many crops, and were tens and hundreds of times more effective than traditional yield increasing breeding technologies. This study describes the first among these 16 technologies, which is an important group of technologies for rapid (without alternation of generations) identification of the most productive genotypes during selection in segregating and wild populations. This group of technologies is based on the TEGOQT consequences, namely, the principle of background traits and the principle of “orthogonal” identification of maximum positive contributions to the yield of seven open genetic physiological systems (GPSs), including attraction; microdistribution of macronutrients between the spike grain and chaff; adaptability (drought, heat, frost, cold, salt tolerance, etc.); horizontal immunity; “paying” with dry plant biomass for low doses of soil nutrition (N, P, K); tolerance to phytocoenosis overcrowding; and genetic variability of the duration of ontogenetic stages.

South Africa’s governance perspective on the Indian Ocean Rim Association’s (IORA) focus area on women’s economic empowerment

abstract The Indian Ocean Rim Association’s (IORA) focus area on women’s economic empowerment in the development of ocean economies in the region favours the evolution of the status of women. This is to say that the IORA has committed itself to gender equality and women’s economic empowerment in pursuing its ocean development objectives. For those African states that are members of the IORA, the latter’s agenda reinforces the African Union’s (AU) position on advancing gender parity in its development objectives (AU Agenda 2063, 2015), which includes utilising its adjacent ocean spaces to contribute to the continent’s transformation and growth. In this regard, as a member state to the above organisations, and as far as developing an ocean economy is concerned, South Africa has made some strides in aligning with, among others, the IORA. This article, following an analysis and discussion of the global, continental, regional and domestic development instruments relevant to women’s economic empowerment, sheds light on South Africa’s governance perspective on the IORA’s focus area on women’s economic empowerment. The article recommends that in further developing its ocean economy policy framework, which currently positions skills and capacity building as one of its enablers, South Africa expressly prioritise women. This can include involving its Ministry for Women, Youth and Persons with Disabilities, which is housed in South Africa’s Presidency, to facilitate the inclusion of women’s perspectives. The Ministry’s framework of thinking demonstrates cognisance of those elements that undermine the substantive equality of women, thus aptly placing it in a position to inspire the converse. In so doing, it is submitted, South Africa will be giving effect to those governance instruments that broadly provide for the economic empowerment of women, as well as operating within the ambit of its constitutional jurisprudence.

Biological Effects of Atmospheric Fields and Radiation

Our atmosphere is full of electromagnetic fields emitted from wireless communication transmitters. At the same time the bio-systems (including humans, animals & birds and vegetation as well) are complex electrical systems. Naturally therefore, they are likely to have interaction and to be affected in some way or the other. Research into this field started with the knowledge about pleasing presence of negative charges and unpleasant presence of positive charges around us, concentrating effects of static or pulsating fields. Also came the explanation (and experimental verification) of Hindu mythological effects of geomagnetic fields coupled with solar activity. The effects of power line radiation and radiation from video game TV sets, microwave oven and other domestic instruments like electric blankets also figured in the research. At last the fastest emerging mobile telephony overpowered all others. Though the results of researches into possible harmful effects of mobile phone radiation and those of radiation from base station towers remain inconclusive partly because of influencing pressure from manufacturing and service providing companies, some of the researchers conclusively assert the harmfulness of the radiation at some level of field intensity present near the tower or the handset relating it to the specific absorption ratio (SAR) value. Recent increased observation of infertility among young couples is also attributed by some researchers to the effect of radiation from mobile kept in pantaloons pockets which becomes near their genitals affecting sperm or ovum. This review explains all these researches into bio-effects of electromagnetic fields and concludes that there is certainly some possible harmfulness of radiation above some level of intensity of fields.

THE IMPACTS OF APPLYING NATIONAL PAYMENT GATEWAY IN THE INDONESIAN PAYMENT SYSTEM AS THE ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY IMPLEMENTATION

<p><em>The National Payment Gateway (NPG) is developed to make the payment infrastructure more efficient, reliable, and secure for both local and international transactions. This is in line with the state's efforts to implement the constitutional rights of citizens contained in Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution. State efforts in the NPG urged to be done to support the fulfillment of the constitutional rights of citizens in the economic field.</em> <em>Therefore, this study aims to determine the impact of applying NPG in the Indonesian payment system as a form of fulfilling the constitutional rights. This study uses a type of legal normative research in the form of legal behavior products. The results show that the application of NPG could be the basis for processing mass payment transactions through the integration of all payment channels and domestic processing which has not been carried out efficiently. Therefore, the NPG rules and mechanisms are determined for all domestic payment transactions and instruments from domestic issuers, with all the processes carried out locally. This was conducted to broaden people's acceptance of non-cash transactions and a way of making it become an integral part of Bank Indonesia's efforts in facilitating non-cash movements within the country.</em> <em>NPG is also part of the fulfillment of the constitutional rights of the community, in which the community is given the ease and efficiency in making transactions as a form of economic democracy with the principle of togetherness, equitable efficiency, sustainability, by maintaining a balance of progress and national economic unity.</em></p>