Domestic Instruments Research Articles

Detection methods for results of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA.

The loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was developed by T. Notomi et al. in 2000. It has become one of the most promising methods for point-of-care diagnostics due to its accuracy, sensitivity and ease of execution. In this review, various methods for detecting the results of the LAMP reaction are considered; their advantages and disadvantages are revealed. Methods for detecting LAMP results can be divided into indirect and direct. Indirect methods aimed at detecting changes in the chemical composition of the reaction mixture include real-time turbidimetry, fluorescence detection with calcein, colorimetric detection with hydroxynaphthol blue, and detection using modified gold nanoparticles. Direct methods based on the detection of accumulation amplicons during the reaction include fluorimetric detection with intercalating dyes, resonance fluorescence energy transfer, enzyme immunoassay, immunochromatography, using cationic polymers and gold nanoparticles. The development in the field of point-of-care diagnostics is characterized by a pronounced tendency to miniaturization, the LAMP reaction on microchips and microfluidic devices with an electrochemical or optical detection method. The most promising for the diagnosis of infectious diseases are turbidimetry methods and the use of intercalating dyes. The development of portable domestic instruments for detecting of LAMP results based on real-time fluorescence detection or turbidimetry will contribute to the widespread introduction of the method into clinical laboratory diagnostic practice. A literature research was conducted in the Pubmed ncbi based on keywords.

THE EXPERIENCES OF WOMEN AND BARRIERS FOR CAREER ADVANCEMENT IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN A SOUTH AFRICAN CONTEXT

In 1994, South Africa became a democratic state and focused primarily on advancing and protecting human rights; however, these rights had to first be constitutionalised. As a result, the South African Constitution was adopted in 1996 with fundamental rights under its Bill of Rights, which ensures that government can be held accountable for the protection of citizens’ rights. One of the fundamental rights entrenched in the Constitution is gender equality, which aims at increasing access for women to the public sphere and opportunities. The right is supported by domestic legislation and binding international law instruments. There is, however, limited research on the lived experiences of women at various institutions in South Africa post the adoption of the various gender equality laws, prompting the question: are institutions implementing, practicing, and embracing gender equality? This article discusses the experiences of women and the challenges that they face in the education sector focusing specifically on tertiary institutions in the context of gender equality and women as staff. The article argues that although — legislatively — South Africa has committed to gender equality, by ensuring equal representation and access to opportunities for women, the challenges that women are facing in the higher institutions show that law is not enough to deal with gender equality: There is a need for government to focus on redressing the challenges that women still face in tertiary institutions.

Unveiling Female Feelings for Objects: Deianeira and Her ὌPΓΑΝΑ in Sophocles' Trachiniai

Unveiling Female Feelings for Objects:Deianeira and Her ὌPΓΑΝΑ in Sophocles' Trachiniai Anne-Sophie Noel "Comme on aime ce que l'on quitte!" H. Caïn1 In Objects of the Dead, sociologist Margaret Gibson investigates how modern Australians utilize material culture in dealing with the death of loved ones. "Death reconstructs our experience of personal and household objects in particular ways," she notes. It also confronts us with "the strangeness of realizing that things have outlived persons." Hence "the materiality of things is shown to be more permanent than the materiality of the body" (Gibson 2008.1). Inspired by these insights, I wish to bring into focus some objects featured in the narrative of the death of Deianeira, the wife of Heracles, in Sophocles' Trachiniai, a tragedy produced in Athens in 450–40 bce. These objects are mundane domestic instruments (organa); nevertheless, they provoke the tears of Deianeira when she grabs them just before committing suicide. What are these organa, defined as familiar tools that she frequently used, and how should her emotional last encounter with them be understood? Although these material objects have not drawn a lot of [End Page 89] attention in the recent scholarship on theatrical props (Chaston 2010, Mueller 2016, and Telò and Mueller 2018), they were discussed by commentators as early as the Hellenistic period. The Alexandrian scholiasts proposed several hypotheses to elucidate the identity of these organa, but, remarkably, they also clearly engaged with the question of the affective relationship between a woman and her tools. From the perspective of the history of emotions, this is a rare literary testimony that attests to the gendered experience of material artifacts. I will first discuss the identification of Deianeira's organa as her weaving tools, a hypothesis made by the scholiasts that is well supported by internal textual clues and external proofs in the historical and cultural contexts of fifth-century Greek drama. I then evaluate the pertinence of the Alexandrian scholiasts' affective interpretations of Deianeira's special relationship with her tools. Combining textual and material testimonies, I challenge their emphasis on the connection between Deianeira's instruments and her relationship with her husband, Heracles. I argue that her last physical contact with her tools is also charged with emotions related to her own experience as a female weaver and her own female agency. I. IDENTIFYING DEIANEIRA'S INSTRUMENTS Sophocles' Trachiniai dramatizes the devastation of Heracles and Deianeira's oikos through a complex chain of causality. The posthumous revenge of the centaur Nessus—killed decades ago by Heracles (565–69)—is brought to completion through Deianeira's attempt to regain the love of her husband. Persuaded (sincerely or not) that the blood that had dripped from the deadly wound of Nessus could act as a love charm, she has anointed a fine white peplos with it. She is deceiving Heracles when she sends him a gift supposedly meant to enhance the purity of the sacrifice he is about to fulfill on Mount Œta. While performing the ritual, Heracles is almost instantly consumed by the poisonous robe. A widow-to-be resented by all—including her son Hyllos—Deianeira rushes into her bedroom to commit suicide. The account of her death is offered by the old nurse who delivers a virtuoso messenger speech (870–946). One could apply the enactive reframing of enargeia ("vividness of style"), recently proposed by Jonas Grethlein and Luuk Huitink, to this gripping narrative.2 Deianeira is first [End Page 90] described secretly observing Hyllos preparing a litter for his dying father (901–03). She then runs into the thalamos ("the bridal chamber"), finding on her way both people and objects that greatly affect her emotionally (904–10). There she arranges the bed and climbs onto it to voice her ultima verba, quoted in a direct speech addressed to the bed itself (912–22). She lastly detaches her gold pin, loosens her peplos, and plunges a sword into her left side (923–26). Through these numerous mentions of simple bodily actions, the nurse's speech encourages the spectators' embodied responses. Her story not only prompts visualization but also triggers all kinds of sensory stimuli that allow the audience to enact "a quasi...

Child Labour Regulations in International Law and Indian Legislations: A Survey

Child labour has been considered as a socio-economic problem since many years. Even though it has been considered as a socio-economic problem, the legislation takes important role in regulating the child labour. It is one of the worst violations of human rights which exploit children physically, morally, economically, and denying them access to education. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), which stands for inherent dignity and of the inalienable rights of all members of the human family. Unfortunately, continuing practice of child labour is shameful to humankind. Throughout the world, the exploitation of child labour is a practice with a deep history and a devastating impact on children. The focus on child labour over the years has greatly increased public awareness on the conditions of children at work places. This article focuses on gaps in international and domestic instruments pertaining to child labour and its implementation in India. Further, it deeply dwells upon the reasons, which can be assumed as impediments in implementing international law and domestic legal norms in their absolute spirit in India. This article also submits a few suggestions to fill the gaps in the national efforts to save children from the exploitation and enable them to enjoy their human rights in their totality.

Implication of International Instruments in ADR Process; an Experience of Nepal

Conciliation, mediation and arbitration are major approaches of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) process. In comparison to arbitration, conciliation and mediation are less binding as the award of arbitration is final if there is no appellate clause. There are different types of arbitration which are domestic and foreign arbitration, Ad-hoc arbitration, institutional arbitration, bi-party and multiparty arbitration etc. UNCITRAL Model Law of Arbitration, 1985, UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, 1976, International Chambers of Commerce Rules of Arbitration, 1998, International Center for Settlement of Investment Dispute Rules of Procedure for Arbitration Proceeding, 1984, Arbitration Rules of London Court of International Arbitration, 2014, and the Australian Center for International Center for Commercial Arbitration Rules, 2016 are major instruments of international arbitration. Arbitration Act, 1999 (2055 BS) and Arbitration (Court Procedure) Rules, 2002 (2059 BS) are the domestic instruments for arbitration for Nepal. Parties of the agreement can apply any foreign instruments of arbitration as well. Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1958, Geneva Protocol on Arbitration Clause, 1923, Geneva Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1927, Inter-Arab Convention on the Enforcement of Judgment and Awards, 1992 and UNCITRAL Model Law, 1985 clearly mentioned about the applicability of foreign arbitral award. Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1958 was established as a result of dissatisfaction with the Geneva Protocol on Arbitration Clauses of 1923 and the Geneva Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1927. Under Nepalese legislation, a party should submit an application to the High Court along with the original or certified copy of the arbitrator's award, original or certified copy of the agreement, and official translation in Nepali language including any treaty if so within 90 days of award. If all conditions are fulfilled, High Court forwards the award to the District court for its enforcement if the domestic law permits. Although, there are the greater roles of ADR including arbitration, it is not a panacea to solve the disputes. If effectively applied, it is the best and participatory method of dispute resolution system.

Are they not Nigerians? The obligation of the state to end discriminatory practices against persons with disabilities

Nigeria has ratified several international instruments that protect the rights of, and guarantee freedom from discrimination of persons with disabilities (PWD). Despite the above, the country is yet to fully implement the appropriate measures required to achieve the objective of protecting PWD. Successive administrations since the return to civil administration in the country in 1999 have not fulfilled the mandate in the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (as amended) dealing with disability rights. While the passing into law in January 2019 of the Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities (Prohibition) Act 2018 is commendable, it only reflects the pressure on the Federal Government of Nigeria by disability rights advocates and PWD. This article aims to, among others, highlight the plight of PWD in Nigeria, the need to protect their rights and guarantee their freedom from discriminatory practices. To achieve this aim, a review of international and domestic instruments, as well as literature on the subject, is undertaken. The article proposes that the Nigerian government should aim towards inclusivity and accommodation of PWD. For example, instead of merely establishing special schools for PWD, there should be a design to allow for the training of teachers to meet the needs of special children in regular schools.

Responsible Regulation of the Religious Slaughter of Animals

One of the more intractable issues associated with animal law and ethics concerns responsibly regulating the slaughter of animals according to the requirements of the Jewish religious tradition and some interpretations of the Islamic religious tradition. Most Western liberal democratic societies require animals to be stunned before slaughter to ensure they are insensible when killed. However, the Jewish tradition and many interpretations of the Islamic tradition prohibit pre-slaughter stunning. In these traditions, animals are killed according to specific religious rituals that involve cutting the animal’s throat and permitting it to exsanguinate without prior stunning. These requirements therefore come into direct conflict with Statutes, Codes and Regulations of many Western countries intending to give expression to animal welfare policies by requiring pre-slaughter stunning. However, such practices are also protected by international and domestic human rights instruments guaranteeing freedom of religious practice and expression. Recent decisions of European Courts demonstrate the difficulties that arise when countries attempt to regulate this conflict. In exploring several of these recent decisions, this article intends to outline the parameters of this conflict and to suggest a potential way forward to responsible regulation of such practices.

The concept of Arab revolutions and regional and international positions

The Arab world is fertile ground for the growth of coups and revolutions and the radical and partial change of the ruling Arab regimes that have long overstepped the nation's aspirations and aspirations without a glimmer of hope in changing its authoritarian and repressive approach in its political path and the transition to a state of democracy and freedom from the political and economic subordination It was dedicated by the intellectual invasion and the colonial campaigns through its domestic and international instruments, its activities and policies programmed towards the Arab world, and in a systematic, systematic manner, which was clearly reflected on the leaders of these coups and revolutions.

Transit Migration and Human Rights: Macedonian Policy and Social Work Responses to Transit Migration Crisis

The need for protection and the attraction of opportunity continue to drive international migration, which has become one of the most sensitive policy issues. This human movement in search of better opportunities in the developed European countries has been predominantly called transit migration. Whether someone migrates to escape war, famine, persecution, natural catastrophes, economic depression, or just to find a chance for a better life, that person may find insecurity, human rights violations, and often destitution of their situation in the country of transit or destination. The degree to which human rights are violated, migrants are excluded from legal protection or redress and social work responses are provided effectively, varies widely among countries. The Republic of Macedonia has been among the European countries forced to develop specific responses to the unforeseen large-scale transit migration that affected the country during 2015–2016. Located directly on the transit route of Middle East refugees, the Republic of Macedonia found coping with the issue a huge challenge that resulted in periodic ill-treatment and human rights’ violations of migrants, accompanied with scarce social work activities which mostly served to mitigate the impact of human rights’ violations. The article initially presents a brief overview of international migration trends and instruments for protection of the human rights of migrants in general, as well as definitions and trends related to transit migration, in particular. Furthermore, with a purpose of highlighting the gaps between protection of migrants in paper (through international and domestic instruments) and in practice in the Republic of Macedonia, the article focuses on challenges and problems encountered regarding protection of human rights of transit migrants and social work support provided to them, in light of the recent 2015–2016 transit migration crisis.

Public Morality as a Legitimate Aim to Limit Rights and Freedoms in the National and International Legal Order

Domestic legislation and international instruments designed for the protection of human rights provide for general clauses allowing limitations of rights and freedoms, e.g. public morals. A preliminary analysis of the case-law leads to the observation that both national courts and the European Court of Human Rights, when dealing with cases concerning sensitive moral issues, introduce varied argumentation methods allowing them to avoid making direct moral judgments and relying on the legitimate aim of protecting morality. In the article the Authors analyse selected judicial rulings in which moral issues may have played an important role. The scrutiny is done in order to identify and briefly discuss some examples of ways of argumentation used in the area under discussion by domestic and international courts. The identification of the courts’ methods of reasoning enables us in turn to make a preliminary assessment of the real role that the morality plays in the interpretation of human rights standards. It also constitutes a starting point for further consideration of the impact of ideological and cultural connotations on moral judgments, and on the establishment of a common moral standard to be applied in cases in which restriction on human rights and freedoms are considered.

Education Training and Human Rights of the Prisoners in Bangladesh

Every human being is entitled to the inherent rights of nature. They are entitled to possess these rights subject to the provisions of the law applied to the land. The concept of society is meaningless without the presence of these inherent rights of a human being. The term human rights are being collectively used to mean those legal claims which are related to mankind. And such type of universal rights of human beings grew in mankind from the very ancient time. These rights are so inherent that without these a man cannot think of living with due dignity. Human rights therefore represent minimal moral standards for human society. Every country has its own criminal justice delivery system under which certain acts or omission is regarded as crime and sufficient sanctioning measures are there. An individual who is charged with the commission of a crime is regarded as an accused. Accused who is arrested and forwarded for criminal trial is called a prisoner. A prisoner has the right to defend himself against the charges brought against him/her by every facility ensured by the law. Many efforts in international and in municipal arena as well are found for the promotion and protection of the rights of public in general and of the prisoners in particular. For this purpose some important and remarkable human rights instruments like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, 1957, the United Nations Draft Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons Under Any form of Detention or Imprisonment, 1988 and in various domestic legislations. However, our present judicial system is surrounded by thousands of problems. Throughout the whole country paucity of courts or judges are common feature of our judicial system. Moreover, the unhygienic environment in the prisons caused by the overcrowding of prisoners need to be examined for the protection of the rights of the prisoners. Protection of the rights and interests of the prisoners as well as there psychological and economic assistance is vitally important for the fair implementation of criminal laws and also for gaining public confidence in criminal justice system. Therefore, this study seeks to explore those particular factors that impair the criminal justice system, which is essentially important for the protection of the rights of the prisoners. This study also seeks to correlate international and national protection of human rights which are applicable to the prisoners’ criminal proceedings in particular. The condition of the prisoners in the jail custody of Bangladesh has been set forth in detail and a comparison with the different international and domestic instruments are dealt with in this study. The purpose of this study is to show and examine the legal position of the prisoners and recognition of their rights including education and training of the prisoners within the purview of international as well as municipal law of Bangladesh. This study has also been reflected on human rights situation with regard to the prisoners in Bangladesh. Another issue is to be taken into consideration that, a human being of any age may commit crime. During the period when an accused or a convict remains within the walls of the prison cells usually can not take formal education of the land and there is a high apprehension that after his or her release he/she may be involved again in crime immediately. Therefore, if these persons can achieve necessary education and training during their stay in prison they can lead a better life after release from jail custody by utilizing those education and training in the remaining portion of their life in the society. This research work aims at focusing on the necessity and implication of education and training in the life of the prisoners of Bangladesh. In addition, this study finds out the facade of the real conditions of the prisoners through a number of case studies.

Gender Parity in Parliament: A Panacea for the Promotion and Protection of Women's Rights in Nigeria

Women’s rights are part of the fundamental human rights that are recognised in international human rights treaties. While Nigeria has acceded to a number of international instruments on the promotion and protection of women’s rights, women in this country have yet to realise their rights. The Nigerian Constitution requires that international treaties be domesticated before they apply in the country. Most of the international instruments on the promotion and protection of women’s rights have not been domesticated. One of the reasons for non domestication of international human rights treaties accentuating women’s rights in Nigeria is the lack of adequate representation of women in the country’s parliament. This is despite the fact that the right of women to participate in decision making process at all levels is guaranteed in both international and domestic instruments. This paper examined why Nigerian women are not adequately represented in parliament and the implications for the promotion and protection of women’s rights. It concluded that gender parity in the legislative houses is essential to agitate for and promote women’s rights in this country.

The Polluter Pays Principle in Chinese Environmental Law

Abstract The effective implementation of environmental law has taken on greater urgency in recent times. Behind the multitude of domestic and international environmental instruments sit generally accepted principles like the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP). The PPP can be seen to advance sustainable development, at least partly, by private operators internalizing the costs of their pollution. This article analyses the application of the PPP in Chinese environmental law by focusing on a case study of Yangtze River pollution in and around the central Chinese city of Wuhan. The authors find evidence of an increasing acceptance of the PPP at the local, regional and national levels in China. At each of these levels, attempts to improve water quality in the Yangtze appear to reflect an acceptance of the PPP’s main aims.

Human rights implications of the NonRefoulement & Development

States are obliged for protection of refugees under international law on account of their membership of United Nations and signature or accession to International Refugee Instruments as well as International Human Rights Instruments. The legal basis for this international protection may either be customary international law or conventional international law. The basic customary international laws applicable to them are those pertinent fundamental human rights found in the International Bill of Human Rights. Hence, it is submitted that all states should protect the fundamental human rights of refugees under customary international law. Principle of non-refoulement is one of them. The refugee regime has generated a serious body of law that elaborates basic human rights norms and has important implications in and beyond the refugee context. There are a number of universal, regional and domestic human rights instruments and mechanisms which can be employed to enhance the protection of refugees and asylum seekers. This research aims at finding out the role of principle of non-refoulement in protecting refugees and asylum seekers under international human rights law.

The Features of Crime of Threat in the Iran and US Criminal Law

Threat is one of behaviors which punishment is considered for it in the criminal law of Iran and US. The importance of investigating on crime of threat is where, persons and civilians in accordance with domestic laws and international instruments have the very important right as “freedom of speech” and the mentioned right violation is accompanied by criminal sanctions, on the other hand, some words or committing a specific behavior by them and according the same rules is banned and considered as is criminal threats. Nevertheless, laws of both countries have adopted different approaches in regards to terms of realization of the crime and its various manifestations. Knowing the characteristics of the crime play a significant role in explaining and analyzing criminal behavior and compliance with legal cases. Some of these features in the laws of both countries explicitly and others have been stated implicitly. The lack of clear rules regarding certain characteristics of the threat, made it difficult that jurists, judges and lawyers to understand these features. Therefore, in this paper determine the characteristics of the threat in the Iran an US law.

Assessing Nepal's health policies and programs from a human rights perspective.

The right to health is a fundamental part of human rights. Ensuring right to health is not straightforward; there are several challenges. Factors such as capacity of right holders and duty-bearers and practices of providing and utilizing services among others determine to ensure health rights for the whole population. The objective of this paper is to analyze whether the health policies and programs follow a human rights-based approach (HRBA) and assess the situation of rights to health among the poor and vulnerable population. The study assessed domestic instruments against human rights policies and analyzed the implementation status of the policies and programs. An analytical case study method is used by utilizing qualitative and quantitative data. Around 90% medicines are available in the facilities; however, 22% of health worker posts are vacant. Persistence of unequal distribution of health facilities, high out-of-pocket payment, and cultural and language barriers does not ensure accessibility of health services. Acceptability of health-care services in terms of utilization rate and client satisfaction is improved after introduction of new policy. Nepal has made significant progress in improving maternal mortality ratio, infant/child mortality, immunization rates, and life expectancy at birth. Although a progressive realization of the right to health is being achieved, more efforts are still needed to follow HRBA so as to achieve quality and equity in health-care services.

Tráfico internacional de menores: aspectos penales

This paper isaimed at providing the reader with a descriptive summary of the main international and domestic legal instruments for the prevention and punishment of international traffic of children, specifically focusing on the Inter-American Convention on International Traffic in Minors as the most significant regulation on this matter. The objective is to pose questions regarding some of the regulatory assumptions of this instrument from two core aspects on its legislative design: the technique for the description of criminal offences and its impact on international cooperation mechanisms in criminal matters. This framework intends to explore the features of this criminal activity based on some materials not usually found in specialized discourse. Finally, the purpose of this paper is to capture an interdisciplinary synthesis at the intersection of Private International Law and International Criminal Law, just at a cardinal point of regulatory convergence: the best interests of the child.

Stimulating Climate Smart Agriculture within the Boundaries of International Trade Law

The Paris Agreement implies that comprehensive policies aimed at climate smart agriculture, i.e., reducing emissions from agriculture, increasing sequestration through agriculture and land use, and increasing resilience of the agricultural sector need to be developed and implemented soon. This article reviews the boundaries international trade law imposes on the most common domestic and regional instruments aimed at stimulating climate smart agriculture: subsidies, and offset schemes under a carbon pricing mechanism. It finds that the Agreement on Agriculture and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures set limitations to the use of these instruments and calls for creating more room for manoeuvre for domestic policymakers.

The Bottom-Up Approach on Competition A Study on How Institutional, Procedural and Sanctionatory Frameworks Touch on the Very Substance of the EU Antitrust Desideratum

One of today’s main policy concerns for the competition community in Brussels is the way in which national institutional, procedural and sanctioning frameworks have the aptitude and are sufficiently harmonized to guarantee a coherent application of the substantive aspects that European Union competition theory and law imply. As competition policies between the still twenty eight Member States have long been harmonized as the legal substantive similarities reflect this matter of fact, it is for the institutional and procedural set-ups to be assessed, in order to perceive the level of enforcement effectiveness that each European Competition Network party is able to deliver. With this regard, domestic instruments and procedures must exist and be interpreted in accordance with the Treaty objectives, so as to avoid any potential vulnerability for the complete achievement of the Union antitrust desideratum.

Analytical Chemistry in Russia.

Research in Russian analytical chemistry (AC) is carried out on a significant scale, and the analytical service solves practical tasks of geological survey, environmental protection, medicine, industry, agriculture, etc. The education system trains highly skilled professionals in AC. The development and especially manufacturing of analytical instruments should be improved; in spite of this, there are several good domestic instruments and other satisfy some requirements. Russian AC has rather good historical roots.