Domestic Holidays Research Articles

Travel-at-home: Paradoxical effects of a pandemic threat on domestic tourism

This study introduces the evolutionary concept of assortative sociality and explores how it moderates pandemic anxiety effects on attitudes towards tourism and travel decisions. Based on a large-scale online survey (N = 4630) conducted in three European countries, we demonstrate that COVID-19 anxiety triggered assortative sociality, which reflects both xenophobic and ethnocentric traits. This changes perceptions of domestic and international travel attractiveness, and further leads to travel choices prioritizing domestic destinations. At the same time, xenophobic and ethnocentric traits also affected citizen attitudes towards supporting the domestic tourism industry ‒ an industry that accommodates foreigners. In conclusion, the paper discusses the seemingly paradoxical effects of a pandemic threat on domestic versus international tourism. • Introduces assortative sociality as explanatory framework for pandemic travel. • Survey assortative sociality preferences in three countries. • In-group sociality increases attractiveness of domestic holidays and bookings. • Xenophobia and ethnocentrism affect support for tourism differently. • Discusses the pandemics’ effect on residents' support for tourism.

Short break drive holiday destination attractiveness during COVID-19 border closures

Research into the topic of destination image has been popular in the tourism literature since the 1970s. However, only a minority of destination image studies have focused on the context of short break drive holidays. Domestic holidays have taken on increased importance for the tourism industry in many parts of the world during travel restrictions caused by COVID-19. Building on theorizing from evolutionary psychology, this paper reports a study with the data collected from two samples in New Zealand and Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conjoint analysis revealed the two most important destination attributes in terms of crowdedness and accommodation type, and latent class analysis revealed four segments. These insights have practical implications for marketers of smaller, less crowded destinations interested in the short break drive market, particularly given uncertainties about international leisure travel during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the possibility of future coronavirus outbreaks.

An Analysis of the Micro-determinants of Domestic Holiday Expenditure by Households in the Republic of Ireland

The dramatic decrease in overseas visitors to Ireland in 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic has demonstrated the risks, for the tourism sector, associated with being over-reliant on international tourism. Growing the domestic tourism market is now critical for sustaining jobs and businesses within the sector. The purpose of this paper is to examine the micro-determinants of expenditure on domestic holidays by households in the Republic of Ireland. Using data from the Irish Household Budget Survey 2015-2016, instrumental variable estimators are used to conduct the analysis. The results reveal that disposable income, being located in the Border, Midlands and Western region and being aged between 55 and 64, positively impact on domestic holiday expenditure. Non-manual workers, manual skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers and farmers and agricultural workers spend significantly less on domestic holidays relative to employers and managers. The findings are important from a policy and tourism industry perspective. As the results reveal an insight into the consumer, initiatives can be developed to stimulate further expenditure in the domestic tourism sector.

Use of Social Media in Planning Domestic Holidays: A Study on Malaysian Millennials

This study examines the social media usage of Malaysian millennials in planning their domestic holidays. This study integrated the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and technology acceptance model (TAM) variables by adding electronic word-of-mouth (e-WOM), as it is a crucial factor influencing the travel industry nowadays. Data were collected from 301 Malaysians. The results show that e-WOM is the greatest antecedent influencing Malaysian millennials to use social media in planning their domestic holidays. Local tourism organizations such as Tourism Malaysia could gain an understanding of the issue through this study, and the promotion of local tourism through social media could be developed to reach millennials in Malaysia.

Travel review website usage: a cultural perspective

论旅游点评网站的使用：文化角度摘要研究目的本论文从文化角度出发, 旨在研究游客在旅游前和后两阶段对旅游点评网站的使用。研究设计/方法/途径本论文采用定量分析, 采用实证主义模型, 网络问卷取样来自澳大利亚、加拿大、印度、和马拉西亚等国家。研究结果研究结果表明, 在国际或者国内假期之前, 国家和搜索时间有显著关系；国家与网站信息可信度有显著关系；国家和是否游客发布旅游点评有显著关系。研究结果依据Hofstede文化维度理论。长期倾向调节了文化因素对网站点评信息信任度的影响。国家个人主义和集体主义导向对游客发布旅游点评有强烈影响。研究理论限制问卷采样未采用随机抽样方式, 因此, 研究结果的概括推广性值得谨慎对待。研究实践意义研究结果对旅游业经理有重要启示, 尤其是意图通过旅游点评网站促进游客信息分享行为。研究社会意义研究结果对比跨文化区别, 对旅游学研究有重要价值, 尤其是做东西方社会研究对比。研究原创性/价值本论文对消费者旅游前和后两阶段的网上行为做了研究, 尤其是在居住国家和Hofstede文化维度方面的影响研究, 对相关文献做出理论贡献。关键词 旅游点评网站、Hofstede、在线问卷调查、游客行为、旅游前、旅游后

Invention of product and communication in tourism enterprises

Purpose - the tourism sector is faced with the great challenges posed by globalization, technological development, shrinking geographical distances, faster transport options, etc. There is also a strong pressure on innovation in this area to expand and improve not only product but also communication policy. The aim of the paper is to highlight the importance of product innovation and to evaluate tourism communication and its transfer to practice, which results in the company's sustainability in a competitive market. Design/methodology/approach - the goal of the contribution was met by two partial goals. The object of the survey was a travel agency with an important position on the Slovak market. The time period was the period of 2012-2018. Several quantitative and qualitative processing methods were used in the thesis, namely group interview, questionnaire survey, Delphic method, Likert scale, comparative method. We worked with the three expert groups on the Delphi method. For the sake of comprehensive knowledge, the tourism market research was carried out by both supply and demand. Findings - there is a change in foreign tourism products from last minute to first minute, to the preference of domestic holidays due to the negative effects of tourism from several areas, most political. Research limitations/implications - the results of the phenomenon examined can be generalized marginally. Since the qualitative data would be appropriate to supplement basic economic data, which is sensitive to the legal form and ownership of the object under investigation. The investigated object operates in the private sphere and did not provide all the data that would assist in wider research and deeper understanding of the subject under consideration. Practical implications - the results have indicated that targeted work with the structure and scope of tourism products, communication tools used by the enterprise can lead to sustainability, positive image creation or prestige. Originality/Value - the results reported in the contribution are the results of field research, obtained and compared, with the relevance of the data being highlighted by identical unchanged entities operating this activity, established on a long-term basis in the tourism market. Keywords: product in tourism, communication in tourism, levels of product. Research type: research paper. JEL classification: Z32

Sustainable mode of transport choices at the destination – public transport at German destinations

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to learn more about the determinants that influence the tourists’ choice of mode of transport at the destination, and it is intended to contribute to the sustainable mobility of tourists. In line with this approach, the main emphasis is placed on public transport (PT) within the destination.Design/methodology/approachIn addition to illustrating frequency, users and non-users of public transport were analysed. Differences in the selected influencing factors on the choice of the modes of transport are determined using the chi-square test for nominal variables, and statistical significance was determined using Kruskal–Wallis H-test for the ordinal variables.FindingsThe analysis illustrates that the most important socio-demographic determinants in public transport use are: age, household size, net household income, car availability and current professional activity. In terms of travel-orientated variables, the arrival transport means, as well as the travel duration, travel expenses and travel organisation stand out.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the Reiseanalyse (RA) has been established in German tourism research for many years, the present study is not without limitations. First, the questionnaire of the RA is made up of standard questions that are (nearly) identical year after year and topic-specific questions from one or more customers. The questions used in the present analysis were, therefore, not developed specifically for this contribution. Second, the authors cannot evaluate the existing data in more detail because the data structure does not provide this. Only two variables can be related at a time. Due to financial limitations, the authors could not use the raw data. For this reason, it is not possible to perform mediator analyses or multiple predictions to check relationships between independent variables (such as income, number of cars, profession or age). In this context, it should be noted that the observed differences to the other studies cited can also be because of different methodological approaches of the individual studies. While most of the studies used for comparison include tourists from one overnight stay, this paper focuses on main holiday trips with a duration of five days and more. There are also differences in the survey itself. Most of the face-to-face surveys were conducted on site. The RA, on the other hand, takes place at home with respondents with a time delay after the holiday trip. In this context, it is particularly important to note that these results are representative for the whole of the Federal Republic of Germany, i.e. the domestic holidays of the German-speaking population living in Germany, and that they are not representative for any single city or a similar spatial unit.Originality/valueTourism-related mobility negatively effects all (German) destinations. Greater focus on sustainable mobility of tourists, specifically sustainable transportation, is playing an increasingly important role in science and practice. To ensure a successful reorientation, it is crucial to know which factors influence the choice of modes of transport for local tourists. Therefore, this paper analyses selected determinants influencing the choice of modes of transport for tourists. This research is based upon representative data for holiday mobility at destinations during Germans’ domestic holidays. The objective was to learn more about the determinants that influence the tourists’ choice of mode of transport at the destination, and it is intended to contribute to the sustainable mobility of tourists. In line with this approach, the main emphasis is placed on public transport (PT) within the destination.

The Analysis of Domestic Travelers in Indonesia

Indonesia is the largest archipelago country in the world, making one of popular tourist destinations in Southeast Asia region for both international and domestic holidays. The main objective of the study is to examine a wide range characteristics, including demographic, employment, and spatial characteristics for domestic travel in Indonesia.The method used in the study is descriptive analysis using the 2015 National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS), which is used to explain some specific characteristics of domestic travelers in Indonesia. Some regression analysis using binary probit is also added to examine the determinants of domestic travel demand in Indonesia, measured by the probability to travel within the country. The result shows that, in general, domestic travelers in Indonesia are dominated by people who are living in urban areas, people who are aged 25-40 years old, highly educated, working as paid employees, and mostly originate from provinces in Java island.For specific purposes, people who are living in urban areas are more likely travel for holidays. Males are more likely travel for business compared to females. People who do have a job are more likely travel for business purposes, while people who are at school ages are the market for holiday travel.

An examination of the role of domestic destinations in satisfying holiday demands

The role of domestic destinations in satisfying demand for holidays has received less attention than research which outlines the challenges associated with long haul travel, particularly within the United Kingdom context. This paper examines the role of domestic holidays in satisfying demand in relation to international holidays, in the context of providing a better understanding of the environmental impacts of tourism. This is achieved through analysis of a household survey and a series of interviews with family groups of holiday-makers. The data was collected in the East Midlands region of the United Kingdom. Most respondents prefer domestic holidays in attractive coastal and rural destinations; they often take place in the summer and for shorter periods than overseas trips. Yet once at the destination there is commonality between tourism practices in domestic and international destinations. Socio-cultural aspects, life stage and financial considerations prove much more influential than environmental concerns in influencing choice. In response, the main policy recommendation would be to raise the relative cost of travelling abroad. The primary research recommendation would be to deepen the understanding of how substitution between destinations can occur.

Is the Australian domestic holiday a thing of the past? Understanding baby boomer, Generation X and Generation Y perceptions and attitude to domestic and international holidays

This study adopts a generational perspective to understand the shift in domestic and international travel motivations of Australians. In consideration of the largest and most dominant travel consumers at present, the Baby Boomer, Generation X and Generation Y cohorts, the study reveals significant differences between the cohorts’ value perceptions, attitude and intention associated with domestic holidays. However, the findings revealed no significant differences between the cohorts in Australians’ value perceptions and attitude towards international holidays. The study offers important insights for destination marketers seeking ways to address changes in tourism demand from a generational perspective, particularly those seeking to target the Australian tourism market.

Decision Factors for Domestic Tours in Egypt: Analyzing visitor's profile, behavior and holidays' characteristics

Tourism acts as a vital economic sector, though, revenues generated by domestic tourism in Egypt are far below expected levels. This paper aims to profile the Egyptian pleasure traveler based on travel attitude and behavior. The paper also investigates travel-related characteristics in the Egyptian pleasure travel market. A survey was conducted among the Egyptian pleasure travel market to identify the importance of decision factors for domestic tours and the most important perceived reasons for selecting a domestic holiday. This paper reports on initial findings of a more comprehensive research on the psychographic background of Egyptian travelers. This research explores the different factors affecting domestic tourism in Egypt, also its trends and attributes. Implications required to increase numbers and expenditures of domestic tourists were suggested.

Functional disability and ability 75-year-olds: a comparison of two Swedish cohorts born 30 years apart

to compare the level of functional disability and involvement in leisure activities between two birth cohorts of Swedish 75-year-olds examined in 1976-77 and 2005-06. cohort comparison. representative data from the general population in Gothenburg, Sweden, examined at the age of 75 in 1976-77 (n = 744), and in 2005-06 (n = 731) with comprehensive somatic and psychiatric examinations. activities of daily living (ADL); instrumental activities of daily living (IADL); a battery of self-report measures, including involvement in leisure activities, satisfaction with home-environment, social networks and self-rated health. functional disability in ADL decreased between the cohorts (13.9 versus 5.6%, P < 0.001). Functional disability in IADL also decreased between the cohorts (33.4 versus 13.0%, P < 0.001). Combining ADL and IADL resulted in an overall decreased dependency, with the largest decrease seen in women (42.3 versus 15.1%, P < 0.001). Involvement in leisure activities increased between the cohorts. For example, the proportion going on international and domestic holiday travels increased (6.3 versus 16.2%, P < 0.001), and the proportion who independently drove their own car also increased (10.0 versus 53.0%, P < 0.001). later born cohorts of 75-year-olds are less dependent in ADL and more engaged in leisure activities compared with earlier cohorts. Later born cohorts of 75-year-olds are thus better equipped to maintain a non-age-related identity compared with earlier cohorts. Our findings might serve as a reason to adopt a more positive view to ageing in a world with an increasing number of older people.

Az elérhetőség és az idegenforgalom kapcsolata

Az idegenforgalom és a közúti elérhetőség közötti kapcsolat vizsgálata meglehetősen sok módszertani problémát vet fel. Bár a kapcsolat látszólag evidensnek tűnhet, mégis a statisztikai mérés meglehetősen nehéz. így mi nem is a kapcsolat szorosságát igyekeztük vizsgálni, inkább sajátosságait, illetve összetevőit a magyarországi idegenforgalmi régiókban loglineáris modell segítségével. Elemzésünk második részében gravitációs modell segítségével próbáltuk megbecsülni a belföldi többnapos utak nagyságát, s hasonlítottuk össze a becsült és a valós értékeket. Ezzel igyekeztük feltárni a magyarországi belföldi turisztikai áramlatok sajátosságait

The impact of the UK aviation tax on carbon dioxide emissions and visitor numbers

We use a model of domestic and international tourist numbers and flows to estimate the impact of the recent and proposed changes in the Air Passenger Duty (APD) of the United Kingdom. We look at four different scenarios (abolishing the APD, keeping the 2001 APD level, the 2007 APD and the Conservative Party's “Green Miles” proposal) using base, high and very high elasticity levels as well as assumptions about the substitutability between domestic and international holidays and the effects of a carbon tax. We find that the recent doubling of the APD has the perverse effect of increasing carbon dioxide emissions, albeit only slightly, because it reduces the relative price difference between near and far holidays. Tourists arriving into the UK would fall slightly. The number of tourists travelling from the UK would fall in the countries near to the UK, and this drop would be only partly offset by displaced tourists from the UK. Tourists leaving the UK for countries further a field would increase. The proposal of the Conservative Party to exempt the first 2000 miles (for UK residents) would decrease emissions by roughly the same amount as abolishing the APD altogether—but the number of tourists arriving into the UK would not rise. These results are reversed if we assume that domestic holidays and foreign holidays are close substitutes. If the same revenue were raised with a carbon tax rather than a boarding tax, emissions would fall rather than rise.

The impact of the EU–US Open Skies agreement on international travel and carbon dioxide emissions

We use a model of domestic and international tourist numbers and flows to estimate the impact of the EU–US Open Skies agreement that is to take effect in March 2008. The Open Aviation Area will result in increased competition between transatlantic carriers and consequently falls in the cost of flights, therefore we look at the change in visitor numbers from the US into the EU and corresponding CO 2 emissions. We find that passenger numbers arriving from the US into the EU will increase by approximately 1% and 14% depending on the magnitude of the price reductions. This increase in passenger numbers does not, however, result in a corresponding rise in emissions as arrivals into other countries from the US fall by a comparable amount. The number of tourist arrivals from the US to countries outside of the EU will fall and overall emissions would then increase by a maximum of 0.7%. If we assume that domestic holidays and foreign holidays are close substitutes, these effects are strengthened and US passengers switch from domestic trips to foreign destinations as airfares converge.

The Cross-Country Effects of EU Holidays on Domestic GDP's

The number and the distribution of non-working days during the year has recently entered the policy debate related to the slow pace of the European economy.The fact that the number of non-working days can affect the quarter to quarter performance of GDP is well known and hardly disputable. It has recently been argued that not only domestic holidays can in principle be important in each single economy, but also foreign ones, as far as there exist strict connections among the national economies. Given the existing evidence at the national level relative to the influence of calendar effects on GDP, the first step of the econometric analysis in the present research is a check on the existence (and significance) of international spillover effects. Our investigation uses both structural time series models and the ARIMA model-based approach. These two different approaches are used jointly and their specific features are exploited to represent and estimate the time series components of our interest. The empirical evidence does not support the spillover hypothesis.

Casting the Holiday Dice: Demarketing Gambling to Encourage Local Tourism

Australians are not taking up their full allowance of annual holidays which could, in time, lead to issues of community health as well as impact on the viability of the domestic tourism industry. As a response, government tourism organisations in Australia have allocated funds to encourage domestic holidays. However, competition for discretionary income from other sources of recreational activities will continue to impact on this sector, requiring more than direct tourism promotion. This paper considers one such competing aspect of discretionary spending, namely gambling, and its likely effect on tourism expenditure. It examines the role of demarketing as a means to limit gambling expenditure and increase tourism. A range of demarketing and remarketing strategies are proposed as integrated elements of gambling and tourism planning. Such a proposal has the potential to restructure regional communities in such a way as to contribute to the building of community and personal well-being.

RESEARCH NOTE: THE ROLE AND POTENTIAL OF TRAVEL AGENCY STAFF AS A MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS TOOL

This article explores the role and potential of travel agency staff as a marketing communications tool in marketing package holidays. A number of data collection methods were used to provide in-depth information. They ranged from initial exploratory interviews with tourists, key informant interviews with managers at travel agencies, observations at travel agencies, focus group studies with tourists, and final interviews with tourists. All explored the role and potential of travel agency staff as a marketing communications tool. The findings of the primary research indicate that there is a disparity of perception between the management of travel agencies and domestic tourists in Turkey as to the role of travel agency sales staff in marketing domestic holidays. The research shows that the sales staff at travel agencies are not used effectively as a marketing communications tool. The research findings are believed to be relevant for other services industries as well as tourism and service sector businesses in other countries.

When the Bubble Burst: Planning and Reality in Japan's Resort Industry

The harbingers of the economic crisis that hit Japan in the latter part of 1990s were clearly visible since at least the beginning of the decade. An assessment of the effects that the bursting "bubble economy" had on Japan's domestic tourism market provides important guidelines for future economic policies within Japan, and has implications for other Asian countries where Japanese tourists and companies provide export earnings and investments. In 1987, prospects seemed bright for the Japanese economy and the tourism industry. That year, the "Law for the Development of Comprehensive Resort Areas" was passed making the creation and development of domestic holiday and leisure facilities a national project. Japan's prefectures were to implement a land development framework covering 18% of Japan's land area. Development was to be realised by private entrepreneurship, which would be attracted by financial incentives and a relaxation of landuser egulations. Ten years later, very few projects have materialised and most of these include considerable public investment. A geographical perspective proves helpful in analysing the background of the Resort Law, its plans and projects, problems hampering their realisation, and the reason why they were so strongly affected by the economic crisis. It is argued that the roots of the problem lay in spatial conditions and the structure of planning and investment rather than in declining domestic tourism demand.

Outbound Travel and Quality of Life: The Effect of Airline Price Wars

Airfares are often a major component of total travel cost, and destination choice has been closely linked with airfares. This study analyzes the impact of airline price wars on the Trans-Tasman route between New Zealand and Australia on the volume of outbound tourist flows from New Zealand. It shows how the price reduction of about 50% has drastically altered the outbound travel patterns of New Zealanders and, more indirectly, the influence of these changes on the domestic destinations within New Zealand. The availability of inexpensive flights has improved the destination choice for many New Zealanders, and domestic holidays are increasingly replaced by international ones. The former isolation due to high airfares has almost vanished, and in the process the quality of life of the traveling public has improved by widening the range of affordable destinations.