Domestic Framework Research Articles

Regulation of the cryptocurrency market by legislation of Hungary

The article is devoted to the study of the regulation of the cryptocurrency market in Hungary, the regulatory consolidation of property rights to cryptocurrency values. A comparative analysis of the regulation of this issue under the legislation of the EU and directly of Hungary was also carried out. Because it is the regulatory framework and court precedents on the territory of the EU that form the basis for the formation of the domestic framework for the regulation of Hungary’s crypto market. It is also important to clearly define Bitcoin and Blockchain as a special kind of thing in Hungarian civil law. The authors paid special attention to the innovation in the tax sphere of Hungary. Virtual currencies, especially cryptocurrencies, and the technology behind them and their constant development pose a serious challenge to the legislator. The task is further complicated by the fact that cryptocurrencies have a number of unique characteristics that distinguish them from one another. The study focuses on issues related to taxation, mainly based on the norms of the current legislation of Hungary. A study of the appearance, concept and social acceptance of money, a presentation and a detailed analysis of each financial function lead to an analysis into the world of cryptocurrencies. The article also argues that each of the payment documents in the form of cryptocurrency can act as digital currencies or cannot perform monetary functions. When writing the article, special attention was paid to digital money of the central bank, which can revolutionize it, as a digital form of legal tender. Nowadays, most countries (for example, England) are experimenting with central bank digital money for its implementation. In theory, central bank digital money can replace traditional money and payment services (eg bank accounts, bank deposits). The advantage of the system is that it would reduce the cost of bank funding and it is also new for monetary policy. Central bank regulation of digital money will be one of the most important issues in the coming years. Due to the extreme volatility of the field under consideration, the authors consider it important to note that this article can only provide a brief and concise overview of the regulatory and tax regulation of the cryptocurrency market under Hungarian law. And this analysis has a positive foundation for further research and comparison with the domestic legal base of cryptocurrency market regulation under the legislation of Ukraine.

Balancing Bioethics and Legal Frontiers: А Case Study of Brazil’s Supreme Federal Court Decision on Embryonic Stem Cell Research

Background. The present work focuses on the need to protect prenatal life, which is intricately entwined with delineating the precise biological and legal juncture marking an embryo’s transition into personhood. Drawing upon bioethical insights from domestic frameworks and international jurisprudence, we compare diverse perspectives on the moral and legal standing of the embryo, including its right to life, and invoking legal principles in the context of cellular and regenerative medicine.Aim. The goal of this article is to investigate the various biosafety policy approaches governing embryonic stem cell research, ranging from outright prohibition to authorization solely for therapeutic or scientific ends. Through our analysis, we focus on the unique national context of Brazil to scrutinize the underlying rationale behind a specific legal challenge questioning the constitutionality of the BiosafetyLaw. This law, which permits the utilization of human embryonic cells for research and therapeutic purposes, raises concerns about potential infringement upon the inviolability of the right to life.Methodology. The research is based on deductive reasoning alongside formal-legal methodologies, including textual interpretation and comparative-legal analysis. The research process involved documentary, bibliographic, and virtual analytical inquiries utilizing a variety of resources such as legislative texts, monographs, academic articles, databases, and online libraries. Results. Through our examination in a distinct national context, we delineate the theoretical-philosophical and normative-ethical foundations underpinning the stances of Brazilian Supreme Court justices concerning the utilization of embryonic stem cells. Their arguments predominantly invoked significant constitutional liberties such as freedom of family planning, scientific research, and academic pursuits, intertwined with considerations of human dignity and the sanctity of life. Additionally, some justices cautioned against the potential hazards inherent in genetic manipulation.Implications. The legal and ethical ramifications of Brazil’s approach to biosafety legislation concerning embryo rights invoke the necessity for conducting neutral, unfettered scientific inquiry and regenerative therapies according to specific operational parameters. These include safeguarding the integrity of genetic inheritance, preemptive evaluation of potential risks and benefits (adherence to the precautionary principle), and ensuring informed consent for treatments. A significant hurdle consists in the need to establish robust mechanisms for overseeing research involving human embryos within the domains of biomedicine and regenerative cell therapy

The Constraints to Effective Implementing of Illegal Logging Prohibition Regulation in Nigeria

Since the adoption of the Non-Legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles for Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of all types of Forest at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, the issue of combating deforestation remains one of the topical issues relating to climate change discussions globally. To combat deforestation, countries go beyond international conventions to institutionalize domestic frameworks to regulate illegal timber logging. However, the implementation of regulatory policies has been ineffective in countries like Nigeria. Situated within this problem, this study identified some domestic constraints affecting the effectiveness of timber logging regulation in Nigeria. To this end, data was collected from respondents using structured questionnaires. The data were analysed using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (PPMC) at a 0.05 level of significance. Constraints identified are corruption, insufficient legal framework, lack of coordination in regulation enforcement, inadequate staff, and the state monopoly of forest ownership.

THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTI- CAL COOPERATION IN THE SPHERE OF MODERN LEGAL EDUCATION: CHALLENGES, WAYS OF STRENGTHENING, RESULTS

ABSTRACT. The purpose of the article is to study the main challenges and ways to overcome them in modern legal science in terms of the role played by international scientific and practical cooperation in this process. The right to education is not only enshrined as a constitutional value of modern states, but also occupies an important place in the development of international cooperation. This investigation explores the increasingly pivotal role that such cooperation plays, particularly in the legal education sector, highlighting how it serves as a crucial conduit for sharing best practices and advancing the rule of law globally. The article provided justification for the recognition of international educational law as an independent branch of international (public) law as one of the main conditions for the effective implementation of activities in the field of scientific and practical cooperation, its strengthening and improvement of results. Analyzing the works of domestic and foreign scientists, it was determined that international educational law is an independent branch of international public law, which is a system of international legal principles and norms. The latter regulate social relations arising between subjects of educational law in the field of educational relations, including the realization of the individual's right to education. These norms not only facilitate access to education on a global scale but also ensure the protection of educational rights, contributing to the development of a more equitable global education system. The study made it possible to determine that there is a full-fledged toolkit for Ukraine to achieve its strategic goals in the context of its post-war reconstruction and its implementation of the course of European integration. Our country has a wide base of international agreements in the fields of science, education, culture, and humanitarian cooperation. It is emphasized that leveraging these agreements effectively requires robust domestic frameworks that align with international standards, ensuring seamless integration and mutual benefits. Current agreements contribute to the achievement of such tasks as attracting foreign scientists, conducting joint research, exchanging scientists, students, teachers, specialists, and promoting the Ukrainian language and culture. The conclusion emphasizes: modern international educational law cannot be imagined without a huge array of supranational acts of various levels. International educational law is dynamically developing and transforming along with national educational legislation. At the same time, the idea of creating a basic convention of international educational law aimed at consolidating educational relations at the interstate level, including their declaration, as well as their systematization, deserves scientific consideration. This convention could serve as a foundational framework to standardize and enhance the legal infrastructure supporting international educational endeavors.

A Lost Game of Bank Bargains: West Germany and International Banking Regulation between Bretton Woods and Basel I (1972–1988)

Abstract Current theories of financial regulation suggest expanding rules-based formal state intervention to promote international banking stability. Such policy solutions should then be global in scope. This article instead argues that principles-based informal co- and self-regulation through domestic (gentlemen’s) agreements underpinned West German bank internationalisation until the 1980s. The analytic narrative approach allows the tracing of the social dynamics of the German politics of regulation, drawing on unused primary sources: Coalitions between the German regulating and regulated actors were bolstered by a liberal domestic framework and bespoke national policies. In contrast, regulatory harmonisation through international prudential standards came with high domestic adjustment costs for the German banking sector. Thus, domestic makeshift solutions to deal with and internalise cross-border financial risks proved most workable.

At the Crossroads: Multi-Stakeholder and Multi-Disciplinary Approaches in the Application of ihl

Abstract The faithful application of ihl during armed conflicts requires working on a variety of systems, structures and institutions that exist within a society, to ensure that the environment is conducive to respect for the law. Accordingly, there are many different roads to travel down, from developing and interpreting international legal rules to building adequate domestic frameworks, and from training armed actors on the rules applicable in warfare to working with communities affected by violence to ensure their voices are heard. This article aims to recognize the value of bringing different actors together, fostering complementarity among them and joining their forces towards the common aim of ensuring better respect for the law. Based on recent examples and studies in the field of ihl training, application and implementation, the article also aims to help humanitarian practitioners, armed actors, diplomats, legal scholars and others identify ways to work together and cross-fertilize their work.

Pharmaceutical patent law and policy in Africa: a survey of selected SADC member states

AbstractThe paper surveys the intellectual property (IP) laws of seven Southern African Development Community countries to better understand the nature, scope, and depth of their patent laws with particular focus on their utilisation of TRIPS flexibilities to facilitate pharmaceutical access. The selected countries – Botswana, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe – represent a mix of both major and modest economies. While the current literature contains widespread assertions on the impact and effect of TRIPS on access to medicines in these countries and less-developed countries in general, this paper finds that the countries lack explicit and workable provisions implementing key TRIPS flexibilities. Hence, available TRIPS flexibilities have not been well utilised and it is often the complicated and unworkable domestic framework – rather than TRIPS – which becomes the stumbling block to pharmaceutical access. Another major finding is that patents may not be a major impediment in the region given that few patents and even fewer pharmaceutical patents are filed. The paper argues that since the surveyed countries are mainly net IP importers with similar developmental contexts and aspirations, the best approach would be to fully take advantage of existing flexibilities and more aggressively leverage policy space to engender access to cheaper medicines.

Industrial Killing in Bangladesh: State Policies, Common-law Nexus, and International Obligations

The legal system of Bangladesh does not directly acknowledge industrial killing in the form of penal offenses and thus is not equipped with a solid legal avenue to ensure justice for the victims.This article attempts to discuss industrial killing in Bangladesh through four particular incidents, the current domestic framework for preventing industrial killings, and common law countries’ legislations as best practices. Also, it reminds the state obligation under the provisions of international law.This qualitative study uses applied techniques from the professional constituency that deal with law reform research (socio-legal research/ “law in context”) from a labor rights lens.This study finds that recurring events of industrial killings come with a manifold threat to labor rights. The most immediate risk it poses is that it clashes with the workers’ right to life. Therefore, the recommendation is highly focused on the obligation under international law. It also focuses on legislative changes in punishing the offenders involved in industrial killings as part of its progressive realization of the duty to respect, protect and fulfill human rights obligations.

Transparent photovoltaic-based photocathodes for see-through energy systems

Solar energy is an abundant clean energy source, which may support current and future energy demands as well as sustainable growth. The increasing energy demand in modern society promotes the commercialization of solar cells with high power conversion efficiency and low costs. However, the intermittent nature of solar power limits its practical uses, especially in solar cells and in the corresponding hydrogen production systems. Solar-powered devices and their water-splitting associated hydrogen generation offer clean and continuous energy. We propose transparent photovoltaics (TPVs) combined with the transparent photoelectrochemical cells (TPECs) uniting electric power and hydrogen generation in the domestic framework. A transparent photocathode based on an ultrathin amorphous Si (a-Si) solar absorber is applied in a TPV–TPEC energy system with good transparency, generating a high open-circuit voltage (0.852 V), and short-circuit current density (3.744 mA/cm2), noticeably device efficiency (1.66%). The transparent photocathode shows a maximum photocurrent density of 4 mA/cm2 at −0.5 V vs. RHE, driving stable solar hydrogen production. We demonstrate the promising potential of the TPV–TPEC integrated system for the unstoppable generation, supply, and alteration of energy in see-through platforms. Hereupon, the integration of this system in building windows will enable the continuous production of green energy without the loss of external vision.

WHAT STATES SAY AND DO ABOUT LEGAL STABILITY AND MARITIME ZONES, AND WHY IT MATTERS

AbstractStates increasingly refer to ‘legal stability’ in connection with maritime zones, amidst concern to preserve their jurisdictional rights in the face of climate-change induced sea-level rise. Yet such a claim for preservation is at odds with the widely-expressed scholarly view that baselines, and their associated maritime zones, ‘ambulate’ with coastal changes. This article interrogates this tension by focussing on the understudied notion of legal stability as it relates to maritime zones, under the international law of the sea. The article examines the development of the term ‘legal stability’ in the discourse of States (what States say) and contends that a claim for the stability of maritime zones should be seen as an expression of the long-standing value placed on legal stability by States in the system of maritime zones. Further, the article presents the results of a global study of States’ implementation of the normal baseline in domestic legislation (what States do). The results show that many States have taken practical measures to secure legal stability for their normal baselines within their domestic frameworks, suggesting that existing international law may accommodate a greater degree of stability than widely appreciated. The article concludes by asserting that these findings matter not only for how we should receive States’ claims for maritime zone preservation on the basis of legal stability, but also prompts reconsideration of our overall understanding of the existing law on baselines and maritime zones.

Retaining Influence in Post-Brexit International Financial Regulation: Lessons from the UK’s FinTech Framework

Abstract A common rhetoric has emerged among UK authorities when it comes to how to deal with a potential loss of influence in the regulation of financial services after Brexit: as divergence from the EU increases, it will be necessary to retain the UK’s influence as a rule maker through an enhanced engagement via international standard-setting bodies (ISSBs). This article argues that placing an excessive focus on the role of ISSBs to mitigate the UK’s loss of influence might be misguided, based on an analysis of the UK’s past relationship with these regulatory networks, alongside an assessment of their historical shortcomings and increasing limitations. Furthermore, this article advances the argument that the UK FinTech regulatory approach might serve as a successful complementary template for influence, combining a domestic framework with the development of a domestic-led network. For that purpose, this article compares initial responses to FinTech regulation at the UK, EU, and international levels, focusing on the Financial Conduct Authority’s regulatory sandbox and Global Financial Innovation Network to show how the UK’s regulatory ethos was effectively exported, constraining the options available to other countries while also framing the debate at the international level.

THE NEXUS BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL TAX COMPETITIVENESS AND THE SHADOW ECONOMY: A CROSS-COUNTRIES ANALYSIS

Abstract. The article is devoted to the study of the essence and peculiarities of the growth of tax competitiveness of the country in the conditions of a significant amount of shadowing of incomes and legalization of illegally obtained funds. The object of the study is the levels of shadow economy and tax competitiveness of the country. In the paper the 5,348 publications in the Scopus database and 2,036 publications in the WoS database on tax competitiveness and 3,095 and 1,063 publications on the problems of shadowing, respectively, were analyzed. The time horizon of the research was in 1992—2021. On the basis of bibliometric analysis the main directions of research of tax competitiveness and shadowing of economy are defined, the comparative analysis of tendencies of change of quantity of publications on these questions is carried out. It is concluded that the level of research on these issues in international scientometric publications has been significantly intensified since 2003 and 2005. With the help of VOSViewer tools, the main economic categories that are most closely related to the country’s tax competitiveness are identified. Based on the results of the analysis, a hypothesis about the connection between the level of tax competitiveness of the country and the shadowing of the economy was put forward. The article identifies the leading scientific journals indexed by Scopus and WoS databases, in which the most frequently published research questions. It is determined that the majority of the papers on tax competitiveness have been published in high-ranking journals in the first and second quarters. A methodical approach to assessing the relationship between tax competitiveness of the country with the level of its shadow economy is proposed. On the example of EU countries a significant negative impact of economic shadowing on the competitiveness of the country’s tax system has been proven. It is concluded that the implementation of shadow schemes of concealment of income and legalization of illegally obtained income causes significant damage to the amount of tax revenues to the budget. The methodical approach to estimation of losses of the economy from shadow activity is offered in the work. According to the results of the study, measures to de-shadow the economy in the context of increasing the country’s tax competitiveness are proposed, in particular: bringing the domestic regulatory framework to the requirements of the international community, reducing corruption, reducing time spent on filing and filing tax reports, optimizing the tax burden. Keywords: tax competition, shadow economy, state policy, money laundering, bibliometric analysis. JEL Classification O17, E26, H20, H71, F38 Formulas: 1; fig.: 4; tabl.: 4; bibl.: 21.

Improving Trade Competitiveness Through a Risk-based Approach: Post-clearance Audits in Bangladesh Customs

To create new development opportunities in the Global South, developing countries must enable greater trade facilitation with the global economy. Customs officials, who are at the front line and act as gatekeepers for market access, must often balance competing priorities between ensuring regulatory compliance and efficient processing of a high volume of consignments and goods. Currently, customs processes in developing countries often act as bottlenecks in the global supply chain which create undue costs for exporters and traders, yet these countries must also tackle the growing problem of illegal or unlawful trade. Post-clearance audits (PCAs) provide an effective risk management technique that can be used in conjunction with automated risk-based selectivity. This approach provides a holistic, risk management approach to customs processing. PCAs can also assist customs to promote an expedited release of goods without compromising the control of high-risk consignments. This article examines the weakness and the challenges of implementing PCAs within the domestic regulatory framework of Bangladesh. To achieve this objective, this article has obtained primary evidence from key stakeholders including Bangladesh Customs to develop insight and analysis into implementing PCA into the Bangladeshi regulatory framework. As this article will explore, these challenges include implementing an automated risk-based selectivity approach, online connectivity among relevant agencies, customs-to-customs cooperation, customs-to-business cooperation and developing greater technical capacity through skilling-up the workforce. Post-clearance Audit, Risk Management, Customs Control, Trade Facilitation, Bangladesh Customs

Addressing the Prevention of Internal Displacement: the Right Not to Be Arbitrarily Displaced

Internally displaced persons (IDPs) constitute one of the important subjects to consider for enhancing the understanding of migration. They also play a significant role to the contribution of maintenance and promotion of international peace and security and they should be an important component of any comprehensive strategy to resolve conflict and build peace. Even though IDP numbers still increase dramatically, the root causes of internal displacement have not been studied extensively. This article addresses this gap through an examination of the right not to be arbitrarily displaced and its evolution at the national level. The article first examines the content of the right not to be arbitrarily displaced and the meaning of the term ‘arbitrary’ in different situations of internal displacement and then demonstrates that the capacity of this right to perform a critical role for IDP protection has been facilitated by developments across national laws. The empirical analysis shows that certain countries have developed more ambitious and comprehensive national legal frameworks on IDP rights, and this process has led to the recognition of the right not to be arbitrarily displaced in their domestic frameworks. It can be argued that there are now a critical number of countries that explicitly recognise this right, and which have even created policy-making frameworks that promote the applicability of this right.

The Updated Commentary on the Third Geneva Convention: A New Tool for Generating Respect for International Humanitarian Law

Geneva Convention III relative to the treatment of prisoners of war was first adopted in 1929 but was updated in 1949. It defines the protection afforded to prisoners of war from the time of capture to final release or repatriation. The Convention has been in existence for over seven decades and some of its provisions are no longer in tune with current reality as seen in contemporary armed conflicts noting also that most of the conflicts today are internal in character. The ICRC in their wisdom began the updating of the GC III and in June of 2020 the updated commentary on GC III was launched. This paper therefore, examines the updated commentary on the Geneva Convention III as a new tool for generating respect for IHL. In this wise the paper examines some core provisions of the GC III in line with the updated commentary. The paper finds that the updated commentary provides contemporary meanings to the otherwise obsolete provisions of the GC III. The paper notes that the updated commentary is an indispensable tool for preserving the humane treatment guaranteed to POWs. It further finds that it is a resource and guide book for practitioners and a hand book for experts. The paper recommends that domestic frameworks must be updated in addition to training of the armed forces. It further recommends the dissemination of the provisions of the convention and updated commentary and concludes by urging members of the academia to help make known the updated commentaries as it will help generate respect for IHL.

MODERN SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (Part 2. Safety indicators of control systems)

Purpose: Analysis and determination of the main modern international safety requirements that must be met in the design, development and operation of industrial equipment management systems, as well as confirmation of the need for further improvement of the domestic regulatory framework in this area. Methodology/approach: Performed analysis of the requirements of modern international standards (IEC 62061 and IEC 61508) on the safety of electrical, electronic and programmable electronic control systems for industrial equipment and the existing sequence of protection against hazards; the algorithm of step-by-step realization of control systems and the basic features of the organization of their structures at the level of functional blocks and subsystems for maintenance of necessary level of completeness of functional safety are defined; the peculiarities of the process of design and development of each of the subsystems and the algorithm of its execution are analyzed; defined algorithms for estimating the probability of dangerous accidental hardware failures for the recommended basic architecture of subsystems (type A, B, C and D) and for the control system itself; provided recommendations on the composition of the specification of safety requirements in the design of control systems; reviewed software requirements. Conclusions: The analysis of the features of functioning and application of modern international safety standards, which must be observed in the design, development and operation of industrial equipment management systems convincingly confirms the relevance and need for further improvement of domestic regulations in this area. Research results: Modern requirements for the organization of the control system structure at the level of functional units and subsystems to ensure the required level of completeness of functional safety of electrical, electronic and programmable electronic control systems for industrial equipment are determined, as well as features of application the of algorithms for estimating the probability of dangerous accidental failures of control systems and their subsystems. Practical implications: The development and implementation of relevant national standards based on IEC 62061 and IEC 61508 should accelerate the further development of technical progress in Ukraine in the field of industrial safety. Originality/value: Defining the main features of the functioning of modern international safety standards, which must be observed in the design, development and operation of industrial equipment control systems; Appropriate recommendations for their practical application are provided; Substantiated and confirmed the relevance and importance of the development of relevant harmonized national standards based on the standards IEC 62061 and IEC 61508.

Revisiting the Concept of Legitimate Expectations in Renewable Energy Treaty Cases

The past decade has seen a significantly increased level of foreign investment as a result of international initiatives on the development of alternative energy sources. The renewable energy sector often depends on significant up- front investments, which can only be recouped over a long period. Given the substantial initial capital investment required, many countries have implemented government subsidies and support schemes to encourage investments in renewable energy. For different reasons, some countries have recently decided to change or eliminate those incentives, triggering a wave of arbitral proceedings. These disputes raise fundamental questions, particularly concerning the need for investment protection, on the one hand, and the host State’s right to regulate, on the other. This article provides an overview of the evolution of the concept of legitimate expectations in renewable energy cases, which covers (1) the traditional approach giving rise to legitimate expectations, reflecting contractual arrangements and specific commitments or representations made by States, and (2) the modern approach where legitimate expectations may arise under a general domestic regulatory or legislative framework aimed to attract investments, and from investors’ expectations to obtain a ‘reasonable rate of return’ on their investments.

Mechanisms for Incentivizing Top Managers of the Company in the Long Term

Motivating and rewarding company employees requires constant development and improvement the remuneration of the top management of the company is especially difficult. For this, compensation plans are being developed, which can be conditionally divided into two groups: bonus and stock-based option programs. Bonus programs provide for large-scale remuneration of managers based on the company’s performance in the current year. Compensation plans that reward top management with shares are effective. Such programs are developed only for selected top managers who have a direct impact on the financial results of the company.The purpose of the study is to substantiate the optimal mechanisms for remunerating top managers in Russian conditions and to determine the directions for the development of compensation plans. The object of the research is the mechanisms of involvement and motivation of managers. The subject of the research is the remuneration of the top managers of the company. Methods and methodology of work. General scientific methods were used, such as analysis, synthesis, method of classification and typology, generalization, abstraction, modeling. It has been established that in Russia it is advisable to use «phantom» shares because the domestic legislative framework does not define the mechanisms of reward with shares as broadly as is customary in developed countries. It is also recommended to apply bonus programs with payments in installments for 2–3 years. Directions have been identified to improve the effectiveness of bonus and option compensation plans in Russia.

Actual directions of improving legislation in the field of biological and genetic technologies

One of the trends of modern state policy is the development of biological and genetic, aimed at solving socio-economic problems and problems caused by global challenges and threats associated with the consequences of the coronavirus pandemic, climate change, reduced biodiversity, and other negative manifestations. In these conditions, there is a need to revise the conceptual approaches to the legal regulation of relations in the field of the use of biological and genetic technologies, taking into account natural and social relationships. The article shows the need to apply to these relations the ecosystem approach, the concept of sustainable development, the interdisciplinary approach “Unified Health”, four “bio”, an integral part of which is to ensure safety (environmental, biological, genetic, sanitary-epidemiological, biosphere). The issues of improving the Russian legislation in the field of application of biological and genetic technologies on an intersectoral basis in connection with the environmental, sanitary and epidemiological, natural resource, agricultural and other industries are considered.The directions of harmonization of the domestic regulatory framework with international norms and treaties, including the assessment of the risks of possible harmful effects of the use of biological and genetic technologies on human health and the environment, are proposed. In Russian legislation, it is necessary to legalize the concepts of “risk assessment”, “risk factors”, as well as to determine the procedure for assessing the potentially and really harmful effects of GMOs and other results of the use of genetic and biotechnologies on human health and the environment.

Regulation of food waste management in Ukraine and abroad

In the world in general and in Ukraine in particular, there is a catastrophic environmental situation with food waste. The solution to the problem of waste accumulation, the organization of quality control of compliance with legislation in their treatment, the formation of environmental awareness of the population is hampered by the lack of unanimity in defining the essence of waste, industrial waste, waste in the regulatory framework and among scientists. The aim of the work is to study the essence of the definition of food waste in domestic and foreign scientific discussions and regulations in terms of improving the regulation of their treatment in Ukraine. Scientific discussion of domestic and foreign authors on the concept of waste, in particular food, as well as their regulations demonstrate a wide variety of not only definitions but also approaches. This takes into account the legal basis for waste operations, their physical condition and properties, environmental and economic characteristics, the criterion of goal setting, accounting approach and so on. The analysis of the existing classifications of waste stated the absence of a separate category of food waste both in the works of Ukrainian scientists and in domestic regulations, while foreign authors are actively researching this category. According to the results of the study, it is proposed to introduce into the domestic regulatory framework the term "loss of food and food waste" commonly used abroad with the following definition: products (substances) as edible parts of plants and animals produced or collected for human consumption but ultimately not consumed. Critical analysis of domestic environmental legislation in comparison with European allowed to propose the implementation of the Waste Framework Directive, as well as the formation of a hierarchy of waste management priorities: prevention, preparation for reuse, recycling, other types of disposal, elimination as Ukraine's European integration. Areas of further research will be the study of food waste disposal technologies of the modern city.