Domestic Drugs Research Articles

Effectiveness and Safety of Pesticides in Protecting Sunflowers from Pests

The analysis of the current state and trends in the development of the range of pesticides allowed for use in sunflower crops is presented. Based on the results of studies conducted in 3 soil-climatic zones of the country, the possibilities are reasoned and priorities are determined for improving the range of drugs to protect this crop from the main harmful organisms, the main of which is an increase in the share of combined and domestic drugs. At the same time, the biological effectiveness of protection measures against certain types of pests, major diseases and weeds is specified, and the characteristics of the latest developments in methods for controlling residual amounts of a number of active substances of pesticides used in the protection of sunflower are presented. Based on the results of field experiments, it was found that at present the level of biological efficiency in protecting the main oilseed crop from pests is characterized in most cases by indicators close to 80%, from diseases – varies in the range of 60–75% and from weeds – reaches 90% in combination with a decrease in their raw mass to 95%.

The reimbursement decision speed for oncology new drugs in China and its determinant factors.

China has initiated national price negotiations to improve access to innovative drugs. Learning the factors that contributed to the time gap from marketing authorization to reimbursement leads to more clarity to decision-making, which remains under-researched in China. We collected new oncology drug approvals that were marketed before 30 Jun 2022, using the Listed Drug Database of the Chinese drug agency. Major information of each approval was obtained from the published review report, including the first approval region (China or the US) and the receipt of expedited review pathways (priority review and conditional approval). The reimbursement lists issued by China National Healthcare Security Administration from 2015 to 2023 were used to determine the reimbursement status of drugs. The duration from marketing authorization to reimbursement was defined as the reimbursement decision speed, and the Cox regression was performed to explore the underlying factors. A total of 186 oncology approvals were included. More than half of the approvals qualified for reimbursement (110[59.14%]), and the median reimbursement decision speed was accelerated from 540.5 days in the third-round negotiation to 448 days in the seventh-round. Domestic new drugs had a higher probability of being adopted by the Chinese payer than drugs developed by foreign companies (adjusted HR = 3.73, 95% CI 2.42 to 5.75; P < 0.001). Furthermore, new drug applications receiving the regular review pathway were more likely to be reimbursed (adjusted HR = 2.15, 95% CI 1.13 to 4.08; P = 0.020) compared to those approved under the conditional approval pathway. These findings indicate that the Chinese government is actively working toward improving access to new oncology drugs. The faster reimbursement decision speed for domestic drugs might be attributed to their pricing advantages and the regulator's efforts to stimulate innovation in the domestic pharmaceutical industry. However, concerns about the uncertainty in drug benefits can affect the reimbursement decision-making, which suggests the delicate tradeoff between drug accessibility and risk involved in the reimbursement process.

Galangal-Cinnamon Spice Mixture Blocks the Coronavirus Infection Pathway through Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 MPro, Three HCoV-229E Targets; Quantum-Chemical Calculations Support In Vitro Evaluation.

Natural products such as domestic herbal drugs which are easily accessible and cost-effective can be used as a complementary treatment in mild and moderate COVID-19 cases. This study aimed to detect and describe the efficiency of phenolics detected in the galangal-cinnamon mixture in the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2's different protein targets. The potential antiviral effect of galangal-cinnamon aqueous extract (GCAE) against Low Pathogenic HCoV-229E was assessed using cytopathic effect inhibition assay and the crystal violet method. Low Pathogenic HCoV-229E was used as it is safer for in vitro laboratory experimentation and due to the conformation and the binding pockets similarity between HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2 MPro. The GCAE showed a significant antiviral effect against HCoV-229E (IC50 15.083 µg/mL). Twelve phenolic compounds were detected in the extract with ellagic, cinnamic, and gallic acids being the major identified phenolic acids, while rutin was the major identified flavonoid glycoside. Quantum-chemical calculations were made to find molecular properties using the DFT/B3LYP method with 6-311++G(2d,2p) basis set. Quantum-chemical values such as EHOMO, ELUMO, energy gap, ionization potential, chemical hardness, softness, and electronegativity values were calculated and discussed. Phenolic compounds detected by HPLC-DAD-UV in the GCAE were docked into the active site of 3 HCoV-229E targets (PDB IDs. 2ZU2, 6U7G, 7VN9, and 6WTT) to find the potential inhibitors that block the Coronavirus infection pathways from quantum and docking data for these compounds. There are good adaptations between the theoretical and experimental results showing that rutin has the highest activity against Low Pathogenic HCoV-229E in the GCAE extract.

Effective wound healing agents based on N-alkenylimidazole zinc complexes derivatives: future prospects and opportunities

Introduction: The therapeutic effect of commercially available domestic and foreign drugs for the treatment of various skin injuries is far from optimal. These drugs have no universal effects, but cause pronounced side reactions. There is a clear demand for development of innovative wound-healing drugs with antimicrobial properties, which increase the natural protective function of the skin. Pharmaceutical compounds with zinc nanoparticles have been increasingly recognized as a promising therapeutic direction. These drugs can easily penetrate into damaged tissues and stimulate metabolic processes. Zinc complexes with imidazole derivatives are of a particular interest. Imidazole acts as a structural fragment of many natural physiologically active compounds, thus providing targeted delivery of this essential trace element into the wound for inclusion in the multicascade mechanism of wound healing. The aim of the study: to provide experimental evidence for effects of recently developed zinc complexes with N-alkenylimidazole as wound healing agents. Materials and Methods: Wound-healing effects of six 1% gels containing distinct N-alkenylimidazole zinc complexe derivatives based on the Na-carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) were comparatively studied in 128 outbred white rats of both genders. The Na-CMC-based Zinc Sulfate 1% gel, Methyluracil and Solcoseryl served as reference drugs. After performing the local tolerance study of zinc complexes, linear and planar sterile wounds of comparable size were inflicted in anesthetized animals. The degree of healing was evaluated on the day 8 and day 28 after the treatment start by wound sizes and histological examination of inflammatory response, epithelization, granulation tissue, angiogenesis, and necrosis. The skin microcirculation system was evaluated using the laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF), whereby the blood flow indicators were recorded 30 and 60 minutes after intraperitoneal administration of the trial compound. The antimicrobial activity of the zinc compounds was determined in vitro by means of their minimum inhibitory concentration suppressing the bacteria and fungi growth using the double serial dilution method in liquid culture media. The statistical data processing was performed using the Statistica 12 software package. Results and Discussion: In the linear wound model, all animals treated with either of six experimental zinc compounds showed almost complete reduction in wound size (92-100%, p&lt;0.05) on the day 8, significantly exceeding the wound healing in the control animals (reduction by 67-88 %, p&lt;0.05) and effects of the reference drugs (reduction by 83-86%, p&lt;0.05). In the planar wound model, the most significant wound healing effect was reached by using the gel containing N-isopropenylimidazole zinc diacetate (encoded as Pilim-1). The respective histological examination showed signs of complete epithelialization, absence of destructive changes in the epidermis, restoration of skin appendages and presence of mature granulation tissue. Intraperitoneal Pilim-1 administration at a dose of 20 mg/kg improved microcirculation in the rat skin, as judged by significant effects on perfusion and the amplitudes of the isolated rhythms of the LDF-gram. In addition, Pilim-1 exerted a moderate bacteriostatic and fungistatic activity, which was 2 times greater than the antimicrobial activity of Metronidazole. Conclusion: Topical application of gels containing 1% N-alkenylimidazole zinc complex derivatives accelerates the healing of uninfected linear and planar wounds in comparison with the established reference drugs. The Pilim-1 zinc compound exhibited the most pronounced therapeutic effect. The observed in vitro antimicrobial action of Pilim-1 is of further interest for potential implications in treatment of infected skin wounds. The regenerative effect of this substance opens prospects for development of new drugs with improved wound healing properties.

STUDY OF THE QUALITATIVE COMPOSITION OF THE SUBSTANCE OBTAINED FROM POPLAR BUDS BY EXTRACTION METHOD

Currently, among the most acute problems of the Republic of Kazakhstan, it should be noted the creation and development of its own pharmaceutical base, which would meet all international standards. Therefore, an urgent problem today is the creation of new highly effective domestic drugs based on the country's plant resources. It is also important to master the production of original domestic medicines, the creation of safe and environmentally friendly technologies for their production. In this direction, plants of the genus Populus (poplar) of the Salicaceae family (willow) have an advantage due to large reserves of renewable raw materials (poplar plantations in the North Kazakhstan region have industrial reserves of medicinal raw materials) and the content of various classes of compounds with a wide range of biological activity. The aim of the study was to study the qualitative composition of substances from the buds of poplar balsamic Populus balsamifera obtained by extraction method. The tasks assigned included: to obtain a substance from the buds of poplar balsamic Populus balsamifera by extraction; to establish the qualitative composition of the substances obtained. A method for obtaining a substance from the buds of balsamic poplar, includes the use of freshly harvested buds of balsamic poplar, extraction with solvents with an increasing polarity gradient: hexane; dichloromethane; evaporation until the target product is obtained. Thus, the qualitative composition of hexane extract of substances obtained by extraction method was investigated. It was found that extraction with methylene chloride allows the separation of flavonoids.

КАЧЕСТВО ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ С ТОЧКИ ЗРЕНИЯ ПОТРЕБИТЕЛЕЙ

Obtaining up-to-date marketing data by subjects of the market economy, including from consumers of pharmaceutical products, contributes to the adoption of the necessary management decisions in the field of improving the quality of manufactured pharmaceutical products. The purpose of the work was to analyze the quality of pharmaceutical products from the point of view of consumers. As an information base, the works of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of marketing, management, legal and organizational documentation on pharmaceutical activities are taken. The main research method was a survey, which resulted in a survey of 240 residents of the Oryol, Belgorod, Kostroma and Moscow regions. It has been established that the majority of consumers of pharmaceutical products believe: over the past five years, the quality of domestic drugs has increased; imported medicines have fewer visible defects; the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of quality assurance of medicinal products during production needs to be tightened; the least visible defects are drugs in the price range from 501 to 1000 rubles. It was revealed that the population equally acquires domestic and foreign pharmaceutical products; doctors do not make preferences when prescribing imported and Russian medicines, but more often recommend original medicines; from dosage forms for internal use, the population prefers tablets and capsules, from external ointments; consumer preferences include many factors, including prolonged forms of drugs, independence of drug use from food intake, the presence of separation marks on tablets, coated tablets, combi drugs, the presence of secondary packaging, user-friendly instructions for drugs; the quality of pharmaceutical products is most influenced by substances, qualified personnel, modern equipment.

An investigation on availability and efficacy of anti-anemic drugs for pigs in the Ukrainian pharmaceuticals

Antianemic drugs are used to prevent anemia, majorly iron deficiency anemia. Drugs with such pharmacological action are especially relevant for piglets, as animals of this species at this age are particularly sensitive to iron deficiency. The present investigation aimed at studying the pharmaceutical market of antianemic drugs registered in Ukraine during 2017-2022. It should be noted that if the drug is registered, it has been checked for safety according to the food industry standards of Ukraine. In 2017, the national market of veterinary iron-containing drugs was represented by 13 drugs from the group QB03A “Antianemic drugs. Drugs of iron”, according to the АТС-vet classification. The range of these drugs by 38 % was provided by pharmaceutical products of Ukrainian manufacturers: "O.L.KAR-AgroZooVet-Service", "Pharmaton", "Brovapharma", "Experimental production of the Institute of Epizootology", "Biopharm", and "Vetsintez". Imported products (62 %) were represented by Pharmacosmos, Merial, Koofavet , "Vugen B&amp;G" , "Biovet Pulawy", "Interchem Verken De Adelaar", and "Bioveta". In general, the modern pharmaceutical market of veterinary drugs in Ukraine during 2017–2022 was sufficiently provided with antianemic drugs for pigs and mostly imported drugs. The percentage of antianemic drugs of Ukrainian production prevailed in 2020, however the imported drugs of this pharmacological group's was higher in 2022. It can be concluded that the drugs of non-Ukrainian production predominated among antianemic drugs in Ukraine during 2017-2022. Based on the obtained results, we can state that in Ukraine there is a need for the development and/or production of domestic anti-anemic drugs. They must be effective and ensure a reduction in the dependence of the national pharmaceutical market of drugs of this group on foreign manufacturers.

Key principles of drug therapy in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia

Objective: to summarize scientific information about the basic principles of modern drug therapy for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) considering their individual characteristics.Material and methods. The basis of the study included modern scientific articles and clinical guidelines on CML diagnosis and treatment (2021), State Register of Medicines (SRM) of the Russian Federation, instructions for the use of medicines. The following methods were used: structural analysis, analytical method, content analysis, retrospective analysis, systematic approach, situational-logical and graphical methods of analysis.Results. The analysis made it possible to summarize scientific information about the basic principles of drug therapy for patients suffering from CML. It was revealed that the problem of CML therapy today is relevant, since every year there is an increase in the incidence of this nosology. Currently, the most significant is the prescription of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), since they have pronounced effects and are well tolerated by patients. Therapy for CML in TKIs prescription consists of several lines. Imatinib is the first line therapy because it has better safety profile. There are combinations with imatinib; for example, it is used together with interferon alfa, which allows, in some cases, to increase the response to treatment. The following drugs are used in the second line: nilotinib, dasatinib, bosutinib, ponatinib. If TKI therapy is ineffective, it is possible to prescribe standard chemotherapy, interferon therapy, or bone marrow transplantation in the absence of contraindications. Studies are underway on the possibility of using and including in clinical guidelines such drugs as arsenic trioxide, decitabine, omacetaxime, inhibitors of farnesyl transferases, granulocyte-macrophage factors, antitumor vaccines. The analysis of SRM identified 27 trade names for TKIs, the share of domestic drugs was 60%. There were no Russian analogues for bosutinib and ponatinib in SRM, which are recommended for use in case of ineffective TKI therapy of previous lines.Conclusion. The study of drug provision for CML patients is an urgent task for pharmaceutical practice and for the healthcare system as a whole. Currently, the acute issues are the individual approach to the treatment of each CML patient considering concomitant diseases, and the search for new, more effective drugs that can increase the life expectancy and quality of life of patients suffering from this disease.

Development and validation of HPLC method for simultaneous determination of amlodipine besylate, telmisartan and hydrochlorothiazide in combined tablets

A combination of three active ingredients amlodipine besylate, telmisartan and hydrochlorothiazide has been used and proven effective in the treatment of hypertension in patients with moderate to severe hypertension, while it contributes to a reduction in product costs and increases patient compliance. However, there are no monographs in pharmacopoeias for the simultaneous quantification of these three active ingredients. Therefore, in order to contribute to the establishment of an in-house specification for domestic generic drugs, shorten the time of quantifying each ingredient separately, the study was carried out with the aim of developing and validating procedure for the simultaneous quantification of amlodipine besylate, telmisartan and hydrochlorothiazide by high performance liquid chromatography. In this study, we conducted investigation into different chromatographic conditions, developed an analytical procedure for the simultaneous quantification of amlodipine besylate, telmisartan and hydrochlorothiazide in tablets preparation. The procedure was validated in compliance with ICH guidelines. Suitable chromatographic conditions for simultaneous quantification of amlodipine besylate, telmisartan and hydrochlorothiazide are: Xterra C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm), detection wavelength 230 nm, gradient program of mobile phase: acetonitrile and phosphate buffer pH 3.0, flow rate 1.0 ml/min, sample injection volume 10 μl, column temperature 30°C. The procedure was validated for systematic suitability, accuracy, specificity, linearity, precision, working range and robustness. A procedure for the simultaneous quantification of amlodipine besylate, telmisartan and hydrochlorothiazide in tablets by high performance liquid chromatography has been successfully developed and validated.

Studying the qualitative composition of substances obtained from poplar buds by extraction and barothermic methods

Among the most acute problems of the Republic of Kazakhstan, it should be noted that the creation and development of a pharmaceutical base that meets all international standards, the development of the production of original domestic drugs, and the creation of safe and environmentally friendly technologies for their production. In this direction, plants of the genus Populus (poplar) of the Salicaceae (willow) family have an advantage due to large reserves of renewable raw materials (poplar plantations in the North Kazakhstan region have industrial reserves of medicinal raw materials) and the content of various classes of compounds with a wide range of biological activity. The aim of this work was to study the qualitative composition of substances from the buds of balsam poplar Populus balsamifera obtained by extraction and barothermal methods. Objectives: to obtain the substance from the balsam poplar buds Populus balsamifera by extraction and barothermal methods; establish the qualitative composition of the obtained substances; compare the composition of substances obtained by extraction and barothermal methods. Materials and methods. Balsam poplar buds were collected in May 2021 near the village of Zarechny, North Kazakhstan region, Republic of Kazakhstan. A method for obtaining a substance from balsam poplar buds includes using freshly harvested balsam poplar buds and extraction with solvents with an increasing polarity gradient. There were used solvents: hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate. The resulting extract was evaporated. The results and conclusions: the results of the study showed the almost complete identity of the qualitative composition of the hexane extract of substances obtained by extraction and barothermal methods. In the case of ethyl acetate fractions, the difference is the presence of chalcones in the substance obtained by the barothermal method. Extraction with methylene chloride allows the separation of flavonoids, and subsequent extraction with ethyl acetate allows the separation of gibberellins

Analysis of changes in the serotonin inactivation coefficient in brain structures with simultaneous modeling of chronic neurogenic pain and malignant neoplasia

Introduction. Chronic pain syndrome in the development of malignant neoplasms has a complex polyethological character. The study of the pathogenetic mechanisms of pain during the growth of the transplanted tumor in the experiment can open up broad perspectives for the creation of new domestic analgesic drugs for use in oncology.Aim: To study the serotonin inactivation coefficient (SIC), the ratio of serotonin (S) and its main metabolite 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (S-OH) in brain areas (cortex, hypothalamus) with simultaneous modeling of chronic neurogenic pain and malignant neoplasia.Material and Methods. The study involved white mongrel rats (males). To create a model of chronic pain (CP), ligation of the sciatic nerve was performed according to the method of V.V. Kravtsova in modification. Rat sarcoma M-1 was used to simulate malignant neoplasia. At the main stage of the study, the animals were divided into 4 groups: control, two comparison groups (model of chronic pain, standard M-1 sarcoma grafting) and experimental (combined modeling of CP and oncological process). Animals of the second, third and fourth groups were euthanized sequentially at the 2nd and 3rd weeks of the development of the tumor process.Results. Chronic pain syndrome disrupts the process of serotonin metabolism: the decrease in SIC in the cerebral cortex of experimental animals was more significant by 48% (day 14) and 72% (day 21). The development of the oncological process in comparison groups (groups 3a and 3b) is accompanied by a decrease in the level of SIC, more significant at the 21th day of M-1 sarcoma development: by 37% in the hypothalamus, by 41% in the cerebral cortex. With simultaneous modeling of chronic neurogenic pain and malignant neoplasia, the lowest values of the studied indicator were noted, the decrease was 75% in the cerebral cortex (group 4a) and 87% (group 4b).Discussion. Chronic neurogenic pain and M-1 sarcoma development in isolated modeling variants cause a significant decrease in SIC in hypothalamus and cerebral cortex due to disorders of serotonin formation. A more significant disruption of the serotonin mediator system was noted in cerebral cortex which leads to a decrease in the body’s adaptive capabilities to pain and a disruption of the regulatory mechanisms of metabolism.Conclusion. Modification of serotonin metabolism can be considered as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic pain syndrome in oncology.

Production of domestic drugs in the first period of the Great Patriotic war

Production of domestic drugs in the first period of the Great Patriotic war

Original developments for domestic pharmaceutical production

Currently the pharmaceutical market of Kazakhstan is almost completely represented by imported products. At the same time, the science of Kazakhstan can make a worthy contribution to the development of the pharmaceutical industry. The Scientific-productional Center of Microbiology and Virology, has been carrying out research projects which are currently at different stages of development. “Roseofungin-AS” is an original drug for superficial mycoses has been developed and introduced into practical health care. “CanProFem AK” is the new form of an antifungal drug based on the roseofungin antibiotic for vaginal candidiasis and “ASProbionorm”, a new drug for inflammatory and infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are approved for clinical trials. The problem of lack of drugs for the treatment and prevention of acute respiratory viral infections has become particularly relevant lately. In this regard, the development of original domestic drugs effective against COVID-19 and influenza is being carried out.

Analysis of Drug Procurement Results in Vietnam from 2013 to 2020

Abstract: Drug procurement bidding has always been under the government’s particular concern to assure drug quality, stabilize drug costs, and enhance the use of domestic drugs. A retrospective study analyzes data from the drug procurement results in Vietnam from 2013 to 2020 based on the results reported to the Drug Administration of Vietnam. The rate of drugs selected through the bidding process in Hanoi and HCMC accounted for the highest proportion in the country with 17.5% and 14.3%, respectively. The number of selected drugs with domestic origins had seen a gradual increase over the years with 4545 drugs during 2020, which was 2.2 times higher than that of 2013 (2079 drugs). Generic drugs in group 3 with domestic origins comprised the highest proportion of both quantity and value compared to drugs in other groups. Antiparasitic drugs and anti-infectives had the highest value rates among pharmacological groups with over 20%. During the research period, the costs of selected drugs tended to witness a decreasing trend, accounting for 60% of drugs. Only 9% of the drugs had their values remain unchanged, and the other 31% saw an increase in these values. State bidding procurement policies are making positive effects in lowering drug costs and encouraging domestic drug use. However, the value rate of domestic drugs is still lower than that of imported ones. It is necessary for domestic pharmaceutical enterprises to invest in developing factories, actively find domestic ingredient sources, and focus on specific medications in great demand.&#x0D; Keywords: Drug bidding, drug price, generic bidding package, original brand name bidding package, period of 2013-2020, Vietnam.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Development of standardization methods of gel with sapropel extract and their validation

Abstract Humic acids (HA) are important natural compounds that are characterized by a wide range of biological activity and therapeutic impact on different pathological processes. Sapropels are natural healing resources that contain a large amount of HA. The pharmaceutical market of Ukraine needs domestic drugs with dermatotropic action based on natural compounds that have a combined antibacterial, wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity, as well low toxicity. The aims of the research: standardization of the gel under the conditional name "Saprogel" for use in medicine as a wound-healing and anti-inflammatory agent, development of methods for identification and quantification, as well as their validation. A linear dependence between the concentration of the total mass fraction of HA on the mass of the sample of aqueous sapropel extract (ASE) with a correlation coefficient of 0.9985 (≥0.9981) was observed, while the angular coefficient of linear dependence (b) was found to be 1.02, with the free member of linear dependence (a) being – 1.66≤2.60. The obtained results show that the method is precise because the value of the relative confidence interval is less than the critical value for the convergence of the results: Δ%=1.27≤1.60 and the criterion of the insignificance of systematic error: δ=0.51. As a result of the quantitative analysis, we found that the total mass fraction of HA in the gel samples from the wind farm is 1.302%.

ОБЗОР РЫНКА АНТИБИОТИКОВ И ОЦЕНКА ПЕРСПЕКТИВ ЕГО РАЗВИТИЯ

The article presents the results of the study of the Russian market of antibiotics for 2012-2021. This work is relevant because it shows the changes that have occurred in this segment of the market, for the first time analyzes the consumption of antibiotics in terms of physical indicators in the context of groups, as well as shows the importance of antibiotics during the pandemic. The purpose of the work was a comprehensive analysis of the Russian market of antibiotics, the study of sales of various groups of antibiotics, including anticancer drugs. Materials and methods: We used data from the State Register of Medicines, the State Register of maximum selling prices, data from registration dossiers, and the DSM Group database of drug sales. Results and conclusions. The antibiotics market has changed significantly. Obsolete drugs (ampicillin, tetracyclines, cephalosporins of the first generation, etc.) are leaving the market, sales of drugs to treat antibiotic-resistant infections and anticancer antibiotics are increasing. During 2012-2021 the market doubled in monetary terms, but in physical terms - only by 10%, which indicates a significant increase in prices and changes in the range. Prices for imported drugs doubled in ten years, while prices for domestic drugs increased 3.3 times. A significant share both in rubles and in packages in all years was sales of drugs included in the VED list, and by 2021 the share increased to 71% and 87.5%, respectively. The list of strategically important drugs includes 18 antibiotics, while the VED list includes 56. According to the results of the analysis of regulatory approvals it was found that both lists by nomenclature are provided by 90% with domestic drugs and substances. The share of domestic antibiotic drugs in rubles increased from 12.6% to 33.4%, and in packages from 38.5% to 56.6%, which indicates the achievement of the target indicators of the pharmaceutical and medical industry development program in terms of sales in packages, but not in rubles.

ОБОСНОВАНИЕ АНТИБАКТЕРИАЛЬНОЙ ХИМИОТЕРАПИИ В ПАРОДОНТОЛОГИИ НА ОСНОВАНИИ ОЦЕНКИ АНТИБИОТИКОРЕЗИСТЕНТНОСТИ ПО ДАННЫМ РАЗНЫХ МЕТОДОВ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ

The aim of the study was to establish the prevalence of strains of microorganisms resistant to antibacterial drugs isolated from subgingival dental plaques of periodontitis patients in the acute and remission stages. Materials and methods of research։ For the study, were recruited 90 patients who were diagnosed with chronic periodontitis (K05.3) because of clinical examination and subsequent treatment. The research methods included culture (disco-diffusion method) and molecular biological technologies (PCR), which allows identifying resistant strains of bacteria isolated from subgingival biofilm. Results։ Our results confirm that periodontopathogenic anaerobic bacteria, in contrast to sanitary-significant microbes of the ESCAPE pathogen group, were not found to be resistant to doxycycline and ciprofloxacin in the phenotypic test (disk method). The data obtained regarding the detection of genetic markers of resistance to betalactam antibiotics are generally consistent with the results of studies obtained in Western Europe (Spain, Italy, Greece). At the same time, in relation to genetic markers of resistance to tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, significantly lower levels of detection of resistant strains were established than in studies by foreign authors. Perhaps this is due to the widespread use of these drugs in these years. On the other hand, closer results for tetracycline and fluoroquinolone resistance markers are from researchers in the People's Republic of China. Conclusion։ The results obtained allow us to justify the return to treatment regimens using doxycycline, as one of the most adequate domestic tetracycline drugs.

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF WALNUT SHELL PROCESSING METHODS ON THE RELEASE OF ANTIOXIDANT SUBSTANCES

The article presents the results of studies of the effect of processing methods on the output of antioxidant substances from walnut shells. Technological processes and modes of extract production are substantiated. At the same time, the size of the crushed shell, the extraction time and the concentration of the solvent were investigated. Most of the nuts are shells and husks, low-value by-products rich in phenolic compounds. At the same time, the shell obtained at the stage of cleaning the cores, as a rule, is usually disposed of by incineration. Whereas such an organization of production is possible, in which the shell will be concentrated and processed for the release of valuable biologically active substances, on the basis of which new domestic drugs of various therapeutic and preventive actions can be developed. Phenolic compounds extracted from walnut shells are potentially good natural sources of antioxidants for the food industry and have numerous health benefits. Walnuts have a greater antioxidant capacity than any other nut, since the shell is mainly composed of lignin, a strong source of phenols. Studies show that lignin characterizes the strength level of the shell, and by its chemical composition is a source of antioxidants. Because of this special quality, it is very important to split and loosen the dense structure so that the solvent penetrates the cell to extract phenolic compounds. Thus, in order to obtain a higher yield of phenolic compounds, the correct method of isolating antioxidant substances is crucial.

Грек жаңғағы қабығының антиоксиданттық қасиеттерін зерттеу

The main purpose of the research is to study the composition of walnut shells. Walnut kernels are widely used in the food industry, but, at the same time, the shell obtained at the stage of cleaning the kernels is usually disposed of by burning. Given the multi-ton volume of walnut fruit processing, the output of production waste is also significant. When processing even one ton of walnuts, an unused product remains – a shell weighing over 550 kg, which requires removal and disposal, that is, additional costs, when such an organization of production is possible, in which the shell will be concentrated and processed to isolate valuable biologically active substances, on the basis of which new domestic drugs of various therapeutic and preventive actions can be developed. The article presents the results of studies of the mineral composition, amino acids, and bioflavonoids in walnut shells. Three varieties of nuts of Kazakh selection were taken as the basis of the study as raw materials. According to the results of the analysis, in the future it is planned to develop a technology for obtaining an extract that will be used as a food additive in a soft drink, enriching it with the missing nutritional components.

Marketing analysis of the use of drugs containing retinoids in the treatment of acne

Acne is a common skin disease, which is accompanied by a significant skin and psychological burden. Today in Ukraine, significant attention is paid to the issue of acne treatment – scientists from leading scientific, medical (pharmaceutical) and cosmetic institutions are engaged in the search for the most optimal means for the acne treatment. Retinoids are a group of substances that deserves thorough study in terms of production and sustainable introduction of drugs to the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine.&#x0D; Therefore, the goal of our work was the marketing analysis of drugs for the treatment of acne with the content of retinoids as active substances.&#x0D; Determining the main trends of foreign manufacturers in the use of retinoids in medicinal products for the acne treatment will allow to predict approaches to the development of domestic effective medicine containing retinoids. During the analysis, methods of logical and meaningful formulation of the problem, office marketing research, content analysis of publications in scientific and practically oriented medical and pharmaceutical publications, comparative analysis, tabular and graphic means of visual presentation of the obtained data were used.&#x0D; The analysis of the range of drugs containing retinoids, presented on the domestic pharmaceutical market, was carried out according to the data of the State Register of Medicinal Products of Ukraine, the classification system of the ATC, and the State Formulary of Medicinal Products.&#x0D; According to the results of the work, it was determined that 13 trade names of medicinal products containing retinoids for the acne treatment are registered on the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine. It was determined that there are no registered medicinal products for the acne treatment containing retinoids of domestic production. In Ukraine medicines containing retinoids are represented by six countries. Among the dosage forms used for the acne treatment, solid dosage forms (hard and soft capsules) and soft dosage forms (gels, creams, lotions) should be distinguished. Today, the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine presents drugs of the I, III and IV generation of retinoids. Most of the drugs for the acne treatment containing retinoids registered in Ukraine are monocomponent. The lack of combinations of retinoids with active components widely used for the acne treatment is related to the technological aspects of the production of drugs with retinoids. The volume of sales of drugs with retinoids for the treatment of acne has been increasing in recent years, despite the high cost of products, which indicates the demand for the development of these drugs of domestic production. The obtained data will make it possible to develop approaches to the introduction into the production of domestic drugs for the treatment of acne containing retinoids.