The literature on trade and provides several examples in which factor augmentation or technical progress can reduce the welfare of an open economy. The most famous example of such growth is Bhagwati's (1958) demonstration that that expands the export industry can reduce welfare by causing the terms of trade to deteriorate. More recently, examples have been provided in which due to either factor expansion or technical progress in the presence of domestic distortions can be immiserizing even in a small, open economy. Johnson (1967), for example, shows that technical progress in the import-competing industry or of the factor used intensively in that industry can reduce welfare if the industry is protected by a tariff. Similarly, Bhagwati (1969) shows that the presence of factor market distortions also introduces the possibility of immiserizing growth. He concludes more generally that may be immiserizing in the presence of any of several types of distortions. While the possibility of immiserizing in the presence of distortions has been recognized, little has been said about conditions under which is necessarily non-beneficial or non-harmful. The present paper derives sufficient conditions for growth, in the form of either factor augmentation or technical progress, not to immiserize a small, open economy characterized by variable returns to scale (VRS), production and consumption taxes, tariffs and factor market distortions. Moreover, in each case we provide an explicit condition for the effect of on welfare when takes the form of an infinitesimal increase in a factor supply or improvement in technology.1 Our analysis departs from previous treatments of immiserizing by considering in an m -factor (n +1)-commodity context with non-traded goods rather than in the standard, two-factor, two-commodity model.2 This generalization allows us to consider, for example, the welfare effect of in the presence of tariffs when not all imports are affected in the same direction.3 We do, however, provide some additional results for the 2 x 2 case. Section I sets forth the general model that we use throughout our analysis. Here we show that, under constant returns to scale (CRS) in production and in the absence of commodity or factor market distortions, cannot immiserize a small, open economy. While this result is not entirely new, the proof provides a useful benchmark for our subsequent analysis. Section II introduces VRS in production and considers their implications for the effect of on welfare. A discussion of these results for the two-commodity, one-factor case follows in Section III. Here we examine the relationship between factor or technical progress and the composition of output. In Section IV we return to the mr-factor, (n +1)-commodity model to analyse the implications of taxes for the relationship between and welfare.