Domestic Dairy Industry Research Articles

Economic viability and market potential of combined intermediate moisture dairy products production in Kazakhstan

In recent years, the Republic of Kazakhstan has prioritized the enhancement of its domestic food production industry as a strategic economic initiative. This is driven by the dual goals of improving public health outcomes and stimulating economic growth. Dairy products, a staple in the Kazakh diet, have been identified as a key sector for development. However, the domestic dairy industry faces significant economic challenges. Firstly, the industry is in its nascent stages of recovery following a prolonged period of economic stagnation. Secondly, high-quality domestic dairy products are facing stiff market competition from inexpensive foreign imports, which often do not meet the necessary quality and nutritional standards. This has implications for both public health and the economic viability of domestic dairy producers. Thirdly, the country is at the initial stages of exploring combined technologies to produce dairy products enriched with herbal supplements, known as combined dairy products. This emerging sector represents a potential avenue for economic diversification and value addition within the dairy industry. The objective of the study outlined in the provided paper is multifaceted, encompassing economic, technological, and public health dimensions within the context of Kazakhstan’s domestic dairy industry. Specifically, the study aims to explore the economic potential and viability of producing combined cheeses with intermediate moisture content. To achieve this objective, we propose to examine the organoleptic and physico-chemical characteristics of such dairy products. By investigating these attributes, the study seeks to shed light on the implications of producing these combined cheeses for production costs, marketability, and potential profitability. This endeavor is situated within the broader strategic goal of enhancing Kazakhstan’s domestic food production industry, particularly focusing on dairy products, which are a staple in the Kazakh diet. The research is driven by dual imperatives: improving public health outcomes and stimulating economic growth. To gain empirical data and real market needs understanding, the authors conducted a poll of the residents of three major cities of Kazakhstan: the capital Astana, Almaty and Shymkent. The poll involved 1,000 residents of each of the named cities, which is approximately 0.5-1% of the population of such cities as of 2020. The poll was conducted over a one-month period among supermarket customers of different ages who choose dairy products – soft cheeses. Respondents were asked three questions, namely: In your opinion, is there a need in the Republic of Kazakhstan to produce a new dairy product, in particular soft cheese, with high vitamin content and low-fat content, based on organic fermented vegetables? What price would you be willing to pay for such a product? Should the new product be produced by national producers? The findings show that almost every resident of large cities of the Republic of Kazakhstan who buys soft cheese wants to see on the supermarket shelves more high-quality and useful national cheeses. The above study of consumer opinion on the need for high-quality soft cheese with vegetable additives suggests that in terms of production of new soft cheeses market can be called promising. The results of economic analysis example presented in our paper also support this conclusion.

Dairy industry of Ukraine in martial law

Introduction. At present, the dairy industry of Ukraine needs to solve extremely difficult tasks, the main of which is related to the need to ensure food security of the country in the extremely difficult conditions of hostilities on the territory of the state. Problem. The dairy industry of Ukraine with the beginning of the war and the temporary occupation of the territory suffered significant losses caused by the loss of part of production capacity, the impact of inflationary processes, disruption of logistics chains. The aim of the article is to determine the current state and prospects of development of the dairy industry of Ukraine. Methods. To achieve this goal, the following methods were used: analysis of scientific publications and statistics, analysis of the market situation and generalization of the results. Results. The problems of the domestic dairy industry that need to be solved are outlined, in particular, the need to develop the raw material base; introduction of new technologies that will allow in the martial law not to reduce the level of production efficiency; correction of marketing policy; support of the export potential of the industry and its financial and credit support. Recommendations for solving these problems and the development of the industry in today’s extremely difficult conditions are given. Conclusions. It is established that the domestic dairy industry, even in conditions of war, is able to actively develop, ensuring food security of the state.

Understanding and Approaching the Problem of the Korean Dairy Farming

Since the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the EU was signed in 2011, the domestic dairy market has become more open. As a result, imports of dairy products increased sharply and the domestic raw-milk self-sufficiency rate fell below 50%. Due to stagnating domestic demand for raw-milk caused by increasing imported dairy products, low birth rates, and environmental problems, the problem of oversupply of domestic raw-milk is emerging. The current price and quota system in domestic raw-milk market has many limitations in solving this supply and demand imbalance problem. In this study, this problem was approached from two aspects to solve the supply and demand imbalance facing the domestic dairy industry. As an approach to solving the problem, one is to look at the domestic dairy market from the perspective of supply and demand balance, and the other is to look at the asymmetric aspect of bargaining power due to the oligopolistic market structure. The approach to solving the problem has been summarized by improving supply and demand balance and competitiveness, compensating farmers income, and resolving asymmetry in bargaining power for various issues currently discussed.

Ефективність господарського механізму взаємодії учасників молочного ринку та функціонування молокопереробних підприємств

The purpose of the article is to carry out the complex analysis of efficiency of the economic mechanism of mutual relations between participants of the dairy market and indicators of functioning of the dairy processing enterprises with the substantiation of the directions of further increase. Research methods. In the process of research a number of methods were used: abstract-logical - to formulate conclusions; comparative analysis - to compare indicators of efficiency of milk processing enterprises and identify trends in their change; tabular - for a visual representation of the results of the study; coordinate matrix - in determining the total integrated indicator of the efficiency of the economic mechanism of dairy enterprises; settlement and constructive - to calculate indicators of economic efficiency, liquidity and solvency, financial stability and business activity of enterprises; monographic - when detailing current trends in the functioning of dairy enterprises; factor analysis - to determine the factors influencing the net financial result of enterprises. Research results. The modern transformation processes taking place in the market of milk and dairy products of Ukraine are studied, the scale of reduction of the general demand and supply is established. The current state of the raw material base of milk processing enterprises of Ukraine is studied (dynamics of milk purchase prices, quality monitoring, retrospective of milk purchases by dairies). The efficiency of the economic mechanism of functioning of milk processing enterprises of the group of companies "Dairy Alliance" was monitored. The elemental structuring of the analysis of efficiency of the economic mechanism of functioning of the milk processing enterprises is offered and tested. The total integrated indicator of the efficiency of the economic mechanism of milk processing enterprises is calculated on the basis of structuring the set of priority indicators of economic efficiency, liquidity and solvency, financial stability and business activity. The main directions of increasing the efficiency of milk processing enterprises are proposed. Scientific novelty. Methodological and practical aspects of a comprehensive study of the effectiveness of the economic mechanism of functioning of dairy processing enterprises of Ukraine and substantiation of directions for its improvement have been further developed. Practical significance. These approaches and the results of the study can be used by public and sectoral authorities in the organization of monitoring and development of priority measures to improve the efficiency of domestic dairy industry. Tabl.: 3. Figs.: 1. Refs.: 21.

Milk, Yogurt and Butter in Medieval East Asia: Dairy Products from China to Japan in Medicine and Buddhism

Dairy products have existed in China from at least the Han Dynasty onward. Later, under the influence of Buddhism, dairy items such as yogurt, butter and ghee were required for ritual purposes. The domestic dairy industry in medieval China is an understudied topic, but even more so is the use of dairy in contemporary Japan, where Chinese traditions of Buddhism were transplanted in full. The kanji describing various dairy products were also known in Japan, but we must ask whether these substances were available in Japan, and to what extent. Unlike luxury consumables such as aromatics and medicines, perishable foodstuffs were unlikely to have been transported from the mainland. This study will document and discuss the transmission of a dairy industry from China to Japan, with a focus on the role of these products in religious and medical contexts.

Consumer trust in the dairy value chain in China: The role of trustworthiness, the melamine scandal, and the media

This study provides a deep insight into Chinese consumer trust in the Chinese dairy value chain, as a lack of trust due to the 2008 melamine scandal has been widely recognized as a barrier to the development of the domestic dairy industry in China. Based on face-to-face interviews with 954 Chinese consumers in Beijing, Shanghai, and Shijiazhuang, this study measured consumer trust in farmers, manufacturers, retailers, the government, and third parties. Consumer trust was studied by measuring the effect of beliefs on the trustworthiness of actors (i.e., competence, benevolence, integrity, credibility, and openness), and current experiences regarding the melamine scandal and the media. The results showed that the level of trust in dairy chain actors varied. The government and third parties were relatively highly trusted, whereas retailers were considered less trustworthy. The importance of consumer beliefs about trustworthiness are different among actors. Consumer belief of competence determines trust in farmers and manufacturers. For retailers, the government, and third parties, respectively, benevolence, credibility, and openness are the most important factors. Trust in dairy chain actors is still strongly negatively affected by current experiences regarding the melamine scandal, even though it occurred more than 10 years ago. Using social media to directly provide more information and establish continuous daily communication with consumers could help manufacturers and third parties to strengthen consumer trust.

SAFETY OF PRODUCTS PRODUCED IN THE DAIRY INDUSTRY OF AZERBAIJAN, THE INTRODUCTION OF THE HACCP SYSTEM IN THEIR PRODUCTION, AND IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS

The introduction of HACCP standards presupposes the creation of organizational, resource, methodological and sociolocial conditions to ensure the quality of products in accordance with the recommendations and requirements of the standards. Milk safety has traditionally been considered a top priority for any economic system. The domestic dairy industry is no exception here as it is industry with a long history and a developed structure. Requirements for the quality of milk and the quality of dairy products are spelled out in various standards, milk is controlled by sanitary and veterinary services. Key words: dairy industry, safety, HACCP, control, identification

An Analysis of the Tax Incidence of VAT to Milk in Malawi

Dairy is a key investment sector for the Government of Malawi. On 1 October 2016, the Malawi Revenue Authority announced that milk, which until then had been exempted from value added tax (VAT), was going to be taxed at the standard rate of 16.5 percent. The measure has been met with strong opposition and thus, was short lived (eliminated in May 2017). The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of the effect that such a tax would have on its incidence, on the different stages of the supply chain, and ultimately on its economic and social sustainability. The paper investigates these implications by developing a multimarket model applied to the Malawian dairy supply chain. The results indicate that 24.3 percent of the VAT revenues would be borne by consumers and the remaining 75.7 percent would be borne by the domestic dairy industry (i.e., processors and smallholder farmers). This was due mainly to the value of the price elasticity of consumers’ demand for pasteurised milk. The results highlight the vulnerability of inclusive value chains to economic policies that may affect consumers’ demand.

COMPETITIVE POTENTIAL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF DAIRY ENTERPRISES

Introduction. Today there is an urgent need for the development of the domestic dairy industry, which is based on domestic enterprises that produce high quality products from domestic raw materials at affordable prices. Identifying and studying stable casual relationships between the use of competitive potential and the level of competitiveness of the enterprise should be considered one of the most promising and priority areas in modern economic research, the implementation of which will ensure sustainable economic development of the domestic economy. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the strategic directions of formation and development of the competitive potential of enterprises in the dairy industry in the context of ensuring their sustainable economic development. Results. The strategic directions of formation and development of competitive potential of the studied dairy enterprises on the basis of their configuration and reconfiguration, definition of the enterprise-type representative on each of four received clusters are defined that allowed to develop structure of configuration of competitive potential for each of four groups of enterprises. It is established that in the current period of economic development the most appropriate approach is to assess the formation of competitive potential based on a system of indicators to identify key sources of competitive potential in four areas: "finance"; "clients"; "internal business processes, including technological"; "personnel". Four clusters were obtained on the basis of low, below average, medium and high level of competitive potential development in the period 2015-2019. The practical implementation of strategic directions of formation and development of key skills in the studied enterprises within the selected clusters allowed to substantiate the logics of changing their abilities, which are significantly important for the formation of competitive potential. Key words: competitive potential, potential formation, strategies, cluster analysis, enterprises of dairy industry.

Spoiled milk: A Chinese mother’s struggle and the rebuilding of trust in state dairy enterprises

AbstractRecent research has highlighted the importance of cultivating the ethical climate of a firm with implications for ethical decision making and consumer confidence. However, there are important lessons still to be gleaned from firms responsible for generating ethical failures. Based on a case study of the Sanlu melamine milk powder scandal in China, this article analyzes the key factors that have affected consumer confidence in Sanlu and highlights main reasons for Chinese consumers’ continued distrust of state dairy enterprises. We explore the causes of business distrust in the Sanlu case from the perspective of Chinese product consumers. We further recommend solutions to repair a crisis of consumer confidence and trust in the domestic dairy industry by considering these stakeholders’ perspectives.

IMPACT OF MILK POWDER IMPORTS ON LOCAL MILK INDUSTRY AND CONSUMERS’ WELFARE IN SRI LANKA

This paper examines the economic effects of milk powder imports on domestic milk industry and consumers’ welfare. Domestic milk production fullfilled around 40 % of the demand in 2016. The generalized inverse demand system model was employed. The result shows that a 10% increase in milk powder imports increases consumers’ welfare by USD 20 million and fresh milk and local milk powder industry will suffer economic losses. Therefore, until domestic producers develop the capacity to compete with international competitors, government should provide subsidies, credit facilities and technical assistance to all dairy farmers, middlemen, milk collecting centers, dairy farmers associations and cooperatives involved in domestic dairy industry. Government should provide assistance and facilities to domestic fresh milk processors to promote fresh milk consumption by non-price competition strategy. Importers of milk products and local milk processors could use this finding to develop their business strategy. Keywords : Consumer welfare; Generalized Inverse Demand System Model; Import of Milk Powder JEL Classifications: Q11, Q17, Q18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.10213

Development of the dairy industry in the region

The article considers the modern situation of the dairy industry in Russia and its regions. The domestic dairy industry is one of the leading branches of agricultural products processing. It gives such an important product for human nutrition as milk. In recent years, this industry is in a situation of stagnation. The situation of the dairy industry can be judged as a whole about the situation of agriculture in the region. In the Siberian region, as well as in the whole country, there was a decrease in the number of cattle, and as a consequence there was a decrease in milk yield. Recently, despite new technologies and increased livestock productivity, milk production has not been sufficient to meet the needs of the population. The way out of this situation is proposed measures of state support in the dairy industry at the regional level.

New technological paradigm of the Russian dairy industry: formation principles under globalisation

The present research employed a convergent approach and cognitive methodology to define the upgrade options in the sphere of domestic dairy industry according to the principles of the 5th technological paradigm. The principles include biological nanomembrane cluster technologies with a complete production cycle. The paper offers a forecast for the 6th technological paradigm, which presupposes picotechnology for the production of milk derivatives, such as lactose hydrolysates, lactulose, microparticulate proteins, peptides, and amino acid pool. The principle makes it possible to return secondary dairy raw materials into the technological cycle. These significant resources include low-fat milk, buttermilk, and especially whey, which can be used to produce functional foods for various population groups, as well as new generation forage resources. From the point of view of logistics, the modern dairy industry should employ a digital and robot-aided non-waste production scheme. Thus, all dairy raw materials should be considered as natural clusters according to the nature-formed biotechnological system (BTS). These clusters are lipids (fats), nitrogencontaining substances (proteins), carbohydrates (lactose), minerals (salt), biologically active substances, and water. As an idealised model of agricultural raw material, milk is extremely complex. Its chemical composition includes more than 2000 constituents and 100000 molecular structures. In addition, dairy architectonics is also extremely complex: milk is suspension, emulsion, and solution, concurrently. Finally, milk possesses unusual physicochemical, osmophoric, structural-mechanical, bio-thermodynamic, and other characteristics. We conducted a long-term systematic analysis and developed a scheme that can help the domestic diary industry to adapt safely to the new technological paradigm. The scheme takes into account various factors, such as limited traditional dairy resources, Russia’s accession to the WTO, and the globalisation of the world dairy market. Our research team belongs to the leading federal scientific school ‘Living Systems’ (No.7510.2010.4) developed by the North Caucasus Federal University (Russia).

Consumer confidence and consumers' preferences for infant formulas in China

A series of safety incidents related to domestically-produced infant formulas (DIFs) almost destroyed Chinese consumer confidence in domestic dairy products. Understanding consumer confidence and its effect on consumption behavior is important to restore consumer confidence and enhance the competitiveness of domestic dairy industry. This article first measures Chinese consumer confidence in DIFs safety using a two-dimension scale (optimism and pessimism) and then investigates its effect on consumers' preferences for DIFs through a choice experiment. Involving 450 consumers residing in Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang, the experiment elicited information on their preferences for DIFs with six attributes (organic raw milk, farm-to-table traceability, region of origin, quality certification, animal welfare, and price). Our analysis yields four findings. First, Chinese consumers still lack confidence in DIFs safety. Second, quality certification is the most preferred product characteristic, followed by organic raw milk and farm-to-table traceability. Third, serving as a signal of high quality, price exerts a positive impact on choices of DIFs for pessimistic consumers. Finally, consumer preferences for farm-to-table traceability and region of origin are significantly influenced by consumer confidence.

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ АССОРТИМЕНТОМ ПРОДУКЦИИ ПИЩЕВЫХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ НА ОСНОВЕ ИННОВАЦИОННЫХ МЕХАНИЗМОВ

Статья посвящена вопросам управления ассортиментом пищевых предприятий с применением инновационных механизмов. В предположении, что эффекты глобализации в значительной степени обуславливают необходимость повышения конкурентоспособности отечественных предприятий авторы предлагают к использованию методы бенчмаркетинга, как эффективного инновационного механизма. Бенчмаркинг включает комплекс средств, позволяющих систематически выявлять, оценивать достоинства опыта конкурентов и организовывать их использование в деятельности компании. Авторами предложены инновационные механизмы управления ассортиментом на основе методов и инструментария бенчмаркетинга. Результаты проведенных исследований, подтвердили возможность практического использования разработанных рекомендаций для обоснования управленческих решений в условиях необходимости повышения конкурентоспособности отечественных предприятий молочной промышленности и улучшения качества жизни населения.

Competitive analysis of Vietnam dairy industry

Vietnam dairy industry has gained an impressive growth both in value an volume in the recent years. The domestic dairy market has advantageous conditions for development (e.g. the rapid increase in consumer demand, size of dairy enterprises or the expansion trend in cow breeding industry etc.). However, the domestic dairy industry are faced with multiple disadvantageous conditions that constrain the development potential (e.g. the irrational demand of consumers and inconsistency in management of authorities etc.) The author employs Porter’s diamond model to analyze 4 factors, including i) Factor conditions; ii) Related and supporting industries; iii) Demand conditions and; iv) Firm strategy, structure and rivalry. Results shows that the Vietnam dairy industry owns competitive advantages and potential for development. This research provides stakeholders with an overview of competitive advantages of the Vietnam dairy industry, thereby having suitable strategies.

China’s Dairy Import Industry: An Economic Analysis of Influencing Trade Factors

<p>One of the most dependable trends in a country’s transformation from an undeveloped, to developing, and to developed country is a growing demand for dairy products and milk. As China has undergone an unprecedented transformation over the last few decades since Deng Xiaoping’s Open Door Policy, China has followed this trend of an increasing demand for dairy products. As with other industries in mainland China, the domestic dairy industry is progressing at an incredibly fast rate. Yet at the same time when China is building its own industry to meet the growing demand, trade liberalization by joining the World Trade Organization has brought intense competition from foreign milk producers such as New Zealand, Australia, and the United States. This thesis examines the factors that influence various facets of the Chinese dairy industry, including import and export trade, consumer demand, and domestic and international competition. In addition to a deep background assessment of the Chinese dairy industry and market, a Constant Market Share econometric model is utilized to assess the varying levels of influence that different factors have on the industry by using three different time periods as a model of assessment for the whole industry.</p>

Consumer Perceptions upon Food Safety and Demographic Determinants in China : Empirical Analysis based on a Survey of 512 Respondents

With the fast development of science and technology in production and processing, food is being supplied with diversified taste, craft, nutrition, etc. Nevertheless, food safety is growing to be a global concern among consumers simultaneously, due to their asymmetric information on the processes, additives in the long industrial chain, and also influence of the flourishing public media. Consumers are demanding for the reinforced assurance of food safety, and even one isolated event may cause major market disruptions (Tonsor et al., 2009). In addition to the endeavors by governmental agencies and enterprises, food safety, especially from the perspective of promoting consumers’ confidence, has received considerable attention of scholars, including Knight et al. (2009), Jonge et al. (2010), Tonsor (2011), Lee et al. (2012), Yeung and Yee (2012), etc. Being the largest developing country, China has surpassed the US to become the world's largest food and grocery retail market by the end of 2011, according to the new research revealed by the international food and grocery expert IGD (Askew, 2012). At the same time, frequent outbreak of food safety scandals has undermined consumers’ confidence and resulted in huge losses to food industry. Thus scholars are imposed with the indispensible obligation to study consumer perceptions and determinants upon food safety. In latest years, especially after the melamine milk powder incident occurred in September of 2008 (for more details, refer to Qiao et al., 2012), many scholars have conducted empirical studies on food safety, on the basis of consumer survey. In general, the study topics include: (1) consumers’ overall perceptions on food safety. Wang et al. (2009) and Xu and Wu (2010) examine consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for the safe fishery products, certified & traceable food, respectively. Qiao et al. (2010) study the changes of consumers’ confidence on domestic dairy industry after melamine milk powder incident, while Zhang, X. et al. (2010) divide the sampled consumers into four groups, in respect to their perceptions and attitudes to GM food. (2) Consumers’ behaviors on choosing safe food. Zhang, C. et al. (2010) examine consumers’ identification of safe dairy products; Ortega et al. (2011) measure the heterogeneity in consumers’ preferences for selecting safe pork; Kim (2009) conducts factor analysis on consumers’ purchase of GM food. (3) Integrated study of perceptions and behaviors towards food safety. Han et al. (2012) compare the consistency of consumers’ stated and revealed preferences to certified pork. Although the existing studies have covered many essential aspects and provided instructive recommendations, there are still a variety of topics need to be researched with further depth. For instance, (1) consumers’ overall awareness towards the situation of food Consumer Perceptions upon Food Safety and Demographic Determinants in China: Empirical Analysis based on a Survey of 512 Respondents

Melamine in Chinese milk products and consumer confidence

Chinese consumers were shocked to learn in September 2008 that melamine, a chemical used in plastics, had been found in domestic dairy products and many people, especially young children, were experiencing adverse health impacts including death. A survey of consumers in four districts of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, near where the two largest dairy companies in China are located, was conducted in November 2008. Findings reveal that consumption of fluid milk, yogurt, milk powder and ice cream, and perceptions of the safety of these products, which had plummeted in the days following the contamination announcement, had recovered strongly by the time of the survey. High proportions of respondents expressed high or moderate levels of confidence in the domestic dairy industry and generally were satisfied with corrective and remedial actions taken by the two large Hohhot-based companies, though there was less satisfaction for actions taken by companies located in other parts of the country.

A review of the nutritional value of lupins for dairy cows

Australia is the world’s leading source of lupin grain, producing ~1 million tonnes annually, of which 30% is used by the domestic livestock industry and the rest is exported for use in animal diets, including dairy cows. The domestic dairy industry uses ~70 000 tonnes annually, mainly as a supplementary feed source in pasture-based systems. Although much published information exists on the nutritive value of lupins for dairy cows, it tends to be fragmented and, in some important instances, exists only in the form of reports or publications outside the mainstream scientific journals. This paper aims to present a critical assessment of the current knowledge regarding the nutritional value of lupins as a feed for dairy cows, and offers recommendations for future research. For cows grazing pasture or fed diets based on conserved pasture or cereal hay, the mean fractional response to lupin feeding was 0.53 kg milk/kg DM lupins, with a range of 0–0.97 kg/kg. The mean fractional forage substitution rate was 0.54 kg DM/kg lupins, and this appeared to be independent of the type of basal forage. In experiments using cows fed iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic total mixed rations, substituting oilseed protein such as soybean meal with cracked lupin grain had no significant effects on yield of milk, fat, and protein, but it reduced milk protein concentration and had mixed effects on fat concentration. There were no significant differences in milk yield or in fat or protein concentration when lupins were substituted for other pulse grains such as faba beans or peas. Treatment of lupin grain with heat or formaldehyde reduced lupin protein degradability in the rumen, but was not shown to have consistent benefits over untreated lupins in terms of increased milk yield. Substitution of cereal grains with an equivalent weight of lupins in dairy concentrate rations generally resulted in increased yield of milk, fat, and protein, and a higher fat concentration. The higher yield responses in most cases could be explained on the basis of the higher metabolisable energy content of lupins compared with cereal grains, although the contribution from a potentially lower incidence of rumen lactic acidosis could not be discounted. Feeding Lupinus albus lupins to cows significantly increased the concentration of C18 : 1 in milk and reduced that of C12 : 0–C16 : 0, thus shifting the fatty acid profile of milk towards national dietary guidelines for improved cardiovascular health in human populations. Although the review lists some recommendations for improving the nutritive value of lupins, current commercially available cultivars possess characteristics that make them attractive as a feedstuff for dairy cows.