Domestic Conflict Research Articles

Relationship between international tourism and concentrations of PM 2.5: an ecological study based on WHO data.

Tourism is regarded as a major global industry. Given the importance of identifying factors affecting the tourism industry and attracting international tourists, the present ecological study explored the impact of environmental pollution on the number of international tourists arrival using concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter 2.5μm or less in size) in a multivariate framework under the context of 190 countries. Using panel data from 190 countries, the author explored the data on the number of international tourists arriving in countries in 2017 extracted from the World Bank (WB) website, and obtained the information about the concentrations of PM2.5 from the World Health Organization (WHO) website. Pearson's correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis were used to examine the correlation of the number of tourists with the variables of daily concentrations of PM2.5, societal safety, international conflict, and the relationship of tourist arrival with the studied variables, respectively. The number of countries with low, moderate, and high concentrations of PM2.5 in urban areas was 33, 116, and 41, respectively. This numbers for rural areas was 47, 102, and 42 countries, respectively. The mean concentrations of PM2.5 in the surveyed countries was 23.90 ± 15.81 and 25.69 ± 16.76 for rural and urban areas, respectively. The estimation results revealed that there was a significant correlation between the number of tourists with the concentrations of PM2.5 in the rural areas (p = 0.01). There was also a significant relationship between the human development index (HDI) and the concentration of PM2.5. A significant relationship was observed in the results of univariate linear regression analysis between tourist arrival with rural concentrations of PM2.5 (p = 0.02) and societal safety (p = 0.003). After adjusting the effect of societal safety variables, domestic and international conflict, the relationship between tourist arrivals and concentrations of PM2.5 in rural area remained significant (p = 0.02). The results imply that by reducing the concentration of PM2.5 the positive attitude of tourists for traveling to countries with healthy air can be earned.

"A woman's life is tension": A gendered analysis of women's distress in poor urban India.

The mental health of women living in poverty is a growing public health concern, particularly in India where the burden of illness is compounded by critical shortages in mental health providers and fragmented services. This was an exploratory study which sought to examine low-income women’s perceptions of mental illness and its management in the context of urban poverty in India. This research was prompted by the lack of empirical studies documenting how women in marginalized sections of society understand mental illness. Data were collected through a combination of 10 focus group discussions and two individual interviews with a total of 63 women residing in low-income areas of Mumbai. Social representations theory was used to explore shared meanings of mental illness among women in this setting. Thematic analysis of the data showed that women use the expression “tension” to talk about mental illness. Tension was described both as an ordinary part of life and a condition having its origins in more profound gender-related stressors, particularly pressures surrounding motherhood, chronic poverty and domestic conflict. Approaches to managing tension were pluralistic and focused on the resumption of social roles. Findings are consistent with other studies in similar cultural contexts, suggesting a shared, transnational character to women’s distress and the need for scholarship on women’s mental health in low-income settings to be more attuned to gendered forms of marginalization.

ANALISIS PENGARUH PERANG, KEMISKINAN DAN DISKRIMINASI TERHADAP PEREMPUAN DAN ANAK DALAM KONTEKS PERDAGANGAN MANUSIA

This study aims to describe the unhappiness of being women and children since human trafficking crimes dissapear their lives that driven by war, poverty and discrimination. There are various casualities that trigger human trafficking and the involvement of trafficker in this humanity crime. This study reviews various literatures since library research is the method of this research. This research analyzes the concept of war, poverty, and domestic conflict. Women and children become vulnerable target to be smuggled illegally to destination countries. Many of them finally end up in torture, violance and sexual exploitation. They have to keep working with minimum salary just for paying transportation cost. For smugglers, these vulnerable people are potential target to get money from selling them to other person or group. The smugglers lied to them about the truly motives and for the victims, the cost and exploitation are the consequences to reveal all their the horrible conditions. This research shows that how women and children start their sad journey since devastated and insecure in the neighbourhood because of war, domestic conflict and never ending poverty

Characteristics of homicide-suicide offenders: A systematic review

Abstract Homicide-suicides (HS), the murder of one or several individuals followed by the perpetrator's suicide, are a major public health problem. Despite an abundant literature on predictors of this complex phenomenon, findings have been contradictory. Our aim in this systematic review was to examine the characteristics of HS perpetrators and more globally the risk factors associated with HS. We searched six electronic databases from inception to October 1993 to August 2019 and identified 49 eligible studies. We extracted eight categories of risk factors, structured as follows: sociodemographic characteristics; relationship dynamics and family situation; victimological factors; psychopathological vulnerabilities; legal history; life experiences; motivational factors; and modus operandi. Perpetrators of homicide-suicides were older and more likely to be male, older than homicide or suicide perpetrators. Studies also reveal an early history of adversity during childhood, legal issues in the past, as well as the exposure to stressful and/or traumatic events shortly before the criminal act as risk factors. Most of HS are perpetrated in an intra-familial setting and occur in the context of recent separation, divorce, and domestic conflicts. Finally, the present review shows the significant contribution of psychopathological factors (e.g., depressive disorder, psychotic delusional convictions) in the HS phenomenon.

Community-Based Interventions for Vulnerable Women: a Case of Bangladesh Legal Aid and Services Trust

This paper is based on a qualitative case study of the victimized women seeking help from a local office of the Bangladesh Legal Aid and Services Trust in Sylhet, Bangladesh. It attempts to unveil the reasons behind seeking help from this agency, its intervention strategies, and the actual outcome. Ten cases were studied through interviews with service recipients and agency personnel and analysis of case records. The Bangladesh Legal Aid and Services Trust tries to solve the problem of domestic violence or family conflicts through mediation meetings involving community leaders and relatives of complainants and defendants, negotiation, discussion, and counseling. If it fails, the agency then helps a victim lodge a case in the court. Most of the service seekers are satisfied with its interventions. A strong community involvement makes it easier to reach a consensus. Conversely, some cases could not be resolved due to the noncooperation of husbands, relatives, and community leaders. The findings can be helpful for policy makers in devising community-based interventions to address domestic violence and family disorganization.

Is Religion a Barrier to Peace? Religious Influence on Violent Intrastate Conflict Termination

ABSTRACT In recent years, a burgeoning literature has emerged on the relationship between religion and conflict. Contradictory theories address the dynamics and termination of religious violent conflicts. Some studies focus on the destructive role of religion, arguing that religious conflicts are longer, more violent, and intractable. Others argue that religion has an ambivalent role, both destructive and constructive, and recognize religion as a force for peacebuilding. This study focuses on the relationship between religion and conflict termination by examining termination outcomes, based on the length and the level of violence, as well as incidents of reoccurrence. The study quantitatively examines 118 domestic conflicts between 1990 and 2014, utilizing the Political Instability Task Force and Religion and State datasets. The findings suggest that religious conflicts are likely to last longer than non-religious ones. However, the study reveals that religion has no strong significant influence on conflict termination as well as on the reoccurrence of conflicts and the violence level.

A Qualitative Study of Women's Lived Experiences of Conflict and Domestic Violence in Afghanistan.

This article empirically explores women’s lived experiences of domestic violence and conflict in Afghanistan. A thematic analysis of 20 semistructured interviews with women living in safe houses produced three main themes about the relationship between conflict and domestic violence: (a) violence from loss of patriarchal support, (b) violence from the drug trade as an economic driver, and (c) violence from conflict-related poverty. We discuss the bidirectional nature of this relationship: Not only does conflict contribute to domestic violence, but domestic violence contributes to conflict through justifying armed intervention, separating women from economic and public life, and perpetuating patriarchy.

Analisis Hukum Humaniter Internasional Terhadap Pola Rekrutmen Tentara Anak Dalam Konflik Sipil Bersenjata

The changes of issues in international security from the war to domestic conflict resulting in the emergence of armed groups that aim to change the political system and government of a country. Guerrilla armed groups recruit children as child soldiers to fight the government regime. This paper uses the concept of humanitarian law with a descriptive qualitative research approach (literature study) which describes the research problem empirically. The results of the study explained that the recruitment of child soldiers in armed conflicts violated humanitarian law which emphasized that in an armed conflict women and children must be protected. The recruitment model for child soldiers is carried out using drugs (narcotics), doctrine of revenge against family deaths, recruiting girls as sexual slaves and training children to be ready to fight. This child soldier was used as an active militant army, bait, spy and weapons courier and bombs in armed conflict.

Do Economic Inequalities Generate Political Conflict? An Insight into Civil War and Niger Delta Crisis in Nigeria

The outbreak of political conflicts within countries has been a source of immense human suffering. The serious repercussions and challenges posed by these conflicts direct one to identify the factors that can be political or economic in nature for the outbreak of these domestic conflicts. The present study, without undermining the role of political factors, nevertheless considers economic factors in terms of inequality as significant for the outbreak of conflicts and particularly in understanding the Civil War and Niger Delta Crisis in the context of countries like Nigeria.

One-Eyed State: The Politics of Legibility and Property Taxation

ABSTRACTTheories of the rise of the modern state hold that central rulers make land property “legible” to extract revenue, leading landholders to oppose state registration. This study revises this logic and argues that when land ownership is disputed, landholders use inscription into state records to secure legal property rights. To minimize resulting tax liabilities, propertied interests may exploit opportunities to manipulate land valuations, which determine the tax burden. The argument is substantiated using historical tax and cadastral records from Colombia. Difference-in-differences analyses of two critical attempts at land reform, led by the Liberal Party, show that land property registration spiked disproportionately in threatened Conservative municipalities, where tax revenues lagged behind nonetheless, due to systematic undervaluation of property. The study concludes that landholders’ selective subversion of state building may disrupt the assumed link between legibility and taxation and spawn territorially uneven patterns of state capacity that mirror domestic conflict lines.

Migrants during Halftime: the framing of Hungarian political news during the FIFA World Cup

ABSTRACT This study examines the one-minute news blocks aired during the 2018 FIFA World Cup games on Hungarian public television. The analysed short segments were used to direct viewer attention to a narrow range of migration-related news items and implemented reporting on the refugees as a framing device for domestic and international political conflicts. The topics provided a context for world events that overwhelmingly benefited the government’s narrative on the situation. This effect was achieved by a synergy of episodic and thematic frames that were used to explain the behaviour of political actors, substantially simplifying them to pro- and anti-immigration parties.

Developing the Art of Secret Writing across Borders: The Journey of Marie de Guise’s Ciphers between France and Scotland

This article looks at Marie de Guise’s part in the development of ciphered writing in Scotland. Based on six surviving enciphered dispatches between the Regent of Scotland and the French ambassadors between 1553 and 1560, it analyses Guise’s increasing reliance on secret writing in periods of war or domestic conflict as well as the encoding technique she or her secretaries used. This cryptoanalysis leads to a discussion of Guise’s political use of ciphers and her attempt to prevent French skills in the field to be shared with the Scots. Finally it discusses the information game, involving three players – France, Scotland and England – in which the Regent took part during the Reformation rebellion and which contributed to her fall. Guise’s ciphered letters as well as the matching code tables are also transcribed here to illustrate the contribution of continental consorts to this aspect of early modern diplomatic culture.

Peran Dewan Adat Suku Sentani untuk Penyelesaian Konflik Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga

This article aims to describe and analyze the role of the Sentani Ethnic Council in the resolution of domestic violence experienced by Sentani women. Sentani society acknowledges that Sentani Tribal Council established in has several functions in political, economic, legal, security, and religious affairs. This study focused on the Sentani Tribal Council as a legal institution in solving domestic violence against Sentani women. The research problem is what factors encourage Sentani women to choose to resolve domestic conflicts through Sentani Tribal Council. This is a qualitative research that employed in-depth interview techniques and observation in the Sentani Ethnic Council courts. Interviews were carried out to victims of domestic violence, head of tribal council, and community leaders, domestic violence doer, and Sentani people. Sentani women who were victims of domestic violence went to the Sentani Ethnic Council to solve their problems due to several reasons, namely peaceful court, customary fine, and avoiding shame. There is a change in the customary fine from certain goods to rupiah currency. Although Sentani women obtained conflict resolution in the Sentani Ethnic Council, it did not provide justice yet. There are different views on domestic violence in Sentani. Some parties local government, church, tribal council, women, and victim perceived that domestic violence is violating human rights, therefore, must be sentenced. While the doers and young men in Sentani perceived that violence against women is common in their culture. From an anthropological perspective, domestic violence in Sentani is a debate between culture and rights in the context of cultural relativism.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN CRISES RAVAGED AREAS: A STUDY ON THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF HUMANITARIAN SUPPORT BY NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS IN MAIDUGURI, NIGERIA

The insurgent group known as Boko Haram have carried out targeted assassinations, shootings and bombings, which led to deaths, destructions and displacements of Millions in north-eastern Nigeria. These crippled the region’s economic, cultural and social status, which attracted various forms of humanitarian supports from philanthropists, governments and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). It is against this backdrop that this paper examines the adverse effects of humanitarian supports by NGOs on socioeconomic development in Maiduguri, Nigeria. The study adopted qualitative approach using FGD in generating data from beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of humanitarian support in selected communities of Maiduguri. The study revealed government reluctances and over-reliance of people on the support provided by the NGOs. The standard of living has ascended because of the operations of NGOs. Supports provided by NGOs have further distorted the community’s social cohesion as it created various forms of domestic violence and conflict between displaced persons and host communities. In addition, it has increased social vice such as sexual exploitation and abuse in an effort to get provisions/employment. There are further continuous accusations that NGOs are supporting Boko Haram group with food and logistics. The study concluded that the operations of NGOs would contribute in prolonging the physical and social insecurity in crises ravaged areas if not adequately regulated/monitored. Thus, recommended that NGOs do more capacity building programmes than emergency relief supports. Governments should regulate the operations of NGOs by introducing strict policies that will force them to be transparent and accountable, and operate in line with counter-insurgency strategies.

Historical background and key elements of crime accordingly to International Convention for the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance

Today, the act of enforced disappearance is represented as the most serious violations of people's rights. Enforced disappearances are particularly common in countries where domestic conflicts occur. With the essential objective of stopping and preventing the practice of international and national enforced disappearances, most countries since the 1950s had begun to discuss international and regional tools for such interference. The crucial measure to prevent enforced disappearance was to sign the Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance at the international level, which represented and established an absolute right of person not to be subjected to violent disappearance. This article will describe the main ideas of the 2006 Convention together with the key description of the crime, will analyze some problems of practical application of the Convention, and last, but not least, will discuss the prospects for the implementation of the 2006 Convention. To achieve this purpose, were used: Dialectical, historical, formal, logical, deductive, statistical, hermeneutical, comparative and logical-legal methods.

A Possible Road Map for European Comprehensive Collective Security

The current international order is in transition, driven by the interplay of its main actors: Washington, Moscow, Beijing, and less significantly, the European Union. Other emerging powers are also challenging the present arrangement and if successful, they will eventually create a multipolar global order. The transient international order is currently characterised by chronic instability, regional and global turmoil, and a dramatic decline in its ease of governance. The two decades of the new millennium saw fundamental changes in the power constellation of international actors. Those changes affected Europe and will further determine opportunities to establish a peace and security order for the whole of Europe. The central question is whether the emerging multipolar order can provide security and welfare for the inter- national community. Or, will we see policies based on protracted narrow definitions of national interests, undermining opportunities for trust and confidence-building among the driving forces of the transformation process? Are we bound to reawaken memories of the bipolar, Cold War era, with its proxy wars that instrumentalised domestic and regional conflicts for external purposes?

СОЦІАЛЬНО-ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ КОНФЛІКТИ У КОЛЕКТИВІ

У статті розкривається сутність, структура соціально-психологічного конфлікту як специфічного конфлікту а також виявляється найбільш значущі соціально-психологічні методи попередження та вирішення конфліктів. Суть дослідження у тому, що соціально-психологічні конфлікти відіграють важливу роль у процесі ставлення особистості, адже потрібно правильно виходити з конфліктних ситуацій шляхом вирішення конфліктів у колективі. Якщо спробувати оцінити соціально-побутовий конфлікт то можна сказати, що він ніколи не буває виключно позитивним чи негативним, адже конфлікт це є позитивним моментом соціального та психологічного розвитку особистості, саме тому дана стаття є важливою в процесі ставлення, розвитку особистості у колективі. Важливо зрозуміти, що соціально-психологічний конфлікт перш за все обумовлений у першу чергу соціальними детермінантами. Виходячи з цього, можна виділити з одного боку присутність вторинних соціально-психологічних аспектів, а з іншого наявністькласу конфліктів, які створюються соціально-психологічними факторами. На основі аналізу зроблено висновки, щодо виникнення соціально-психологічних конфліктів у колективах. Основна задача статті це визначення прояви соціально-психологічного конфлікту у колективі та способи його вирішення. Визначити основні стилі вирішення конфлікту, стратегії вирішення конфлікту, та прояви соціально-психологічного конфлікту у військових підрозділах. Актуальність теми полягає у тому, що уявлення про соціально-психологічні конфлікти періодично змінюються.

Exploring the Duration of Police–Citizen Encounters

Abstract Modern policing policy and practices emphasize the philosophy of community-oriented policing and the principles of procedural justice to improve police–community relations. Using this theoretical framework, this study examines the duration of police–citizen encounters involving domestic and non-domestic conflicts. A sample of 262 encounters from the systematic social observations in Cincinnati was analysed. The multivariate models show that officers spent less time interacting with the citizens in the lower social class and spent more time on the encounters involving assaults. Community policing specialists spent more time interacting with citizens. Considering citizens’ voice is also associated with longer duration. Policy implications of these findings are discussed.

Breaking the Balance? The Impact of Peacekeeping Deployments on Civil–Military Relations

ABSTRACTSince the 1990s, the face of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping has changed drastically, with personnel contributions now coming predominantly from developing countries. Some of the most fragile states worldwide, marked by limited state capacity and domestic conflict, have been deploying their security forces in UN peacekeeping missions. Drawing on the literature on civil–military relations, this article examines the impact that such deployments have on the domestic politics of troop contributing countries (TCCs). Using a detailed case study of Nepal’s deployment of peacekeepers, this article makes the following argument: the UN has not prioritized making peacekeeping deployments conditional on respect for civilian supremacy by the security forces of TCCs. Yet, deploying peacekeepers may bring significant institutional, political and financial benefits to security forces, most notably the military, which directly and indirectly impacts the civil–military relations in TCCs.

The Social Self of Child Refugee through Cinema: A Sociological – Educational Approach

This paper is concerned with contemporary cinema films about refugees in an attempt to highlight their social self through redefined identities. The refugee issue is a crucial one to the global community. Political structures are tested by population mobility, while the democratic system is also challenged. The interpretation of discourse determinant to refugee social self is supported through studying cinema films. Focus is placed on screenplay, image and expression of feelings by the actors.
 Five films portraying child refugees’ life trajectories are utilized to highlight the reconstruction of their social selves, while struggling for survival and violently being introduced to early adulthood. Cultural issues are correlated with social meanings and interpretative discourse patterns based on the way they are illustrated in the films. The film itself becomes discourse expressing the reality through correlating meanings constructed within the social, political and cultural setting. The unfolding of films, as interpretative patterns, includes knowledge that is the meanings of everyday life conducive to shaping emotions, attitudes and behaviours. The combination between the film narrative and social web forms the basis on which the political discourse pattern is approached, while the meaning emanates from the co-articulated domineering and conflicting discourses.
 Following the massive population transfer to Europe, due to wars, domestic conflicts, political reversals and climate change, this time period forms the breeding ground to study refugee-related film theoretical discourse. This analysis will contribute to self-reflection through studying the hidden aspects of refugee life. Everyday refugee-related political discourses highlight the effects on the economic system and political structures, while the dimension of the citizen – refugee is concealed. Thus, the refugee, as individual and social subject, is invisible, excluded and marginalized. Films on refugees are conducive to increasing the different ways of viewing their lives in modern societies. At the same time, the education system is challenged to integrate child refugees through meaningful educational practices.