Domestic Conflict Research Articles

ظاهرة العنف الأسري وأثرها على تدهور التماسك الاجتماعي (دراسة وصفية في ضوء مبادئ الإسلام والقانون الباكستاني الحالي) The Phenomenon of Domestic Violence & Its Impact on the Deterioration of Social Cohesion (A Descriptive Study in the Light of the Principles of Islam & the Current Law of Pakistan)

It is an incontestable fact that Islam emphasizes the importance of family integration and forbids entire acts that harm the significant integration of the family. Domestic violence is considered one of the harmful acts which affect on family environment in a deteriorating manner, it creates domestic conflicts which lead to the break-up of families. On the other hand, many efforts are being made for enacting laws and legislation in various countries. As for the efforts of Pakistan are concerned, many severe and extensive steps, initiatives and measures are being taken at the government level against the heinous and dreadful crime of domestic violence. This study explains the concept of domestic violence, and its types by focusing on the motives existing behind the exercise of domestic violence. This study also investigates the effects of domestic violence on family and community as it creates many physical and emotional problems like depression, anxiety, low self-esteem and phobia etc. It highlights Islam's teachings which contribute to finding solutions for protecting families from destruction and disintegration. Additionally, this study identifies to what extent extensive steps and wide-ranging measures are being taken against domestic violence which is exercised at different levels in various countries. A descriptive study has been carried out from the perspective of Islamic principles derived from the teachings of Islam and the current laws of Pakistan to prevent the people from domestic violence which is considered one of the heinous crimes prevailing in human society. This study ends with some findings and recommendations to get rid of the phenomenon of domestic violence to prevent families from destruction and disintegration by making efforts for creating social cohesion in human society.

Analisis Hukum Islam Terhadap Pelaksanaan Mediasi Perkara Perceraian di Pengadilan Agama Gedong Tataan dan Pengadilan Agama Pringsewu Lampung

Mediation in Islam is known as Islâh and hakam. When a dispute or dispute occurs, the disputing parties make peace efforts by appointing a judge. In the case of divorce, the function and efforts to reconcile are the obligations of the judge as a mediator which must be carried out based on Supreme Court Regulation no. 01 of 2016 concerning Mediation Procedures in Courts. Therefore, peace efforts are sought through mediation in the Religious Courts so that couples who want to divorce cancel their intentions and reconcile. However, the reality is that the success rate of mediation in divorce cases is still relatively low. This is evidenced by the number of cases that end in the trial process, compared to the success of the Mediation process. The purpose of this study was to analyze the implementation of divorce case mediation based on Perma No. 1 of 2016. As well as analyzing Islamic law on the implementation of mediation in divorce cases at the Gedong Tataan Religious Court and the Pringsewu Religious Court. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with theological, juridical normative and sociological approaches, with the object of research being the Gedong Tataan Religious Court and the Pringsewu Religious Court in Lampung. The primary data in this study were obtained from interviews with the Mediator Judge. The secondary data used is the report on the success and failure of the mediation implementation recorded in the final report and the Case Investigation Information System (SIPP). The results obtained from the research that the implementation of mediation at the Gedong Tataan and Pringsewu Religious Courts, based on PERMA No. 1 of 2016, but the implementation of mediation cannot be said to be optimal or not effective, because the success of mediating divorce cases is still relatively low. Mediation or Islah in resolving domestic conflicts actually contains benefits, namely maintaining the objectives of Islamic law (maqasid al-syariah), namely maintaining religion, soul, mind, lineage, and property. Maqashid sharia in mediation is hifd al-nasl (keeping offspring)

MEDIATOR OF BHABINKAMTIBMAS MULYOSARI VILLAGE, WEST METRO SUBDISTRICT, METRO CITY IN RESOLVING HOUSEHOLD PROBLEMS

This article analyzes the role of Bhabinkamtibmas in making problem solving efforts by prioritizing mediation. The purpose of writing this article is the problem solving techniques of the Habibinkamtibmas in mediating married couples who experience domestic conflicts. In addition, to reveal the obstacles faced when mediating, because when making efforts to assist there are challenges from the parties that are difficult to make peace. This type of research is fielresearch, which is a type of field research, conducted in Mulyosari Village, West Metro Subdistrict, Metro City. The fielresearch was analyzed qualitatively. This research approach was analyzed using a case study approach. The result of the research is the problem solving of the Habibinkamtibmas in mediating domestic problems taken by Aibda Ali Iqbal by taking several steps, namely dissecting the siting of the case that occurred then making observations and then implementing the best solution for the parties, the result of mediation is that both parties take the peaceful path. Meanwhile, the obstacle in conducting mediation is the unanimous determination of the married couple to divorce. In addition, the litigants feel reluctant to reconcile, due to the trauma factor of the events that occurred in their household. If peaceful efforts reach a dead end, then Bhabinkamtibmas' efforts are to take repressive measures both criminally and civilly.Keywords: Problem Solving, Bhabinkamtibmas, Media, Household Problems

Undefeated: John Wayne’s Confederate-Yankee Adventure in Mexico and the Rise of Populist-Conservatism, 1860s/1960s

Undefeated: John Wayne’s Confederate-Yankee Adventure in Mexico and the Rise of Populist-Conservatism, 1860s/1960s Marco A. Macias and Daniel Robert McClure In November 1969, 20th Century Fox released a now largely forgotten Western film, The Undefeated (1969). Starring John Wayne and Rock Hudson, the story traces the exploits of ex-Union and ex-Confederate soldiers who make their way to Mexico in the late-1860s, struggling against Mexican bandits and various factions of the Second French Intervention. Upon the resolution of the movie’s conflict, the concluding scene unfolds as wagons and people on horses slowly make their way back to the United States. Characters exchanging light comedic banter presents the mood as uplifting, while the reprisal of two songs heard earlier in the film unfolds through the harmonica playing of the character, Soloman Webster (who rides just behind Wayne’s character, Colonel Thomas): Ex-Union Soloman Webster: [starts playing “Dixie” on his harmonica] Ex-Union Colonel John Henry Thomas [Wayne]: Soloman, can’t you play any other tune?! Ex-Union Soloman Webster: Sure, boss! [begins to play “Battle Hymn of the Republic”] Ex-Confederate Judd Mailer: That neither, Yank! Ex-Union Soloman Webster: [begins to play “Yankee Doodle”] As Soloman Webster plays “Yankee Doodle,” the camera cuts to the pleasant facial expressions of both ex-Union and ex-Confederate soldiers, as the choice of tune appears to satisfy everyone. Representing the nation’s founding, the selection of “Yankee Doodle” is highly symbolic for both the eras: the late 1860s (the film’s setting) and the late 1960s (the film’s production). Deep cultural echoes connect these two eras, as multiple historical shadows haunted the use of “Yankee Doodle” in The Undefeated. Within the film world of the 1860s, the Northern and Southern whites in The Undefeated— who at first despise one another—find solidarity through conflict against Mexicans in the wake of the Civil War. Within the film production world of the 1960s, the song offered white viewers a similar form of unification: the reaffirmation of Cold War patriotism in the wake of the turbulent decade of civil rights activism, racial upheavals in the North and South, and the domestic conflict over the Vietnam War. Indeed, the voices of Nixon’s silent majority echoed the sentiment of the representation of North-South conflict 100 years before, with solidarity in both eras rebuilt upon structures of racial conflict associated with settler colonialism and slavery. The Undefeated’s set of dual realities—the late-1860s and the late 1960s—presents the film as an exceptional study of conservative popular culture in the United States. In spite of the hard-won struggle for equal rights against centuries of white intransigence to social equality with people of color, the combination of a patriotic John Wayne film—with Twentieth-Century Fox giving Wayne “complete control of the film”—and the “Yankee Doodle” ending induced a heartfelt patriotism momentarily displacing the complicated reality facing white America at the dawn of the 1970s: the loss of the white nationalist monopoly on economic and political structures of American society in the wake of 1960s social equality legislation.1 In this sense, The Undefeated offers an interesting exploration of “historical projections” or the “possession of history,” where reflections of an ideal past find life in the politics of the present, with the politics of the present drawing its legitimacy from [End Page 32] this idealized past.2 Through a conflict against white America’s racial enemies, The Undefeated mobilized historical projections to rehabilitate the innocence of whiteness under siege in both the memory of the 1860s—after centuries of slavery—and the legislated end to a century of white nationalist Jim Crow policies in the 1960s. Click for larger view View full resolution This paper examines the various ways history circulated through The Undefeated as a reflection of borderland history in the 1860s, as well as how the film reflected a present filtered through images of the past. Weaving the narrative between filmed representations and the historical record, this paper [End Page 33] offers a genealogical breakdown of information flows and the way the movie both possessed a familiar American past while discarding some...

Z세대 통일의식에 영향을 미치는 요인 연구

This study empirically examined the factors that affect the Z generation's consciousness about the unification of North and South Korea. The method and process of unification, and whether or not to reunify, vary depending on how members perceive about the unification, and what values and attitudes they have towards on the reunification of North and South Korea. As a result of the analysis, the necessity of unification was recognized in the following order: economic benefits through unification, pursuit of diplomatic and security benefits, socio-cultural integration through securing national identity, and finally, resolution of domestic political conflicts. Moreover, Generation Z, who had a centrist-progressive political orientation rather than conservative tendencies, perceived unification positively. Unlike the previous generation, Generation Z, who has low sympathy for the national necessity of unification due to changes in the socio-cultural environment, is related to the possibility of unification. Therefore, it is necessary to consider their consciousness about the reunification in the future policy direction.

An assessment of adherence to the WHO-delineated good manufacturing practice by the pharmaceutical companies in Kabul, Afghanistan

BackgroundAfghanistan, a low-income landlocked country, is continuously suffering from domestic war and conflicts; the country struggles to provide quality healthcare services, including affordable medicinal products in the required quantity. Moreover, the quality standards of domestic pharmaceutical companies have not been established yet. One of the internationally recognized guidelines for monitoring manufacturing processes in pharmaceutical companies is Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). Therefore, this study aimed to assess whether a pharmaceutical company in Kabul, Afghanistan adheres to the GMP standards established by WHO.MethodA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the WHO-delineated GMP compliance of 25 pharmaceutical companies in Kabul, Afghanistan. The inspection checklist was developed by Afghanistan's National Medicine and Healthcare Products Regulatory Authority (NMHRA) using the WHO-delineated GMP guidelines. In addition, direct observation, interviews with respective delegates, and documentation reviews were conducted to collect research data.ResultOnly 38.33% (1.14 ± 1.08) of GMP contents were complied. Personnel 66.67% (2 ± 1.15) and materials 58.67% (1.76 ± 1.11) were the most commonly complied components, whereas the product recall 12.98% (0.39 ± 0.85), quality assurance 16.44% (0.49 ± 0.81) and quality control laboratory 28.35% (0.85 ± 1.12) were the least complied ones.ConclusionNone of the GMP components was fully adhered to by the pharmaceutical companies in Kabul, Afghanistan. Quality control and assurance should be implemented immediately, including validation and qualification practices.

Decline and Disintegration: National Status Loss and Domestic Conflict in Post-Disaster Spain

Abstract Decline has long been a central concern of international relations scholarship, but analysts have only recently begun to investigate whether a change in international status influences a state's domestic politics. A new theoretical framework for understanding the domestic political consequences of relative national decline posits that eroding national status activates two sets of social psychological dynamics that contribute to domestic conflict inside declining states. First, eroding state status prompts some groups to strengthen their commitment to the state's status and dominant national identity, at the same time as it prompts other groups to disidentify from the state. Second, eroding status produces incentives for substate actors to derogate and scapegoat one another. These dynamics are particularly likely to contribute to center-periphery conflict in multinational states after instances of acute status loss. The plausibility of the argument is demonstrated by showing how the erosion of Spain's status (especially because of military failure in the 1898 Spanish-American War and the subsequent loss of its last colonies in the Americas) intensified domestic conflict in Spain during the first decades of the twentieth century. Findings indicate that decline may actually exacerbate domestic conflict, making it more difficult for states to adopt appropriate reforms.

The Kurds in the U.S. Iraqi Policy in 1958–1960

Introduction. The article deals with the U.S. Middle East Policy of the Eisenhower Administration in 1958–1960 and determines the part the Kurdish Question played in it. Methods and materials. The study is based on the latest U.S. declassified documents, interviews, memoirs, etc. The author does the problem-chronological analysis to describe the stages of the U.S. Policy toward Iraqi Kurds during the period specified. Analysis. The article is focused on the U.S. diplomatic and intelligence activities aimed at developing approaches to the “communist crisis” and disagreements that arose in the expert community regarding policy decisions. The author considers the U.S. relations with their regional partners (Turkey, Israel, Iran, etc.) on the issues of the “Iraqi crisis” and the Kurdish liberation movement. The paper describes Washington’s attitude to Mullah Mustafa Barzani – the Kurdish movement leader – and the KDP activities during Iraq’s post-Revolution instability. The author analyzes and summarizes the reasons why the U.S. was reluctant to involve in the domestic conflict between Qasim’s followers, Nationalists, Nasserites, Communists and Kurds. Results. The article shows that the CIA and the State Department often misjudged Qasim’s relationship with the Iraqi Communist Party and the national Kurdish movement and, as a result, did not have enough time to respond to the rapidly changing political situation, thus adopting the policy of benevolent neutrality.

“Law Enough to Set You Free”: Contract, Community, and Consent in the Comedies of George Farquhar

From his first play, Love and a Bottle (1698), to the masterpiece that crowned his career, The Beaux’ Stratagem (1707), George Farquhar's oeuvre is traversed by legal motifs and legal scenarios, from satirical attacks upon the judiciary, to serious engagements with the law of contract, in contexts as varied as military impressment and spousal neglect. The period that followed the accession of William and Mary, in 1688, and the Bill of Rights to which they assented in 1689, is commonly regarded as being governed by contractual relationships between rational individuals, entering into reciprocal obligations, pursuing their interests, while recognizing their natural rights. But Farquhar's comedies exhibit a conspicuous distrust of the legal profession, and of contract as a means of ensuring ethical solutions either to domestic or political conflicts. Farquhar's engagements with the law, in general, and the law of contracts, in particular, reorient drama away from the rights of the liberal subject, autonomously imagined, toward renewed conceptions of the social good, and the ethics of the community, replacing regulatory frameworks with emancipatory dispensations, in the benevolent comic spirit that characterizes his works.

Peace linguistics and traditional ways of conflict resolution in Terver Udu’s Ikyav Saan Aga Saan and Sam Patrick Terngu’s Adezungwen

Conflicts occur between people, institutions, tribes and nations and cold be resolved when language and dialogue are effectively used. Peace linguistics and traditional ways of conflict resolutions in Terver T. Udu’s Ikyav Saan Aga Saan and Sam Patrick Terngu’s Adezungwen examines the causes of conflicts, explores the language of hate speech and states traditional ways of resolving conflicts in the select texts. This study adopts Coleman’s (2006) Human Relations Paradigm (HRP) for conflict resolution. The model emphasises the prominent roles that human social interactions play in resolving conflicts. The model uses mediation, integrative negotiation and constructive controversy as parameters for conflict resolution. Methodologically, this study used purposive sampling technique. The choice of the two select texts was deliberate hence the texts are laced with conflicts and how they were amicably resolved using traditional methods. The study used primary and documentary sources. The primary sources are Udu’s Ikyav Saan Aga Saan and Terngu’s Adezungwen while the documentary sources are journal articles, theses, glossary and textbooks. As data analysis, the select texts were read, data relating to causes, language of hate speech and resolution of conflicts were grouped and translated into English and then analysed. It was revealed that domestic conflicts could be resolved using human relation mechanism and nonviolent communication. This study has presented Tiv culture where the voices of the elders are respected and their decisions were unanimously accepted. Finally, peace repairs broken relationships and enhances progress. Traditional rulers should apply the solutions proffered by Terver Udu and Sam Paddy Terngu in their fictional texts to resolve conflicts in their domains.

Explaining Diversionary Domestic Conflict: Inequality and Communitarianism in Russia

Why do elites and ordinary individuals support targeting peripheral minorities? This study argues that high income inequality in the society and economic communitarianism among its population form the social basis for diversionary domestic conflict. When income inequality in society is high, the elites have an incentive to divert popular discontent toward peripheral minorities. High income inequality also raises the expectations for state assistance among the economically communitarian population strata, who tend to regard the minorities as a target for resource extraction. I test these conjectures using the case of Russia and Chechnya and find support for the proposed theory.

An Assessment of Strategies used by the Church in Resolving Domestic Conflicts Among Christian Families in Kwanza Sub-County of Trans- Nzoia County, Kenya

An Assessment of Strategies used by the Church in Resolving Domestic Conflicts Among Christian Families in Kwanza Sub-County of Trans- Nzoia County, Kenya

Barley Growth and Metals Accumulation in Salt-affected Mudflat Amended by Sewage Sludge

ABSTRACT Barley cultivation in salt-affected mudflat can alleviate the growing domestic barley demand and land use conflict. However, the coincidence of barley growing season and salt accumulation period of mudflat limits barley production despite of some natural tolerance to salt stress of barley plant. Sewage sludge can be used as organic modifier for mudflat amendment. In this study, a field experiment was conducted with one-time different sludge input rates to assess the responses of soil fertility factors, barley growth, and accumulation and uptake of metals in soil and barley plant to sewage sludge addition (SSA). The results showed that SSA improved soil physicochemical properties. The biomass and yield of barley grown in sludge-amended mudflat were elevated and the maximum increments were associated with 250 t ha−1 SSA rate. The concentrations of total and available cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) increased in sludge-amended mudflat soil, and SSA rate was the major factor influencing metal concentrations. Sludge addition increased metal concentrations in barley plant, and metals uptake by barley plant were mainly accumulated in barley root. In summary, barley cultivation with relatively high yield and controllable metals risk in salt-affected mudflat can be achieved under one-time sludge addition even in salt accumulation period.

Indigenous Customary Law and Norwegian Domestic Law: Scenes of a (Complementary or Mutually Exclusive) Marriage?

Articles 27 and 34 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) recognise Indigenous Peoples’ laws. Art. 34 gives Indigenous Peoples the right to maintain their juridical systems or customs in accordance with international human rights standards. Although the UNDRIP is soft law, its core is arguably customary law and, therefore, a binding source of law. For States with Indigenous People, such as Norway, the UNDRIP is of paramount importance, from a legal, political, and not least moral perspective. This paper discusses norm hierarchies and tensions that are created in the meeting between the Indigenous customary law of the Sámi and statutory domestic Norwegian law. The introduction of customary, commonly unwritten, Indigenous rules into the judicial portfolio of a State creates an obvious challenge: what is their legal status? Can Indigenous law set aside domestic statutory norms? Some might argue that due to historical wrong, Indigenous law should always take precedence when domestic law conflicts with it. While Norwegian domestic law acknowledges the precedence of certain core human rights treaties over domestic laws, the same is not valid for Indigenous rights. How then should Indigenous custom be dealt with before a court of law, and how do the different legal systems relate to each other? This paper is foremost based on theoretical, to a lesser degree also on empirical material. It discusses on a general level the relationship between different legal systems within the same State and, on a specific level, the dealing of the Norwegian courts with Sámi Indigenous laws and customs.

The concept and composition of war crimes in the context of international criminal law

The article conducts a comprehensive study of the legal category of «War Crimes» in the context of the provisions of international criminal law and international regulations. To date, the concept of war crime has not received clear legal regulation in the provisions of international law, but has become widespread and applied in practice a list of acts that are recognized as war crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and the Geneva Convention.A full analysis of the category of «war crime» is impossible without studying the legal features of war crimes based on the provisions of international humanitarian law and the security doctrine of the international community, through the prism of the practice of international law.War crimes are characterized by the significance of those features of a criminal offense that are irrelevant in ordinary crimes and in war crimes allow to correctly classify a socially dangerous act and determine the rules of international law applicable to a person committing a war crime. A special feature of the subject of the crime is the presence of a special subject of war crimes, namely combatants or non-combatants. From a subjective side a military crime is accomplished consciously and with the intentional form of guilt. Marked, that during the estimation of publicly-dangerous act as military crime an important value has research of signs of perfect act through the prism of signs of soldiery crimes, that is certain the norms of Genevan convention and also Roman charter of the International criminal court. It is thus summarized that as a military crime the feasance of international or domestic conflict comes forward a subject or by the persons of act, that consists in gross, mass violation of norms of international humanitarian law and also in gross violation of rights and freedoms of persons, that participate battle actions or are in the district of realization of battle actions, equated with them.

The Impact of Globalisation on Legal Conduct

One of the adverse consequences of globalisation is the spread of illegal conduct in the world and an increase in crime rates. This circumstance determines the relevance of the subject under study. It is argued that the causes of illegal conduct are determined by the contradictions of social development, ideological confrontation, economic, political, social inequality of the world’s countries and the deformation of legal consciousness. The globalisation of the shadow economy, the emergence of new tax evasion schemes, including through offshore companies, laundering of proceeds from crime, piracy, raider seizures of other people’s property, arms trafficking, aggressive globalism in the foreign policy of a number of states, regional wars, domestic conflicts, information wars, arbitrary interpretation of certain religions, distortion of their principles by extremist organisations – all this causes the crisis state of the economy, politics, socio-cultural and spiritual spheres of society and crime in many countries of the globalised world. The purpose of this study is to highlight the understanding of illegal conduct through the lens of the adverse impact of globalisation processes on it. The methodological framework of this study comprises a system of philosophical and ideological, general scientific and special scientific principles and methods, namely principles of objectivity, concreteness, complexity; Aristotelian, systemic, structural-functional, formal legal, and comparison methods. The study found that illegal conduct in a globalised world is promoted by social contradictions generated by globalisation or stimulated by this process. It is noted that globalisation is contradictory. It has both positive and negative, anti-criminogenic and criminogenic properties, and criminogenics dominate – it is a peculiar consequence of both political, economic, and cultural expansion, and a significant stratification among the extraordinarily rich and poor not only at the national level, but also at the international level. Deformation of legal consciousness, extreme individualism, illegal conduct, crime, corruption affects the standard of living of society, contributes to the violation of human rights and forces us to independently search for numerous ways to realise legitimate interests, including illegal ones. The limitation of certain managerial capabilities of the state, which is necessarily the case in a globalised society, also has a negative impact on solving problems of human rights protection and crime prevention. It is proved that in general, globalisation contributes to inequality, injustice, the destruction of traditional values of society, people’s uncertainty about the future, the growing threat of illegitimate use of armed forces and aggression in the face of growing competition and imperial aspirations of individual governments. The scientific novelty of the article is an attempt to find all the globalisation factors that affect the deformation of legal conduct and stimulate the growth of crime rates. The results of the study contribute to finding ways to influence persons prone to illegal conduct, improving the means and methods of combating criminal organisations and individual criminals. This is the practical significance of the article

Politicisation of migration issues during the refugee crisis in the UK and Denmark

ABSTRACT This article addresses the patterns of politicisation of migration and its implications for European integration, investigating the refugee crisis that coincided with the EU referendums in the UK and Denmark. In this framework, we distinguish three patterns of politicisation -domestic, international, and remote conflict- in which various actors form coalitions, address or target each other while debating migration issues. Empirical results from the claims-making analysis demonstrated that migration issues were exceptionally politicised during the refugee crisis contributing to disintegration and opt-out outcomes in the UK and Denmark. Also, we observed that migration issues were mostly debated as an international conflict between domestic publics and ‘others’ with strong linkages to the EU.

Multisystem Abdominal Trauma in Pregnancy: Multidisciplinary Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment

Due to the increase in injury rate and increased social activity in pregnant women, there is an increase in the number of abdominal injuries as a result of accidents, domestic conflicts, and abuse. The absence of systematic reviews and meta-analyses related to the algorithmization of treatment tactics for multisystem abdominal trauma leads to a large percentage of treatment and diagnostic errors and complications, high maternal and perinatal mortality, which, in turn, dictates the need to develop a standardized interdisciplinary approach to the management of this category of patients.Aim of study.Standardization of the therapeutic and diagnostic approach to the treatment of pregnant women with multisystem closed abdominal trauma.Material and methods.This literature review presents data from Russian and foreign publications from January 2015 to December 2020 from the electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, eLibrary using the primary search strategy: trauma of pregnant women, multisystem closed abdominal trauma, damage control surgical treatment, emergency caesarean section, post-mortem caesarean section, treatment and diagnostic algorithm, obstetric bleeding, uterine rupture, placental abruption (total 571 publications), with the following exception from the request for non–full-text articles, publications not in Russian or English, manuscripts, dedicated to open trauma and obstetric complications of non-traumatic origin. The data extraction method was performed by two researchers independently of each other. We analyzed multicenter studies, large series of cases, original articles (11 retrospective studies with the selection of patients from 2001 to 2015; all 988 pregnant women with blunt abdominal trauma) and clinical recommendations; systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized clinical studies for this period on multisystem closed trauma in pregnant women were not found. The levels of evidence and strength of recommendations in the review are derived from Russian and foreign clinical recommendations based on meta-analyses and systematic reviews prior to 2015.Results.The treatment and diagnostic algorithm for multisystem abdominal trauma in pregnant women was standardized based on their hemodynamic status, and indications for minimally invasive and open interventions in this category of patients were clarified.Conclusion.Timely diagnosing and multidisciplinary approach contribute to reducing both maternal and perinatal mortality.

Постсоветская история в зеркале литературы

Narrative analysis of literary works enables to interpret present-day narrative texts in all their multi-level depth making use of the tools accumulated in science -especially if those texts concern current and topical political events, which are usually spoken about in the language of media discourse. Change in the state (inner and outer) and presence of a narrator having his/her personal viewpoint and, consequently, the specific language of his/her message are signs of a narrative structure. The subject for consideration in this article based on Zakhkhok by Vladimir Medvedev and To Live On by Narine Abgaryan is key levels of the narrative text organization needed for such analysis. The texts chosen for the research are similar in subject matter (military conflicts in the post-Soviet space caused by the collapse of the USSR) and in the author’s strategy - to include characters’ personal destinies into the social history of the country and further to try and conceive them as part of the cultural code of the nation. The peculiarity of the author’s view is the awareness of war not as a completed event but as a still lasting state, which permeates, deforms and destroys people’s destinies as well as destinies of whole nations. In Medvedev’s novel those are mainly voices of young men, immediate participants of the turbulence, that are heard; in Abgaryan’s book those are voices of Armenian women, mothers, wives, and widows. Medvedev’s style is tougher and more dynamic, collision unfolding before our eyes. In Abgaryan’s story the plot is not that important: all key events were in the past, and characters are just recalling them. The code of the narrative discourse specified by the narrator’s type determines the stylistics of the text, the nature of action, the interpretation of events: they rapidly change one another by means of the efforts of the narrators who were placed in the centre of military and domestic conflicts in Medvedev’s novel. Abgaryan’s characters are slow and quiet, their long and difficult life gives them hard-won wisdom to accept reality as it is in its bitter completeness. Personal dramas of the characters are involved in the overall tragedy of the whole nation which goes beyond a specific era; this enables the author to reveal the ethno-cultural determinants of the narrative identity. Common grief can be overcome by means of love, work, patience and the cultural capital which manifests itself in people’s mentality and way of life and makes it possible for them to survive and gain a new cultural identity. Collective tragedy (social history), which opens to a reader through the characters’ destinies (personal narrative), becomes part of epic history (meta-narrative). This author’s strategy gives the stories told a timeless scale and ontological depth. The author declares no conflicts of interests.

Pattern of Suicides during COVID-19 Pandemic among Autopsies Conducted at Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh: A One-Year Retrospective Study

Background: COVID-19 pandemic is a global challenge. It’s just not limited to physical impact but also has serious mental, social and economic impacts all over the world. Self-harm and suicides are its extreme effects.Aim: To study and analyze the patterns of suicide during the COVID-19 pandemic.Materials and Methods: A retrospective autopsy-based analysis of suicidal deaths occurred during March 2020 and February 2021 was conducted in the department of Forensic medicine, Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupati. A total of 897 autopsies were conducted, out of which 248 were suicides.Results: 248 cases of suicide were studied among them 182 were male and 66 were female. Majority of the deaths were due to hanging (94, 37.90%) followed by poisoning (61,24.59%). The most important contributing factor for suicide was domestic conflict/ violence (85,34.27%) followed by financial loss or loss of income (81,32.66%).Conclusion: This study reemphasizes the need of proactive responses to psychological health especially during events of stressful conditions like lock down and pandemic. Social, economic and public health response is necessary to prevent suicidal behavior.