Domestic Areas Research Articles

Data-driven approaches to advance California’s Human Right to Water Law: Characterizing inequities in drinking water quality among domestic well communities and public drinking water systems

In 2012, California became the first state to recognize the Human Right to Water. However, roughly 10% of California’s public drinking water systems are currently out of compliance with federal and state drinking water quality standards, and an estimated 6 million Californians are served by systems that have been in violation at some point since 2012. A disproportionate number of water quality violations occur in smaller drinking water systems that serve rural, low income communities color, where a lack of resources make it challenging to treat contaminated water and meet regulatory standards. Additionally, significant data gaps exist regarding the location and water quality of unregulated water sources, such as private domestic wells.The UC Berkeley Water Equity Science Shop sought to characterize demographic differences in water quality for communities reliant upon domestic wells and community water systems. We integrated data from the Department of Water Resources; Tracking California’s Drinking Water Systems Geographic Reporting Tool; and the US Census to identify the location of likely domestic well communities across California. Using water quality data from CalEnviroscreen 3.0 and the Groundwater Risk Index Tool, and demographic data from the American Community Survey, we estimate sociodemographic differences in water quality using multivariate analysis.Results indicate that over 1.3 million Californians rely on private wells for drinking water. We estimate 49,000 and 102,000 people live in domestic well areas where drinking water is likely to exceed regulatory standards for nitrates and arsenic, respectively. Average contaminant concentrations of arsenic and nitrate are over 1.5 times higher in areas served by domestic wells than in community water systems. Multivariate statistical models indicate that area-level measures of race/ethnicity and poverty are associated with increases in drinking water contaminant concentrations in domestic well areas.

Genomic evidence for recurrent genetic admixture during the domestication of Mediterranean olive trees (Olea europaea L.)

BackgroundOlive tree (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea, Oleaceae) has been the most emblematic perennial crop for Mediterranean countries since its domestication around 6000 years ago in the Levant. Two taxonomic varieties are currently recognized: cultivated (var. europaea) and wild (var. sylvestris) trees. However, it remains unclear whether olive cultivars derive from a single initial domestication event followed by secondary diversification, or whether cultivated lineages are the result of more than a single, independent primary domestication event. To shed light into the recent evolution and domestication of the olive tree, here we analyze a group of newly sequenced and available genomes using a phylogenomics and population genomics framework.ResultsWe improved the assembly and annotation of the reference genome, newly sequenced the genomes of twelve individuals: ten var. europaea, one var. sylvestris, and one outgroup taxon (subsp. cuspidata)—and assembled a dataset comprising whole genome data from 46 var. europaea and 10 var. sylvestris. Phylogenomic and population structure analyses support a continuous process of olive tree domestication, involving a major domestication event, followed by recurrent independent genetic admixture events with wild populations across the Mediterranean Basin. Cultivated olives exhibit only slightly lower levels of genetic diversity than wild forms, which can be partially explained by the occurrence of a mild population bottleneck 3000–14,000 years ago during the primary domestication period, followed by recurrent introgression from wild populations. Genes associated with stress response and developmental processes were positively selected in cultivars, but we did not find evidence that genes involved in fruit size or oil content were under positive selection. This suggests that complex selective processes other than directional selection of a few genes are in place.ConclusionsAltogether, our results suggest that a primary domestication area in the eastern Mediterranean basin was followed by numerous secondary events across most countries of southern Europe and northern Africa, often involving genetic admixture with genetically rich wild populations, particularly from the western Mediterranean Basin.

Analysis of nonpoint source pollution load in Ulansuhai Nur basin

The aim of this study is to explore the specific situation of nonpoint source pollution in Ulansuhai Nur basin, so as to provide reasonable and scientific pollution control and water area protection schemes. According to the socioeconomic statistics and water quality information of Ulansuhai Nur basin from 2008 to 2019, taking chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) as the control indicators, the sources of nonpoint source pollutants (urban domestic sewage, livestock breeding, rural domestic area pollution, rural agricultural production area pollution, and aquaculture pollution) are analyzed. And the amount of each pollution source into the lake is analyzed according to the discharge coefficient and inflow coefficient. The inflow amount and the changing trends of COD, TN, and TP discharged from each pollution source are compared and analyzed, and the main sources of pollution for each control indicator are explored. The causes of water pollution in Ulansuhai Nur basin in recent 10 years are analyzed so as to provide theoretical basis for water pollution control in Ulansuhai Nur basin. The results show that the COD and TN intake in the Ulansuhai Nur basin increase year by year between 2008 and 2019, the pollution load is serious, and it mainly comes from urban domestic sewage and rural agricultural production pollution; the TP intake shows a trend of increasing first and then gradually decreasing, and the inflow amount of pollutants is relatively small and is mainly from livestock breeding; which indicate that the load of nonpoint source pollution in Ulansuhai Nur basin has exceeded the capacity of the lake greatly, causing serious harm to water quality, so proper measures should be taken to control it.

Maritime signalling in Antiquity: the Lanterna of the harbour of Onoba Aestuaria, a new lighthouse along the Atlantic (Huelva, Spain)

Locating and identifying ancient lighthouses or signalling towers in maritime-terrestrial environments has over time been a topic of interest due to their scarcity. In this regard, the latest archaeological investigations carried out in Onoba Aestuaria (Huelva, Spain) within the framework of different research projects shed new light on the city’s Roman features and harbour. The research has yielded a vast amount of data as to the city’s urban topography, its peripheral industrial and funerary sectors, its intra-moenia and domestic areas, as well as its monumental public features. Particularly noteworthy is its harbour as the excavations identified for the first time both a fish-salting industrial sector and a zone dedicated to services and administration. Work in this second zone brought to light the foundation of a rectangular structure whose architectural and topographic characteristics appear to correspond to a lighthouse.

The Portrayal of Indonesian Women in Advertisements

This study examines women images in Indonesian domestic product advertisements. To support this examination, this study also examines the social situations in the advertisements. Soy sauce commercials were taken as the data of this study. It used 17 commercials from three different brands, namely; Kecap ABC, Kecap Bango, and Kecap Sedaap. To conduct this study, it applied sociological approach by using theories on social situation found in Goffman’s Gender Advertisement and women portrayal in commercial in Holtzhausen’s Content Analysis of Roles Portrayed by Women in Advertisements in Selected South African. The data found show that Indonesian product commercials use religious events to promote the products; Ramadhan and Iedhul Adha. The setting of place shows job division between men and women; public area and domestic area. This commercials are dominated by domestic area as the women’s authority. The women image described in the commercials from the female models reflect Indonesian women still hold domestic role as mother and housewive. The data shows 35% as housewives and mothers, 23% as housewives, mothers, and social beings, 18% mothers, 12% housewives, mother, and work-related, 6% as housewives, and 6% as homemakers and social beings. Keywords: Indonesian women, women image, advertisement, social situation, domestic product

The origins of Amazonian landscapes: Plant cultivation, domestication and the spread of food production in tropical South America

During the last two decades, new archaeological projects which systematically integrate a variety of plant recovery techniques, along with palaeoecology, palaeoclimate, soil science and floristic inventories, have started to transform our understanding of plant exploitation, cultivation and domestication in tropical South America. Archaeobotanical studies are providing a far greater appreciation of the role of plants in the diets of early colonists. Since ∼13ka, these diets relied mainly on palm, tree fruits, and underground tubers, along with terrestrial and riverine faunal resources. Recent evidence indicates two areas of precocious plant cultivation and domestication: the sub-Andean montane forest of NW South America and the shrub savannahs and seasonal forests of SW Amazonia. In the latter area, thousands of anthropic keystone structures represented by forest islands show a significant human footprint in Amazonia from the start of the Holocene. While radiocarbon date databases show a decline in population during the middle Holocene, important developments happened during this epoch, including the domestication of cacao, the adoption of maize and the spread of manioc across the basin. The late Holocene witnessed the domestication of rice and the development of agricultural landscapes characterised by raised fields and Amazonian Dark Earths (ADEs). Our multi-proxy analysis of 23 late Holocene ADEs and two lakes from southern Amazonia provides the first direct evidence of field polyculture agriculture including the cultivation of maize, manioc, sweet potato, squash, arrowroot and leren within closed-canopy forest, as well as enrichment with palms, limited clearing for crop cultivation, and low-severity fire management. Collectively, the evidence shows that during the late Holocene Amazonian farmers engaged in intensive agriculture marked by the cultivation of both annual and perennial crops relying on organic amendments requiring soil preparation and maintenance. Our study has broader implications for sustainable Amazonian futures.

Amaranto: distribución y diversidad morfológica del recurso genético en partes de la región Maya (sureste de México, Guatemala y Honduras)

Antecedentes y Objetivos: El amaranto es de interés mundial por su valor nutricional como verdura y grano. Las especies cultivadas de mayor importancia comercial por su producción de grano son Amaranthus caudatus, A. cruentus y A. hypochondriacus. Dos hipótesis aceptadas sobre el origen de A. cruentus consideran a A. hybridus como su ancestro. Los objetivos del presente estudio son 1) reportar la distribución actualizada y frecuencia de A. cruentus y A. hybridus en el sureste de México, Guatemala y Honduras y 2) evaluar su diversidad morfológica mediante caracteres florales y del fruto de ambas especies en México y Guatemala.Métodos: La información proveniente de 147 ejemplares de herbario fue empleada para actualizar la distribución y frecuencia de A. cruentus y A. hybridus en la zona de estudio, posible área de domesticación. La diversidad a nivel morfológico se determinó del análisis de 22 caracteres relacionados a estructuras de flores pistiladas y del fruto, usando un análisis multivariado de componentes principales y evaluando para ello 15 ejemplares de A. cruentus y 31 de A. hybridus procedentes de Guatemala y el sureste de México.Resultados clave: La mayor distribución de A. cruentus se presentó en Guatemala y, en el caso de A. hybridus en México. La variación acumulada en los tres primeros componentes principales fue de 58% para ambas especies. La variación morfológica para las dos especies se asoció principalmente con caracteres relacionados a los sépalos internos y externos. El gráfico del análisis de componentes principales permite observar una amplia variación morfológica en A. cruentus y A. hybridus, independiente de su distribución geográfica en ambos casos.Conclusiones: La distribución geográfica de A. cruentus en México es más amplia con respecto a reportes previos. Se describe la diversidad morfológica de estructuras de flores pistiladas y frutos en A. cruentus y A. hybridus.

The Influence of the Physicochemical Parameters on the Ortho Phosphate and Total Phosphate Concentrations of Maninjau Lake

The study was conducted in order to examine the relationship between the physicochemical parameters (temperature, DO and pH) with the orthophosphate (OP) and total phosphate (TP) concentrations based on the depth of Maninjau Lake. Samples were taken at the center of the lake near to a domestic area, endemic fisheries and a hydropower site. The OP concentration ranged from 0.182 - 0.570 mg/L and the TP of 0.265 - 0.603 mg/L indicated that Maninjau Lake was hypertrophic. This does not meet the quality standards regulated by the Indonesian Government. The physicochemical parameters of temperature, pH, and DO have a strong negative correlation with OP and TP concentrations with a correlation value of 0.828-0.982. ANOVA showed that depth stratification affects the OP and TP concentrations while the variation of sampling time does not affect the concentrations. The highest total phosphate concentration value was at the aquaculture cage location which exceeded the second class quality standard based on Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001. It shows that the aquaculture activities result in excess phosphate loads that can trigger lake eutrophication.

Validation of the Algorithm in the Detection of the Image of a Person Based on the Control of a Lighting Device

This research has the objective to validate the effectiveness in the execution of the algorithm based on the detection of the image of a person, applied as a control in a lighting device, for better surveillance and energy efficiency in domestic and business areas. For the methodology was used the analysis of the data obtained in various video surveillance cameras with the algorithm integration. We considered, that the parameters such as the distance concerning the capture speed and its effectiveness in turning on and off a lighting device when detecting the image of a person are positive, false-positive, false-negative and negative were considered. concerning the data obtained, the results determined 99.5% of the image detection is positive. This is validated using the SPSS through the descriptive analysis, the analysis of the coefficient v. of Cramer (1) and the contingency coefficient (0.707).

National-level innovation in Africa

Why are some African nations moving ahead in innovation? We develop seven hypotheses for what determines national-level innovation in Africa using seven well established lines of argumentation grouped into two distinct policy areas: international and domestic. The international policy areas are trade arrangements (benefits from economic integration), export specialization (resource curse problem) and inward migration (social capital spillovers). The domestic policy areas are education (investment in human capital), control of corruption (institutional quality), financial inclusion (‘reaching the unbanked’) and internet usage (closing the digital divide). Testing these hypotheses on a unique dataset collated from diverse secondary sources and representing up to 39 African countries, we find that trade arrangements and financial inclusion are the most consistent predictors while the remaining arguments find inconsistent or no support. Exploratory analysis reveals two pathways to innovation in Africa: one internationally oriented, based on trade arrangements for relatively poorer countries, and the other domestically oriented, based on financial inclusion for relatively higher-income countries. The relevance of our findings for policy makers and research is discussed.

Drought Stress Alleviation by ACC Deaminase Producing Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Enterobacter cloacae, with and without Timber Waste Biochar in Maize

The high consumption of water in industries, domestic areas and increasing earth temperature are major hurdles for the optimization of maize yield. Being the third most widely cultivated cereal crop, improvement in maize yield is a big challenge under the limited availability of irrigation. As the water requirement for maize cultivation is high, it is time to introduce technologies that can mitigate drought stress and are environmentally friendly. The inoculation of rhizobacteria with ‘1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase’ (ACCD) can play an imperative role in that regard by decreasing stress ethylene in plants. Biochar (BC) can also alleviate drought stress. Therefore, a field study was conducted, to examine the single and combined application of drought-tolerant plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Enterobacter cloacae, with 15 Mg ha−1 of timber waste biochar (TWBC) at normal irrigation = 16 irrigations, mild drought = 14 irrigations and severe drought = 12 irrigation for maize cultivation. A significant improvement in shoot dry weight (28%), 1000-grains weight (19%), grain yield (27%), concentrations of N (43%), P (92%) and K (71%) in grains, rate of photosynthesis (33%), transpiration rate (55%), stomatal conductance (104%), chlorophyll A (33%), chlorophyll B (62%) and total chlorophyll (45%) of maize was noted under drought stress where E. cloacae + TWBC was applied. Likewise, the application of A. xylosoxidans + TWBC also significantly enhanced the plant height (24%) and cob length (9%) of maize under drought stress. In conclusion, E. cloacae is more effective than A. xylosoxidans, with 15 Mg ha−1 TWBC to increase maize yield under drought stress, due to the potential of higher ‘1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate’ (ACC)-deaminase synthesis, better nutrient solubilization and indole acetic acid (IAA) production.

Presidential Delegation to Foreign Ministries: A Study of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico (1946–2015)

When do presidents delegate policy-making authority to their foreign ministries? And is foreign policy unique in this respect? We posit that six international, national, and personal factors determine the opportunity and motivation of presidents to delegate, and then analyse the cases of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico in 1946–2015. By applying fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, we find that four combinations of factors are sufficient paths to delegation: (1) international stability and elite consensus on foreign policy; (2) international stability, right-wing president, and low diplomatic professionalisation; (3) international stability, right-wing president, and low presidential expertise on foreign policy; or (4) absence of authoritarianism combined with elite consensus on foreign policy and right-wing president. Our study of foreign ministries reinforces some of the main findings of the scholarly literature on other ministries, thus challenging the view of foreign policy-making as different from domestic policy areas.

The Study on Cost of Application of International Emission Control Areas for China

In order to control the air pollution caused by ships and improve ambient air quality, China set up three domestic emission control areas (DECAs) in 2015 in the Pearl River Delta, the Yangtze River Delta and Bohai Rim (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei) waters. In order to meet the emission requirements established at the 70th meeting of the Marine Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC), China intends to apply for the establishment of three international Emission Control Area (ECA) in 2030 for these DECAs. This paper discusses existing technologies to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulphur oxides (SOx), and examines the abatement costs for the shipping industry in the year 2030 to comply with this action. Based on an examination of the literature and data collected for this study, four traditional alternatives, low-sulphur fuel, sulphur scrubbers/exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCS), selective catalytic reduction (SCR), and exhaust gas recirculation, are analyzed. The analysis finds that switching to low-sulphur fuel is the best technical solution for SOx emission reduction, and the installation of SCR is the best technology for reducing nitrogen. In addition to traditional emission reduction technologies, the use of shore power facilities and liquefied natural gas (LNG), two alternatives welcomed by China's green shipping industry, are also considered in this paper. The expected average abatement cost of these alternatives in the year 2030 are USD 2.866 billion, 0.324 billion, 1.071 billion, 0.402 billion, 0.232 billion and 0.34 billion, respectively.

Agronomic performance of durum wheat landraces and modern cultivars and its association with genotypic variation in vernalization response (Vrn-1) and photoperiod sensitivity (Ppd-1) genes

This study analyzed the relationship between important agronomic traits and major genes regulating flowering time in a panel of 151 Mediterranean durum wheat landraces and 20 modern cultivars. Field experiments were conducted under rainfed conditions during six crop seasons in northeastern Spain. Multivariate analysis of agronomic traits and genotypic data allowed the modern cultivars to be differentiated from the landraces and germplasm pools to be identified within the landraces associated with their geographic origin. The high frequency of the Vrn-A1c allele and the photoperiod insensitive alleles GS105 and GS100 at Ppd-A1 reduced time to anthesis and enlarged the grain filling period of the modern cultivars compared with the landraces. Ancient durums collected close to the domestication area of wheat showed a high frequency of the winter allele vrn-B1 and the photoperiod sensitivity allele Ppd-B1b. None of the allele variants or allelic combinations accounted significantly for variations in any agronomic trait of modern cultivars. Vernalization and photoperiod genes acted additively in explaining the genotypic variance for the agronomic traits of the landraces. Vrn-A1 alleles and Vrn-A1+Vrn-B1 allelic combinations significantly affected the number of grains per spike (NGS), thousand kernel weight (TKW) and grain filling rate (R), accounting for 9%?12% of the genotypic variance for these traits. Ppd-1 accounted for 6%?21% of the genotypic variance for R, grain filling duration (GFD), plant height (PH), biomass at anthesis (CDW) and harvest index (HI). Vrn-1+Ppd-1 allelic combinations accounted for 21%?26% of the genotypic variance for these traits. Except for NGS, the effect of vernalization and photoperiod genes on the agronomic traits was linked to their effect on anthesis time. The three-day delay in anthesis time caused by the allele Vrn-A1d irrespective of the allele Vrn-A1c resulted in increases of 10 % in R and 7% in TKW. The eight-day delay in anthesis time caused by the allele Ppd-A1(DelCD) compared with Ppd-A1(GS105) increased R by 19 % and PH by 28 %, but reduced GFD and HI by 10 %. None of the allele variants or allelic combinations at the Vrn-1 or Ppd-1 genes accounted significantly for variations in yield or number of spikes m?2 (NSm2).

CHRONOLOGY OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF PLAYA DEL MANGO, RIO CAUTO, GRANMA, CUBA

ABSTRACTFewer than 200 radiocarbon (14C) dates with secure contextual information are available for Cuba, making it challenging to reconstruct Caribbean indigenous population dynamics, their identities and interactions. In this paper, we discussed 21 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dates from two mounds (M1 and M2) at the Playa del Mango site (Granma province, Cuba), traditionally associated with the Banwaroid stone tool tradition. The ΔR calculated for the site was –132.0 ± 176 and –164.0 ± 68. The chronology of burials from the peripheral area of M2 suggested that the cemetery was continuously used from at least cal BC 116–AD 241 (2 σ). The domestic area of M2 was used at minimum between cal BC 55–AD 435 (2 σ), which encompasses the use of the funerary areas. An isolated human tooth from M1 [cal AD 125–435 (2 σ)] suggested that this funerary area is later than the one at the periphery of M2, and possibly contemporaneous with the later formation of the M2 shell midden. The archaeological assemblage of the “Banwaroid tradition” is widely distributed in Cuba, and mixed with other archaeological traditions, supporting that a complex web of human interactions took place in the Caribbean in precolonial times.

Spatial Segregation between Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes), European Wildcats (Felis silvestris) and Domestic Cats (Felis catus) in Pastures in a Livestock Area of Northern Spain

Red foxes, European wildcats and domestic cats share cattle pastures for hunting in La Pernía Valley, northern Spain. To understand the mechanisms that allow the coexistence of these mesopredators in a habitat characterized by its anthropogenic modifications, we recorded sightings of these species in pastures in the summers of 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019. We tested if the species preferred specific areas of pastures and if they exhibited any spatial segregation in the use of pastures. Red foxes did not show consistent preferences for any area of the pastures. European wildcats preferred pasture areas closer to streams and forest edges, whereas domestic cats preferred areas closer to buildings and paved roads whilst avoiding forest edges. All species pairs showed strong spatial segregation with less than 7% overlap. We hypothesize that spatial segregation is the mechanism used by European wildcats and domestic cats to avoid dangerous interactions with other predators and which characterizes their preference of specific areas on pastures, using areas near places that may protect them from other predators. Ultimately, the influence of fox presence (and probably that of other larger potential predators) on the use of pastures by European wildcats and domestic cats is decreasing the number of interactions between them and may help to prevent hybridization in this area.

Exploring the knowledge translation of domestic violence research: A literature review.

There is growing recognition of the links between knowledge translation, policy and practice, particularly in the domestic violence research area. A literature review applying a systematic approach with a realist lens was the preferred methodology. The review answered the following question: What are the mechanisms of change in research networks which 'work' to support knowledge translation? A search of eight electronic databases for articles published between 1960 and 2018 was completed, with 2,999 records retrieved, 2,869 records excluded and 130 full-text articles screened for final inclusion in the review. The inclusion criteria were purposefully broad, including any study design or data source (including grey literature) with a focus on domestic violence knowledge translation. The analysis of included studies using a realist lens identified the mechanisms of change to support knowledge translation. A disaggregation of the included studies identified five theories focused on the following outcomes: (1) develop key messages, (2) flexible evidence use, (3) strengthen partnerships, (4) capacity building and (5) research utilisation. This review adds to our understanding of knowledge translation of domestic violence research. The mechanisms of change identified may support knowledge translation of research networks. Further research will focus on exploring the potential application of these program theories with a research network.

Peran dan Aktivitas Perempuan Era Muhammad SAW (Studi Atas Hadis-Hadis Riwayat Sahabat Perempuan)

<p><em>This paper shows how the role of women both in the public and domestic area in the era of phrophet Mohamamd. In this case, the paper focus on woman companion transmitter who are directly wrapped up in the missionary work with the prophet. In addition, the paper will show the relation between woman companion transmitter activity and their hadis transmission, under assumtion that the role of woman will influence to the hadis texts which are transmitted. This because, as a text, hadis was transmitted in the certain context and condition. Accordingly, every transmitter had different hadis transmission based on his/her context, status, profession, and even gender construction. This is why, the paper will write the woman companion transmitter who play their role and their activity influence their hadis transmission. </em></p>

Pabrik Bulu Mata Palsu dan Ruang Kuasa Perempuan Buruh (Kajian Etnografis di Desa Pasunggingan, Kecamatan Pengadegan, Kabupaten Purbalingga, Jawa Tengah)

The study regarding women labor is always interesting to done. This is due to the domestic roles of women that women labor has a double burden for work in the factory and work in the household/domestic area. In addition, the placement of women in the domestic area makes "labor" is not always statistically calculated as a job and the work status of women remains as a housewife. Another challenge faced by women when working as labor is the emergence of public assumptions about the existence of women's power in the household, including their power to sue for divorce. These assumptions about the domestic life of women labor encourage researcher to conduct a study of the power of women (labor) in the household as an effect of industrialization, in terms of access and control over resources and decision making in the household. This research was conducted using ethnographic methods in Pasunggingan Village, Pengadegan Subdistrict, Purbaingga Regency, Central Java as one of the villages that has a high number of women labors. The results of this study revealed that the establishment of a false eyelash industry in the village area had attracted women in Pasunggingan Village to conduct economic migration. This migration is carried out for a variety of reasons both economic and non-economic which impact on the income of women (and households) and changes in the lifestyle of women and society. The entry of women into the industrial sector has made women has a higher bargaining value in the household and can open a household into a wider area.

Determination of cytotoxic, genotoxic, and oxidative damage from deltamethrin on primary hepatocyte culture of Lake Van fish, Alburnus tarichi

ABSTRACT Deltamethrin is a widely used pyrethroits worldwide. Although the chemical is used to combat insects, it has effects on other non-target organisms. Deltamethrin is extensively used in agriculture, animal husbandry, and domestic areas in the Lake Van basin. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and oxidative damage from deltamethrin on the primary hepatocyte culture of Lake Van fish (Alburnus tarichi). In this study, the toxic effects of different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 µM) of deltamethrin in the primary hepatocyte culture of Lake Van fish were investigated via liver enzymes aspartase aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and the total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and DNA damage (8-OHdG). Deltamethrin caused an increase in the AST and ALT levels dependent on the dosage and time. The TAS and TOS levels increased at the end of 24 h and there was no difference at the end of 48 h. Deltamethrin did not affect the MDA level, but increased the 8-OHdG (P < 0.05). In conclusion, it can be said that high doses of deltamethrin (1 and 10 µM) have a toxic effect on the primary hepatocyte culture of Lake Van fish.