Domestic Apartment Research Articles

Experimental study of active noise control for a full-scale plenum window in a domestic apartment

Plenum windows, also known as ventilation windows, allow for natural ventilation in living spaces while providing noise reduction to improve the health and living comfort of occupants, especially in noise-polluted and tropical/sub-tropical cities. However, while plenum windows can provide acceptable levels of natural ventilation, the passive noise performance of plenum windows when fully opened is still lacking as compared to the conventional closed windows- especially in the low frequencies experimentally. Active noise control (ANC) has shown good performance in several applications for low-frequency control. Thus, the application of ANC using a single-channel and decentralized dual-channel ANC implementation, informed by prior simulation studies is developed and field tested for a plenum window in a domestic setting built to reproduce the environment of a high-rise apartment. The experiments show that the average global attenuation benefit in the apartment room due to a single-channel ANC is 2.9 dB in the 100 Hz – 500 Hz range while the decentralized dual-channel ANC provides up to an average of 4.8 dB reduction in the 100 Hz – 500 Hz range or an average reduction of 3.8 dB in the 100 Hz – 800 Hz range. The decentralized dual-channel ANC is also tested under different noise types and is effective in low-frequency control. Furthermore, the dual-channel ANC remains robust even with an additional mechanical ventilation system operating inside the plenum window, improving the natural ventilation.

국내 공동주택의 수요반응형 급탕환수 시스템의 적용성 분석

Purpose: To investigate applicability of on-demand recirculation domestic hot water (DHW) system on domestic apartment housing. On-demand recirculation DHW system is one of the circulation type system for DHW supply which minimizes wasted time, water and energy from waiting period of the occupant. Method: To assess the applicability, TRNSYS simulation is utilized program to compare normal branch system and on-demand recirculation system, as the TRNSYS is suitable for simulate transient condition. For the simulation, factors and conditions including two main factors-shower schedule and tap water temperature- are assumed along the previous literature. Based on the condition, simulation model including both system was built and simulation was conducted. Result: The result showed that the on-demand recirculation system can save 4.5% of water consumption and 0.7% of domestic hot water supply energy. Further study is needed to consider detailed hot water consumption schedule. It is to be hoped that this paper will serve as a basis for the domestic research of the on-demand recirculation DHW system.

시기별 아파트 질적 특성요인의 향상에 따른 가격효과 분석

In the domestic apartment market, the quality enhancement and differentiated strategies of construction companies have been implemented since the 2000s. In many ways, the quality characteristics of apartment buildings that have been improved continuously provided a variety of choices in the criteria for housing buyers to purchase. This study empirically analyzed the effect of improving the quality characteristics of apartments by period among the determinants of housing prices on apartments in Gangnam-gu, Seoul through the Hedonic price model. The analysis showed that all the variables of qualitative characteristics, which are the core variables of this study, had a positive effect on apartment prices. It was confirmed that some of the variables corresponding to the qualitative characteristic factors showed higher estimation coefficient values than other variables, which had a greater impact on apartment price formation. In addition, it can be seen that a significant portion of the price effect due to aging, which has been measured as a quadratic function in many previous studies, is the result of overlapping effects due to the improvement of the qualitative characteristics of apartments.

호주 New South Wales주 아파트 디자인 가이드라인 분석

This paper investigates the Apartment Design Guide of New South Wales, Australia and through this analysis, it aims to suggest the direction of the development of domestic apartment spatial design guidelines. Firstly, this paper examines the policy background and purpose of the Apartment Design Guide through the literature review. Secondly, the configuration of the guideline has been significantly explored in detailed. Thirdly, based on the insightful exploration, the specific design criteria and guidances related to the interior space design from the guideline are extracted. Then the extracted data has been analysed focused on the perspective of the physical architectural aspects in close relation to the living environment. Lastly, the paper discusses the significant aspects of analysis that can be considered in the development of domestic apartment design guidelines towards a better living environment. The major architectural aspects related to the criteria and guidances for interior space design specified from the Apartment Design Guide were found to be 11 different factors in total. In order to satisfy the criteria and guidances of each factor, the physical architectural aspects including spatial layout, size, and ceiling height were found to be the critical architectural aspects, which could consequently affect health, comfort, efficiency, diversity, and equity of apartment living environment. This paper will indicate the significance on the consideration of policy and regulation in the design development of domestic apartment design guidelines. It will contribute on the positive impact on the delivery of a better quality and choice of apartment design in South Korea.

Evaluation of Data Extracted from Floor Plans for Apartment Complex Remodeling

South Korea has witnessed an increasing social demand for housing supply due to rapid urban population growth from the 1950s through the 1970s. At least two million houses have been in use for 30 years or more since the implementation of policies related to the mass production of apartment houses 20–30 years ago. Methods for improving the aging of domestic apartment houses and their living environment are reconstruction and remodeling, and the government has been encouraging remodeling by easing laws and regulations related to it. During the early stages of a typical remodeling project, many candidate floor plans arise in the process of finalizing the floor plan, resulting in significant time consumption in the iterative process for reviews and revisions. Extracting quantitative indicators by comparing floor plans before and after remodeling at the initial design stage and comparing the indicators of the target complex with the existing case can facilitate a more time‐efficient and economical decision‐making process. In this study, quantitative indicators were extracted from floor plans by applying a structural evaluation program for remodeling of apartment housing at five existing domestic apartment complexes (nine buildings in total), and a detailed comparative analysis was conducted. Evaluated indices included variations of floor area, load‐bearing wall, nonbearing wall, slab, weight, area moment of inertia, torsional resistance, and visualization of removed, remaining, and new bearing walls. The proposed method can continuously accumulate data from domestic apartment house remodeling projects and accelerate the process by shortening the time required for final decision‐making in future remodeling projects.

팬 분리형 레인지 후드의 소음 평가

In order to improve the noise problem caused by the range hood installed in domestic apartment houses, we attempted to accurately identify the noise characteristics in the developed range hood. First, the developed range hood was installed in an apartment house and the noise level was measured. After that, noise was evaluated using the evaluation methods of dB (A), PSIL, NC and NR of the household where the range hood was installed. As a result of the noise evaluation of the developed range hood, it is judged that it can create a comfortable indoor environment for occupants in terms of noise compared to the existing range hood.

Improving a Heating Supply Water Temperature Control for Radiant Floor Heating Systems in Korean High-Rise Residential Buildings

The number of domestic apartment houses in South Korea that use district heating is steadily increasing. In addition, most Korean residential buildings use radiant floor heating systems. For such systems, the heating water temperature supplied by a heat exchanger in a mechanical room serves as one of the critical control parameters for providing heat to individual residential apartments. Fixed temperature (FT) and outdoor temperature reset control (OTR) have conventionally been used to adjust the heating supply water temperature. However, both control methods have a major technical weakness; they do not reflect changes in residents’ heating use. To overcome this issue, this study proposes a new method for controlling the heating supply water temperature, called Residential Energy Demand (RED). To verify the proposed method, researchers conducted both simulation- and experiment-based tests. The RED control method achieved about 4% reduction in heating energy consumption compared to the conventional OTR control process. In addition, the RED control method increased the average indoor temperature by 0.17 °C during the heating period. Therefore, this study demonstrates that the proposed control method is capable of achieving energy savings and a warmer thermal indoor environment.

A Study on the CPTED Guidelines and Case of Netherlands, Austria for Crime Safety in Residential Area

본 연구는 국내 CPTED 가이드라인 중 대표성을 지니는 국토교통부의 CPTED 가이드라인을 대상으로 한계점을 제시하고 국외사례를 통해 실질적인 개선방향을 도출하였다. 연구방법으로는 국가별 CPTED 가이드라인의 전체적인 개요와 적용범위를 분석하고 국외 CPTED 가이드라인에 따른 적용요소를 도출한 뒤 현장사례를 실태조사 하였다. 분석결과 다음과 같은 결론을 제시한다. 첫째, 국내 노후화된 건축물들이 증가하고 있는 사회적 상황을 고려하여 네덜란드처럼 건축시기에 따른 적용방안과 최소한의 요구사항을 제시할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 국내에 노인, 어린이, 여성 등 범죄에 취약한 계층이 많은 상황을 고려하여 오스트리아처럼 여성에게 초점을 맞춘 CPTED 적용방안처럼 범죄에 취약한 계층을 대상으로 전략적인 CPTED 가이드라인을 모색할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 주로 어두운 공간이 형성되는 야간에 자연적 감시를 유도할 수 있도록 조명과 주변 조경과의 연계를 통한 CPTED 적용방안을 제시할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 주동주변, 보행로, 놀이터와 같은 어느 특정 공간에만 중점을 두기보다는 단지 전체에 자연적 감시를 확보하고 적극적인 적용을 유도하기 위해 교목의 최대 높이를 규정할 필요가 있다. 다섯째, 주로 외부에 자전거 보관함이 계획 되어 있는 국내 공동주택의 상황을 고려하여 1층 실내에 전면유리창으로 설치된 보관실을 계획하여 절도범죄를 효과적으로 예방하고 유지관리가 용이하도록 할 필요가 있다. 또한 야간에 소수의 경비원을 통한 주변 감시보다는 다수의 거주민들이 스스로 주변 감시를 유도하여 범죄를 예방할 수 있도록 국내에도 공용시설 이외에 주택내부에 추가적인 공용공간을 마련할 필요가 있다. 여섯째, 시설 주변에서 감시를 유도하기보다는 거주민들이 직접 단지시설에 참여하여 주변상황을 직접적으로 감시할 수 있도록 적극적인 참여를 유도할 수 있는 시설을 계획할 필요가 있다.The purpose of this study was to present limitations to the CPETD guidelines of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, which are representative among the domestic CPTED guidelines, and to draw improvements through the foreign cases. The method of this study is that the overall outline and scope of CPTED guidelines were analyzed. and then application factors derived from overseas CPTED guidelines was verified through cases. The results of this study are as follows. First, Considering the growing social situation of Deteriorated buidings in Korea, it is necessary to suggest improvements and minimum requirements in accordance with the period of construction, as in the Netherlands. Second, Considering people vulnerable to crimes such as senior citizens, children and women in Korea, it is necessary to suggest strategic CPTED guidelines for those who vulnerable to crimes, such as a CPTED application plan focused on women like Austria. Third, It is necessary to suggest plans for CPTED through connection with lamp and surrounding landscaping so that natural surveillance can be induced at night, when dark spaces are formed mainly. Fourth, It is necessary to define the maximum height of landscaping in order to secure natural surveillence throughout the complex and induce active application, rather than focusing only on specific space. Fifth, Considering the situation of domestic apartments where bicycle storage is planned outside, it is necessary to plan storage rooms installed with front window on the first floor to effectively prevent theft and facilitate maintenance. Also, It is necessary to plan additional public spaces in addition to public facilities so that a large number of residents can prevent crimes by natural surveillance rather than by a small number of security guards at night. Sixth, It is necessary to plan facilities that can induce active participation so that residents can participate in the complex themselves and directly monitor the surroundings

Control of EV Charging and BESS to Reduce Peak Powers in Domestic Real Estate

The paper discusses the effects of electric vehicle (EV) charging and battery energy storage systems (BESS) on monthly peak powers in domestic apartment buildings. The introduced control method for both EV charging and BESS utilizes real-time measurements and memorized peak power consumptions to determine the available power before exceeding the previous peak power. This kind of control method could lead to cost savings if the power-based distribution tariff of distribution system operators (DSO) includes a price component based on monthly peak power. Some Finnish DSOs have also launched this kind of power-based distribution tariff for small-scale customers. Simulations indicate that EVs can likely be charged without increasing the monthly peak powers of real estate when EV penetration is relatively small. Higher EV penetration would lead to a higher risk of some EVs to not fully charge. There are also indications that BESS can be effective in limiting monthly peak powers when utilizing the peak saving control method.

Study on strength estimation of soil cement used in the embedded pile method by electrical resistivity measurement

Problems caused by poor quality control and quality assurance of the pre-boring embedded pile construction, such as on domestic apartment house is still occurring nowadays. An adequate consideration for invisible risks inside or below the ground is important in pile foundation construction therefore the demand for advanced and reliable quality assurance is increase in the future. In this research, to understand the quality of the construction at early stage, the compressive strength of cement-soil mixture of pile construction after 28 days is estimated using electrical resistivity value of the mixture. More accurate measurement for electrical resistivity value is conducted by inserting the electrodes without using potassium chloride solution as a catalyst. The result showed that there is a certain tendency in the electric resistivity value at the early age regarding to the type of soil (sand, clay) mixed in. The most accurate estimation was achieved from the electric resistivity value at the first day and several days onwards, and from the compressive strength after 3 days.

Proposal of a PCM Underfloor Heating System Using a Web Construction Method

Apartment buildings in Korea have adopted underfloor heating systems using web construction methods based on concrete and hot water systems. However, since such systems consume significant amounts of energy for heating owing to their low thermal storage performance, it is necessary to develop a new system that can minimize energy consumption by improving concrete thermal storage performance. This study proposes a phase-change material (PCM) underfloor heating system to reduce energy consumption in apartment buildings. An optimal design for a PCM underfloor heating system is proposed, and thermal storage performance of the proposed system is evaluated experimentally. The temperature range of the PCM for underfloor heating is also calculated considering the proposed design and comfortable heating conditions for domestic apartment buildings. Results indicate that a PCM underfloor heating system can be constructed in the following order: (1) a 210 mm concrete slab, (2) a 20 mm cushioning material, (3) 40 mm of mortar including a 10 mm PCM thermal storage container, and (4) 40 mm of finishing mortar including wire mesh and hot water pipes. The temperature range of the PCM used for underfloor heating in domestic apartment buildings is 32–45°C. Experimental tests reveal that thermal storage performance of underfloor heating systems that apply 35, 37, 41, and 44°C as representative PCM temperatures is superior to existing systems.

MC설계를 적용한 장수명주택 인필의 계획특성에 관한 연구

Domestic apartment housing has been designed in accordance with the new housing supply-driven policies for a long time. As a result, its design, material production, construction, maintenance and remodeling process, rather than being systematically performed, were individually approached to cause insufficient linkage between technologies. For these problems and the supply of long life housing, active research on long life housing has been conducted in Korea since 2005. However, the existing research on long life housing has been focused on a single item with no connection made between infill systems, and no overall interface rule, resulting in no activation of the business. In this study, for the supply and activation of long life housing, we aim to analyze the problems of existing long life housing to set up its matching standards for infill systems.

국내 브랜드 아파트 주방공간 변화 특성 연구 - 2001년부터 2015년 까지 분양된 84㎡~102㎡ 아파트를 중심으로 -

국내 브랜드 아파트 주방공간 변화 특성 연구 - 2001년부터 2015년 까지 분양된 84㎡~102㎡ 아파트를 중심으로 -

공간구문론을 이용한 일본 소규모 단독주택의 공간특징 분석 - 국내 아파트 평면과의 비교를 중심으로 -

공간구문론을 이용한 일본 소규모 단독주택의 공간특징 분석 - 국내 아파트 평면과의 비교를 중심으로 -

A Study on Barrier Free Level of Domestic Apartments Units

A Study on Barrier Free Level of Domestic Apartments Units

냉방에너지 저감을 위한 PCM적용 축열벽 시스템 연구

The regulations to reduce energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission in building sectors are being developed and promoted all over the world. However, in Korea, as balcony extension of the apartments has been legally allowed, it became prevalent and resulted in excessive energy consumption. This study derived the possibility of PCM application to the thermal storage wall system through theoretical consideration and investigated the problems occurring when the balcony space has been extended to the diverted space. In addition, this study aims at the possibility of verifying the installation and confirming the cooling energy reduction effect, by conducting measuring tests with the actual installation of PCM applied thermal storage wall system. As a result of theoretical consideration, it is determined that the disadvantages with the existing thermal storage wall system can be complemented by applying PCM, and this study suggests the PCM applied Thermal Storage Wall System. The study was conducted on 1/6 of a miniature inner room of a domestic apartment with 84 ㎡ of exclusive area. From the results of actual measurements, it is confirmed that the balcony extension structure can gain 11.3% of more calories than the existing balcony structure, resulting in the increase in cooling energy usage. It is determined that the installation of the PCM applied Thermal Storage Wall System may gain 25.2% of less calories to reduce cooling energy usage.

동적 원심모형실험에 의한 점성토 지반에 근입된 말뚝지지 기초의 응답 스펙트럼 분석

현재 국내 내진설계기준에서 제시하고 있는 지반분류 방법 및 지반 증폭계수는 기반암이 주로 30m 이내에 위치하는 일반적인 국내 지반특성을 제대로 반영하지 못하고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 점성토 지반에 근입된 비정형 말뚝기초(PHC 500, 중심 간격 3D)에 대한 동적 원심모형 실험을 실시하여 자유장과 기초판의 응답 스펙트럼 결과를 비교하였다. 장주기 영역에서는 SE 지반의 설계 스펙트럼 가속도보다 기초와 자유장에서 계측된 실제 스펙트럼 가속도가 작게 나타났고, 기초에서 발생한 스펙트럼 가속도는 지진 하중이 커지면 SD 지반의 설계 스펙트럼 가속도와 유사해지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이것은 연약한 지반(SE 지반)에 대한 현행 설계기준이 지진 하중을 과대평가하고 있으며 비경제적 설계를 할 수 있음을 의미한다. 1.5초 이상의 장주기 영역에서는 실험에서 측정된 스펙트럼 가속도가 SC 지반의 표준설계응답스펙트럼 가속도보다 작게 나타났고 기초 및 자유장 조건에 의한 스펙트럼 가속도 차이가 거의 발생하지 않았다. 따라서, 실제 아파트에 해당하는 1.5초 이상의 장주기에서는 국내 지반조건을 고려하여 실험에서 측정된 스펙트럼 가속도를 설계에 적용하면 표준설계스펙트럼을 적용할 때 보다 경제적인 설계가 가능한 것으로 나타났다. Site coefficient and amplification factor of current domestic Seismic Design Code (KBC-2009) have no consideration for the domestic ground condition in which the base rock is normally placed within 30m form the surface. Accordingly, in this study dynamic centrifugal test and analysis for pile foundation into clay were achieved. and the response spectrums of free surface and basement were compared with each other. Within the period 1sec., the measured spectral acceleration of free surface and basement was bigger than the design spectral acceleration of SC and SD site. However the measured spectral acceleration of free surface and basement for the period over 1.5sec. was smaller than the design spectral acceleration of SC site. There was no severe difference of spectral acceleration according to the upper structure, embedded depth of foundation and free surface conditions. Consequently, normal domestic apartment housing for the period range over 1.5sec. could be design more economically applying these test result.

국내 공동주택 화재감지시스템의 성능개선을 위한 기초연구

This study examines the performance of and searches for improvements to the existing automatic fire detection systems installed at domestic apartment buildings as a basic study for development of intelligent fire detection systems specifically for apartments. Thus, this study aims to find out the problems in performance and maintenance of the existing fire detectors installed at apartment buildings which is the prerequisite process for development of intelligent fire detection system for that specific application. It is also found impossible to check whether or not the detectors installed at each apartment are in an operational state at normal times. This study finds that it is desirable to replace the slow-sensing heat detectors by a smoke and single smoke detectors which can detect a fire at its early stage in an effort to improve the problems of fire detectors installed at apartment buildings presently. Because we need to the independence fire detection system of apartment building.

동적 원심모형실험에 의한 사질토에 근입된 말뚝지지 기초의 응답 스펙트럼 분석

현재 국내 내진설계기준에서 제시하고 있는 지반분류 방법 및 지반 증폭계수는 기반암이 주로 30m 이내에 위치하는 일반적인 국내 지반특성을 제대로 반영하지 못하고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 사질토 지반에 근입된 비정형 말뚝기초(PHC 500, 중심 간격 3D, 4D, 5D)와 상부 구조물에 대한 동적 원심모형 실험을 실시하여 자유장과 기초판의 응답 스펙트럼 결과를 비교하였다. 단주기 영역인 1초 이내 주기에서는 기초판 및 지표면 자유장의 측정 스펙트럼이 SC 및 SD 지반의 표준설계스펙트럼 가속도보다 크게 나타났다. 1.5초 이상의 장주기 영역에서는 실험에서 측정된 스펙트럼 가속도가 SC 지반의 표준설계응답스펙트럼 가속도보다 작게 나타났고 상부구조물 유무, 지반 근입 심도, 기초 및 자유장 조건에 의한 스펙트럼 가속도 차이가 거의 발생하지 않았다. 따라서, 실제 아파트에 해당하는 1.5초 이상의 장주기에서는 국내 지반조건을 고려하여 측정된 스펙트럼 가속도를 설계에 적용하면 표준설계스펙트럼을 적용할 때 보다 경제적인 설계가 가능한 것으로 나타났다. Site coefficient and amplification factor of current domestic Seismic Design Code (KBC-2009) have no consideration for the domestic ground condition in which the base rock is normally placed within 30m form the surface. Accordingly, in this study dynamic centrifugal test and analysis for pile foundation into sand and upper structure were achieved. and the response spectrums of free surface and basement were compared with each other. Within the period 1 sec., the measured spectral acceleration of free surface and basement was bigger than the design spectral acceleration of SC and SD site. However the measured spectral acceleration of free surface and basement for the period over 1.5 sec. was smaller than the design spectral acceleration of SC site. There was no severe difference of spectral acceleration according to the upper structure, embedded depth of foundation and free surface conditions. Consequently, normal domestic apartment housing for the period range over 1.5sec. could be design more economically applying these test result.

신축 공동주택의 누기특성 및 기밀성능 분석에 관한 연구

In responding to the recent framework convention on climate change, and the rise of the need for energy efficient buildings, such as Zero Energy Buildings (ZEB), domestic insulation standards and energy conservation regulations are being reinforced, to prevent heat loss. Accordingly, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport have made amendments in Chapter 21 "Enforcement regulations for building facilities standards etc.", and Chapter 22 "Energy conservation standard", to reflect these changes. To effectively implement these regulations, it is required to propose air-tightness test methods, and establish air-tightness standards, based on the air leakage characteristics of domestic apartment housings. This research has been done primarily to collect basic technical data, to provide guidance for the establishment of domestic air-tightness standards for new apartment housing, through studying air-tightness test methods, field measurement on air-tightness of new apartment housings, and air leakage characteristics of major developed countries.