Adoptions Research Articles

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON DROPOUT OF INFERTILITY TREATMENTS AND RELATED FACTORS

Infertility occurs when a couple has been unable to produce a child for a period of at least one year while engaging in regular sexual activity and not using any kind of birth control. In addition, the pair must not have used any form of contraception during that time period. Fecundity is defined as a woman's ability to carry a pregnancy to full term without experiencing complications. Studies conducted on populations indicate that the probability of a woman becoming pregnant at any given month ranges between 20 and 25 percent overall. It is difficult to compare dropout rates across different facilities and nations due to factors such as the expense of infertility treatments, the regulations that control payment, and the accessibility of these therapies. The overwhelming majority of fertility specialists are obsessed with the outcomes of therapy and the success rates of their patients, but they frequently ignore or forget about the "invisible" individuals who withdraw from treatment. There is a lack of clarity regarding the causes and factors that lead individuals to quit focusing on their relationships. Many married couples find that they are better off financially if they choose to forego having any more children. During the period of mourning that is linked with an inability to produce children, undergoing at least one cycle of in vitro fertilization (IVF) may be performed as a "ritual." Several studies have found a correlation between dropout and a number of factors, some of which are as follows: emotional factors, communication issues, delaying treatment, physical and psychological burden, personal problems, refusal to accept treatment, problems related to the infertility organization and clinics, marital issues, age of women, number of previous births, previous unsuccessful treatments, poor treatment prognosis, child adoption, spontaneous pregnancy, and lack of insurance coverage are among the factors that have been found.

Event history analysis on racial disparities in the path to adoption for Black and White children

BackgroundBlack children are significantly overrepresented in many phases of the U.S. child welfare system. ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to investigate racial disproportionality and disparities in the adoption process and factors that predict the length of time to adoption. Participants and settingThis study utilized administrative data from the 2014 year of the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS) collected in 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. MethodsThe disproportionality metric (DM) and disparity index (DI) were constructed for Black and White children, and event history analyses were conducted to calculate the probability of adoption while considering the time to adoption finalization. ResultsDM indicated that Black children (0.81) were underrepresented in adoption, and DI indicated that the likelihood of adoption for Black children (0.73) was one third lower than that for White children. The event history analyses revealed that White children were 1.27 times more likely to be adopted than Black children. White children had considerably fewer days from termination of parental rights to adoption finalization with a median time of 273.5 days compared to 328 days for Black children. Factors that extended adoption time included child intellectual, physical, and emotional/behavioral disabilities, visual and hearing impairments, parental alcohol abuse and disability, and child maltreatment histories, while parental drug abuse and longer stays in out-of-home care shortened the adoption process. We also found a significant interaction effect of race and neglect on adoption. Neglected Black children had a longer time to adoption than neglected White children. ConclusionsMore dedicated outreach programs and resources must be developed to ensure the effectiveness of adoption services and cultural continuity for Black children.

Defining embryo donation: an Ethics Committee opinion

Building families through the adoption of children has been supported by human society throughout history. The ethical appropriateness of patients donating embryos to other patients for family building, or for research, is well established and is affirmed by this Committee. The use of the term ''adoption'' for embryos is inaccurate and should be avoided. This document replaces the ASRM Ethics Committee statement by the same name, last published in2016.

El debido proceso y la adopción de menores a favor de parejas homoparentales en Ecuador

The adoption process of minor children for homoparental families, within the Ecuadorian legal system, has not been able to be regulated, given that it continues to be discriminatory for people of the same sex. The Childhood and Adolescence Code (2015) stipulates that children and adolescents have the right to be adopted and form a home other than their biological one. In this regard, the research focuses on the objective of identifying the existing regulatory contradiction that leads to a violation of constitutional rights such as equality for people who make up same-sex couples, given the existing procedural obstacles. Understanding then, that there is discrimination for homosexual couples. The present investigation has a qualitative approach, where the analytical-synthetic method was used, in addition to the inductive method, which will help to analyze the object of study subjectively. Therefore, the results obtained were that the rights of homosexual couples are violated by a lack of regulations that regulate the adoption of children by homosexual couples.

Islamic Inheritance Law and Its Implications on the Rights of Adopted Children in IndonesiaPerspective on Adopted Children Enforcement in The Law of Inheritance

Adoption has developed into a widespread phenomenon in the context of Indonesian society. Due to the fact that adoption affects the interests of individuals within a family, adoption has been integrated into the legal framework that regulates family relationships As a result of the way it influences individual interests within the family, it has been incorporated into the legal framework governing family relationships. Article 39 of the Child Protection Law, adoptive parents must pay attention to the best interests of the child during the process, which must also be carried out in accordance with community habits, applicable laws and regulations. There are two categories of adoption in Indonesia: domestic adoption, which occurs between Indonesian citizens, and international adoption, which involves children of Indonesian citizens who are adopted by people who are not residents of Indonesia. The research method used is known as normative juridical research. This research method is used to understand and evaluate whether a legal regulation has complied with the applicable legal principles and formal requirements set by the law. The author chooses this method because it is relevant to various fields of law and generates new ideas. According to research, the inheritance rights of indigenous Indonesians are carried out based on Islamic law in situations involving Indonesian inheritance law. Adopted children are still considered biological parents and are not entitled to inherit from their adoptive parents. The local customary law system will determine how many adopted children are entitled to inheritance. Adopted children still receive inheritance from their biological parents, not from their adoptive parents because adopted children do not inherit from their adoptive parents. Increased public awareness and stricter regulations in Indonesia regarding adoption practices can help protect the rights and interests of children and promote safer and more secure adoption practices.

PEMBATALAN PENGANGKATAN ANAK PADA PRAKTEKNYA DI PENGADILAN NEGERI BUKITTINGGI

Adoption is a necessity for every family that cannot have children, especially for married couples who do not have children so they make adopted children like biological children. Problems arise if the adoptive parents submitted a lawsuit for canceling the adoption. This paper is the result of legal research method using an empirical juridical problem approach. The legal considerations are that a court may not refuse to examine and decide on a case submitted to the court, even though there is no special arrangements or have not been regulated in existing legislation regarding the cancellation of child adoption, the judge who examines the case must be able to explore, follow, and understand legal values and a sense of justice in society. The reasons for canceling the adoption of this child in this case are the feeling of disappointed with the actions of the adopted child who do not pay attention to their adoptive parents; does not respect his adoptive parents, causing less harmonious communication; adopted children do not take care of their adoptive parents who are elderly or sick, even if their adoptive mother dies, so the adopted child is considered not fulfilling their obligations as a child.

Designing Healing Environments: A Literature Review on the Benefits of Healing Gardens for Children in Healthcare Facilities and the Urgent Need for Policy Implementation

Despite the well-known benefits of healing gardens for children in healthcare facilities, policies and guidelines for their implementation are lacking, leading to their undervaluation by policymakers. This literature review investigates the advantages of healing gardens for children’s health and wellbeing, with a focus on public-funded healthcare facilities. The review explores the definition of a healing garden, theories, the value of play, the impact on children’s development, and the environmental benefits of healing gardens. Additionally, the review presents successful examples of healing gardens in practice, while acknowledging potential arguments against them and associated risks. During the literature review, research gaps were identified, and areas for future research were also examined. Finally, this review calls for evidence-based guidelines for policymakers and designers to incorporate healing gardens into healthcare facilities, providing a comprehensive argument for their adoption and regular access for children.

Grounds, Procedure, Legal Consequences of the Abolition of Adoption

The topical issues that arise when considering civil cases on the abolition of adoption, priority areas for protecting the rights and legitimate interests of minors are investigated. Children left without parental care are by far the most vulnerable socially and morally. The article presents a comprehensive view of this issue from both legal and psychological points of view. On the legal side, it is indicated that it is possible to transform a number of legal norms enshrined in the Family Code of the Russian Federation in order to apply them most effectively. From the psychological point of view, the necessity of mandatory use of special psychological knowledge in resolving disputes in this category is determined. In addition, the special role of the prosecutor and the guardianship and guardianship authorities in the judicial process in cases related to the abolition of the adoption of a child is described. Particular attention is directed to the fact that the adoption of a decision to cancel the adoption should primarily meet the interests of minors, contain an unconditional character. The corresponding consequences of the decisions made by the court to cancel the adoption are given. The object of the study is the totality of social relations that arise during the consideration of civil cases of this category. The subject is the norms of civil, family and civil procedural law governing the above relations, the system of their implementation and application. Judicial acts are analyzed: decisions (determinations) of courts to cancel adoption, statistical and reporting data are summarized, grounds for filing claims are determined. Aspects related to the need to apply preventive measures aimed at excluding formal grounds for filing applications for the cancellation of the adoption of children are highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the participation in the consideration of disputes of this category of specialized entities, endowed with appropriate powers and having special knowledge in the field of psychology, sociology, and pedagogy. Based on the results of the study, the author formulated certain conclusions, made practical proposals for a more effective application of the norms of the current legislation, primarily in order to respect the rights and interests of children. Certain options for adjusting a number of norms of the current legislation in this area are proposed.

Legal Protection for Adopted Children in Indonesia Through Court Determination

Anyone can adopt a child. In Indonesia this can be done if the child to be taken meets the requirements, this of course must be in accordance with applicable laws. However, legal protection in child adoption varies in each region according to customary law that applies in an area. The purpose of this study is to analyze whether a court order can provide legal protection for adopted children. This research is normative legal research with legal data. The results of the study show that the child adoption procedure in Indonesia actually fulfills the principle of legal certainty in accordance with Indonesian law. Laws on adoption include the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 23 of 2002, Law of the Republic of Indonesia No.23 of 2006, and Government Regulation Number 54 of 2007.

The Implementation of Donation System using Blockchain

A donation system using blockchain technology can revolutionize the way donations are made and managed for various causes, including child adoption, fund distribution, stationary and food donation, and blood donation. This system can increase transparency, accountability, and trust between donors and recipients, as all transactions are recorded on an immutable blockchain ledger. The system can be implemented by creating a smart contract that specifies the terms and conditions of the donation system, including the types of donations accepted, the criteria for eligibility, and the process of distributing funds. Donors can use a digital wallet to store their cryptocurrency donations, which can be seamlessly integrated with the smart contract to ensure secure and transparent transactions. The system can also be used to verify the eligibility of recipients, preventing fraud and ensuring that donations go to the intended recipients. The smart contract can automatically distribute funds to eligible recipients based on the criteria specified in the contract.By implementing a donation system using blockchain technology, donors can trust that their contributions are making a real impact, and recipients can have greater access to resources for their needs. This system has the potential to bring greater transparency and fairness to the donation process, ultimately benefiting the causes and individuals in need.

International Adoption of Children with Special Needs in Spain

International adoption has declined in recent years, although the adoption of children with special needs has arisen. We aim to describe our experience in the international adoption of children with special needs and to analyze the concordance between the pathologies included in pre-adoption reports and the diagnosis made upon arrival. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study including internationally adopted children with special needs evaluated at a reference Spanish unit between 2016 and 2019. Epidemiological and clinical variables were collected from medical records, and pre-adoption reports were compared to established diagnoses following their evaluation and complementary tests. Fifty-seven children were included: 36.8% females, a median age of 27 months [IQR:17-39], mostly coming from China (63.2%) and Vietnam (31.6%). The main pathologies described in the pre-adoption reports were congenital surgical malformations (40.3%), hematological (22.6%), and neurological (24.6%). The initial diagnosis that motivated the international adoption via special needs was confirmed in 79% of the children. After evaluation, 14% were diagnosed with weight and growth delay, and 17.5% with microcephaly, not previously reported. Infectious diseases were also prevalent (29.8%). According to our series, the pre-adoption reports of children with special needs appear accurate, with a low rate of new diagnoses. Pre-existing conditions were confirmed in almost 80% of cases.

Socio-Cultural Practices and Fertility Behaviour of Rural Dwellers in Alayi, Abia State, Nigeria

This study was carried to investigate the influence of socio-cultural practice (male child preference; women marginalization and adoption of large family size) on fertility behaviour in Alayi community. Survey design was adopted for this study. Data collection was carried out using two methods (questionnaire and Focus Group Discussions-FGDs). The questionnaire consists of four sections, with twenty items arranged on four Point Likert-type formats. A pilot test of the instruments gave reliability estimates of 0.5. Using the proportional stratified and purposive sampling technique, 356 respondents were sampled from a population of 3,273 respondents across the study area. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested using chi-square at 0.05 level of significance. Results obtained indicated that there is a significant influence of male child preference, women marginalization and adoption of large family size on the fertility behaviour of Alayi people. Also, result from the socio demographic data of respondents indicates that the level of education and occupation of respondents has a far-reaching implication for large family size among the Alayi people. It is recommended among others that age of entry into marriage should be checkmated by parents and stakeholders to prevent women from falling victims of circumstances. Also, there should be an appeal for the shift in the traditional beliefs and attitudes in which people consider many children with preferences to sons and synonymous with wealth. Lastly, the existing family planning programme should be strengthened and expanded to ensure that couples and individuals have uninterrupted access to the range of contraceptive methods at affordable prices.

Exploring variations and influencing factors of illegal adoption: A comparison between child trafficking and informal adoption

BackgroundIllegal adoption, which mainly includes child trafficking and informal adoption, has long been a prevalent social issue in China. However, the processes and patterns of illegal adoption are not well understood due to the scarcity of data. ObjectiveThe findings are expected to provide insightful clues for the government and the public to better understand the two categories of illegal adoption. Participants and settingThis study included 4296 trafficking cases and 4499 informal adoption cases between 1949 and 2018. The data came from the ‘Baby Coming Back Home’ (https://www.baobeihuijia.com) website, which is the most comprehensive commonweal forum established by nongovernmental volunteers for finding missing persons in China. MethodsMathematical statistics and hot spot analysis were used to visualize the spatiotemporal pattern of illegal adoption. ResultsChild trafficking and informal adoption show opposite gender preferences and different age gradients. The numbers of both cases peaked in the early 1990s and then dropped. More than 50 % of all trafficked children were male, whereas approximately 83 % cases of informal adoption were female between 1980 and 2000. Hot spots of illegal adoption have shifted from the cities of the Huai River Basin to the southeastern coastal cities over time, 39.40 % of trafficking cases occurred in rural residential areas, and 52.45 % of informal adoption cases were observed in hospitals. ConclusionsChild trafficking and informal adoption are two different ways of adopting children in China. The combination of the one-child policy and the traditional culture of son preference shaped the different characteristics of the illegal adoption of children during a critical period.

Longitudinal data on speech outcomes in internationally adopted children compared with non-adopted children with cleft lip and palate.

At the beginning of the 21st century, international adoptions of children with cleft lip and/or palate increased dramatically in Sweden. Many children arrived partially or totally unoperated, despite being at an age when palatoplasty has usually been performed. To date, the speech development of internationally adopted (IA) children has been described up to age 7-8 years, but later development remains unstudied. To investigate speech development between ages 5 and 10 years in children born with cleft lip and palate (CLP) adopted from China and to compare them with non-adopted (NA) children with CLP. A secondary aim was to compare the frequencies of secondary palatal surgery and number of visits to a speech and language pathologist (SLP) between the groups. In a longitudinal study, 23 IA children from China were included and matched with 23 NA children born in Sweden. Experienced SLPs blindly reassessed audio recordings from routine follow-ups at ages 5 and 10 years. Velopharyngeal function (VPF) was assessed with the composite score for velopharyngeal competence (VPC-Sum) for single words and rated on a three-point scale (VPC-Rate) in sentence repetition. Target sounds in words and sentences were phonetically transcribed. Per cent correct consonants (PCC) were calculated at word and sentence levels. For in-depth analyses, articulation errors were divided into cleft speech characteristics (CSCs), developmental speech characteristics (DSCs) and s-errors. Information on secondary palatal surgery and number of visits to an SLP was collected. VPF differed significantly between the groups at both ages when assessed with VPC-Sum, but not with VPC-Rate. Regardless of the method for assessing VPF, a similar proportion in both groups had incompetent VPF but fewer IA than NA children had competent VPF at both ages. IA children had lower PCC at both ages at both word and sentence levels. More IA children had CSCs, DSCs and s-errors at age 5 years, and CSCs and s-errors at age 10. The development of PCC was significant in both groups between ages 5 and 10 years. The proportion of children receiving secondary palatal surgery did not differ significantly between the groups, nor did number of SLP visits. CSCs were more persistent in IA children than in NA children at age 10 years. Interventions should target both cleft and DSCs, be comprehensive and continue past the pre-school years. What is already known on this subject At the beginning of the 21st century, IA children with cleft lip and/or palate arrived in Sweden partially or totally unoperated, despite being at an age when palatoplasty has usually been performed. Studies up to age 7-8 years show that adopted children, compared with NA peers, have poorer articulation skills, demonstrate both cleft-related and developmental articulation errors, and are more likely to have velopharyngeal incompetence. Several studies also report that adopted children more often require secondary palatal surgery due to fistulas, dehiscence or velopharyngeal incompetence compared with NA peers. What this paper adds to existing knowledge This longitudinal study provides additional knowledge based on longer follow-ups than previous studies. It shows that the proportion of children assessed to have incompetent VPF was similar among IA and NA children. It was no significant difference between the groups regarding the proportion that received secondary palatal surgery. However, fewer IA children were assessed to have a competent VPF. Developmental articulation errors have ceased in most IA and all NA children at age 10 years, but significantly more adopted children than NA children still have cleft-related articulation errors. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Speech and language therapy should target both cleft-related and developmental articulation errors. When needed, treatment must be initiated early, comprehensive, and continued past the pre-school years, not least for adopted children.

Protection of Appointed Children's Rights According to Law Number 35 of 2014 Concerning Child Protection

Adoption in Indonesia is still a problem for the community, especially in matters concerning the regulations that govern it. In Indonesia, adoption has become a community need and is part of the family law system, because it involves the interests of people per person in the family. Bushar Muhammad, divides adoption into two types, namely: direct adoption (adopting children), and indirect adoption (through marriage). Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection explicitly states that the purpose of child adoption, the motivation for adoption can only be done for the best interests of the child and carried out based on local customs and provisions of applicable laws and regulations.

Lived experiences and coping strategies of persons seeking infertility treatment in the Kumasi metropolis: a descriptive phenomenological study

BackgroundWomen seeking fertility treatment face myriad challenges that they must adapt and adjust to daily. This aimed at exploring the experiences and coping strategies of such persons in the Kumasi.Metropolis.MethodsA qualitative approach was employed and a purposive sampling technique was used to select 19 participants. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data. The data collected were analyzed using Colaizzi's method of data analysis.ResultsPersons living with infertility had emotional experiences of anxiety, stress, and depression. Socially, participants experienced isolation, stigma, societal pressure, and marital problems due to their inability to conceive. The key coping strategies adopted were spiritual (faith-based) and social support. Though formal child adoption can be an option, no participant preferred it as a coping strategy. Some participants also reported using herbal medicine before going to the fertility centre upon realizing that the approach was not helping in achieving their desired outcome.ConclusionInfertility is a source of suffering for most women diagnosed with it, resulting in significant negative experiences in their matrimonial homes, families, friends, and the community at large. Most participants rely on spiritual and social support as their immediate and basic coping strategies. Future research could evaluate the treatment and coping strategies and also determine the outcomes of other forms of treatment for infertility.

The Problems and Prospects of Child Adoption in Nigeria

It is not in dispute that children are an integral part of every family. More often than not, the absence of children in a family is viewed as problematic, especially in a place like Nigeria where indigenous customs and traditional practices still largely govern the beliefs of people. It is expected that every marriage should produce biological children; however, some couples are not that fortunate for various reasons ranging from barrenness to loss of pregnancy or non-survival of children. To this end, adoption offers such couples an alternative which makes it possible for them to have children which they can legally call their own, with all the rights, privileges and responsibilities over such children as if they were the biological parents. Although adoption is not a novel practice in the Nigerian Family Law, many challenges have hampered the smooth running of the process, particularly in recent times. Sadly, chief among these challenges is the bizarre reality of “baby factories” that the social welfare system has had to grapple with. Hence, in order to aid a proper interrogation of relevant issues, this paper is divided into five sections. Section I deals with introductory matters in relation to adoption; section two considers the legal framework regulating adoption in Nigeria; section three which is the thrust of the paper, considers the problems facing the child adoption system in Nigeria; section four takes a look at the position of intercountry adoption as well as the future of adoption in Nigeria; while section five concludes with meaningful suggestions that could uncurl the adoption system in Nigeria.

THE SETTLEMENT OF ADOPTED CHILDREN STATUS REGARDING THE INHERITANCE OF ADOPTION PARENTS IN TORAJA COMMUNITIES

The child adoption in Toraja community is valid when it is conducted with traditional ceremony. However, the adoption of children that declared with traditional ceremonies still does not fully meet the requirements in written law which can lead to the legitimacy of adopted child position as the heir of his adoptive parents. The settlement of disputes over the inheritance distribution of adopted children can be resolved through the deliberations of relatives and customary heads. However, in its development, the Toraja community began to resolve these disputes through the courts, because it was considered more capable of providing justice and legal certainty. This legal research is empirical research (socio-legal research) that can be classified into analytical descriptive research. The data used is primary data, which is obtained from observation, interviews with respondents and informants while secondary data is in the form of judge's decisions and related legal theories.

НАЦІОНАЛЬНЕ ТА МІЖДЕРЖАВНЕ УСИНОВЛЕННЯ (УДОЧЕРІННЯ):РЕГЛАМЕНТАЦІЯ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

Background. The article is devoted to the consideration of the peculiarities of the legislative regulation of adoption (adoption) relations in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, the characteristics of the conditions and restrictions on the adoption of children, including those who are outside Ukraine by both citizens of Ukraine and foreigners, to the study of the normative principles of adoption in Ukraine and the practice of applying this institute in the conditions of martial law, formulating conclusions and proposals for improving the national system of legal regulation of relations on adoption, protection of the rights and interests of children. Methods. In the process of researching the regulatory regulation of adoption relations under martial law, generally philosophical and specifically legal methods of researching social regularities, legal phenomena, and legal categories were used. Results. The article notes that currently the adoption procedure in Ukraine, as a whole, remains unchanged. At the same time, in the current difficult conditions, the state has simplified record-keeping, as well as increased the level of information support for the adoption process. The article emphasizes that in the conditions of martial law it is impossible to ensure a high-quality verification of the documents of foreign citizens who have expressed a desire to adopt a child, therefore, since the introduction of martial law in Ukraine, activities on interstate adoption have been suspended. The adoption situation remained uncertain until June 1, 2023, when the procedure for adopting children residing outside of Ukraine by citizens of Ukraine was regulated for the first time. At the same time, a general ban was established on the adoption of children by citizens of Ukraine who temporarily or permanently live (stay) outside of Ukraine, and by foreigners. Conclusions. When relating to foreigners, the establishment of such restrictions is completely natural and reflects the national orientation of the social policy of the state, which is interested in raising children, first of all, citizens of Ukraine, then the establishment of such restrictions for citizens of Ukraine who are abroad is hardly justified, taking into account non-discriminatory principles regulation of social relations in a legal and democratic state, and can be explained only by certain difficulties in carrying out the adoption procedure itself.

A case report of an unusual and rare social cause of extreme prematurity in a newborn

The most frequent factors contributing to newborn mortality include prematurity and low birth weight. Prematurity has been linked to a number of well-known reasons, including maternal health, intrauterine infections, uteroplacental insufficiency, and psychosocial causes. The period of pregnancy is important for parental decision-making. Here, we report an intriguing, unique example of poor judgment and irrational reasoning that resulted in the birth of twins who were severely preterm and underweight. The couple when conceived spontaneously gave birth to a healthy baby, and then, they donated the baby to the elder brother under social and cultural pressure. The couple thought that they would not be able to take care of a baby and finally decided not to have any kids. Once more, they changed their minds and went for the pregnancy. However, they later decided to terminate the baby and finally chose a tubectomy. After a while, they decided they wanted to start a family again and underwent tubal recanalization. She chose in vitro fertilization (IVF) since she was unable to conceive naturally. Twins of gestational age 28–30 weeks were born through an emergency cesarean section after spending a lot of money. Both the babies required surfactant, ventilation, and intensive care for a long period due to their severe prematurity. Despite our best efforts and good nursing care, we still lost both the babies. The death of any baby in a hospital may be a mental trauma for the parents as well as health professionals. This case report is all about how wrong decision-making in the antenatal period regarding child adoption, donation of children, abortion, family planning, recanalization, and IVF treatment leads to birth of extremely low birth weight and severely premature babies.