Domain Of Psychology Research Articles

EXPRESS: Understanding Unitized Food Choice – The Role of Social Context and Marketing Factors in Mitigating Overconsumption

The unit bias, which asserts that consumption decreases as a food unit size decreases, is a prominent effect studied in psychology, health, and obesity research domains; yet, little is known about when or why this effect occurs, or how marketing plays a role in the effect. To address this gap in the literature, this research extends the current understanding of the unit bias by proposing the Social Unitization Effect (SUE), which posits that consumers’ selection of discrete unitized foods is dependent on impression management motives. That is, when impression management motives are low, consumers choose a greater number of small (vs. large) food units; however, in social (public) settings, when impression management motives are higher, this difference between small and large food units selected is attenuated. This effect is driven by a reduction in the number of small units selected when consumers are with others (vs. when they are alone). The research then demonstrates how the SUE manifests in various marketing contexts via marketing-related factors like servicescape design (e.g., in-store surveillance), food branding (e.g., branding food as ‘mini’), and food design (i.e., the shape of food units). These findings offer novel and actionable implications for marketers, health advocates, and consumers.

Performance Mindfulness: Integrating ACT Matrix, Imagery and Mindfulness for Performance Enhancement

Mindfulness, imagery, and acceptance-based interventions have been widely applied within the sport and performance psychology domain. This paper presents a novel imagery method termed ‘Performance Mindfulness,’ which synthesizes insights from the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Matrix tool, the Physical, Environmental, Task, Timing, Learning, Emotion, Perspective (PETTLEP) imagery method, and principles of mindfulness. As existing imagery techniques are limited in effectively capturing the motivational and emotional dimensions of athletic performance, this integrated approach introduces a well-conceptualized, evidence-based framework rooted in Contextual Behavioral Science. This framework translates insights from the ACT Matrix into a practical tool within the imagery process and integrates principles of mindfulness to enhance the effectiveness of imagery. Performance Mindfulness is tailored for sport psychology practitioners who seek to incorporate acceptance and mindfulness principles into the mental preparation of athletes at various levels. The paper provides a detailed explanation of the technique, including concrete examples, and discusses its advantages and disadvantages comprehensively.

Mapping the reliability multiverse of contextual cuing.

Cronbach (1957) famously noted the divergence between the experimental and psychometric traditions in psychology and called for a unification, but many domains of cognitive experimental psychology continue to pay minimal heed to basic psychometric principles. The present article considers the lack of attention devoted to the reliability of measures extracted in a popular visual search task for studying putatively unconscious mental processes, contextual cuing, and the inferential fallacies that this neglect can cause. Two experiments (total N = 200) demonstrated that the reliability of contextual cuing and awareness measures can be increased by three manipulations designed to increase between-participant variability in search performance. At the same time, the data were subjected to a multiverse analysis, which found that specific data preprocessing pipelines result in more reliable estimates. Nevertheless, the reliability estimates remained too low for drawing firm conclusions from standard statistical techniques. Interpreting results from analyses based on individual differences, such as the typical low correlations between implicit and explicit measures, will be challenging so long as the underlying measures have poor reliability. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The development of intrinsic capacity measures for longitudinal research: The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam

BackgroundThe World Health Organization has introduced the construct of intrinsic capacity (IC) as an important component of healthy ageing and overall well-being in older adults The present study aimed to develop domain-specific and composite IC scores and to validate these scores by examining their longitudinal relation with functioning. MethodsWe used prospective data on participants aged 57 to over 90 years, with a 10-year follow-up, from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, an ongoing cohort study of older Dutch men and women Using a formative, stepwise approach, we identified indicators across the different domains of IC, i.e. vitality, sensory, cognition, psychology, and locomotion, using a combination of unidimensional factor analyses and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). Next, domain-specific and composite IC scores were generated, and the construct validity (score across age groups) and criterion validity (relationship with change in functional limitations) were assessed. ResultsThe multiple unidimensional factor analyses and PLS-SEM identified a total of 18 indicators, covering the five domains of IC. The mean composite IC score was 70.9 (SD = 0.9) in men and 69.7 (0.8) in women. The domain-specific and composite IC scores all showed good construct validity, with known-group validation results indicating age-related declines. A higher composite IC score was associated with less functional limitations over time (B = 0.20, 95%CI [0.19, 0.22]). ConclusionThe developed domain-specific IC scores and the composite IC score effectively discriminated age-related declines in IC. Additionally, the composite IC score was longitudinally associated with functional limitations. By creating this comprehensive and reliable tool for tracking IC, we aim to provide valuable insights into the dynamics of ageing and support more effective strategies for promoting health and well-being throughout later life. These scores establish a foundation for future research to track longitudinal changes across various IC domains and relate these changes to key age-related outcomes.

PSYCHOLOGY AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION AND MENTAL HEALTH SUPPORT

The article seeks to explore the intersection between psychology and artificial intelligence (AI), with a particular emphasis on human-computer interaction (HCI) and its role in mental health support. By investigating AI-driven systems, the research aims to uncover how these technologies can complement traditional psychological therapies, offering new ways to enhance both therapeutic processes and the overall user experience through advanced HCI techniques. The study combines an in-depth literature review with an analysis of existing AI-driven mental health support systems, alongside an exploration of novel methodologies emerging in the field. The findings emphasize the increasing significance of AI in the domain of psychology, highlighting its potential to revolutionize mental health care practices. Moreover, the study underscores the critical need for interdisciplinary research to better understand and optimize the integration of AI into psychological frameworks, ensuring both ethical and effective applications that benefit patients and professionals alike.

Temporal dynamics in psychological assessments: a novel dataset with scales and response times

The growing prevalence of mental health issues underscores the need for innovative screening methods. Large-scale, internet-based psychological screening has emerged as a vital tool to accurately determine morbidity rates and facilitate early diagnosis of mental disorders. However, conventional psychological screening methods often struggle with non-genuine responses and lack objective metrics. To bridge this gap, we have compiled a novel dataset derived from an expansive screening initiative at Xinxiang Medical University. The study, conducted from February 27 to March 17, 2021, yielded a dataset comprising responses from 24,292 students to four well-established psychological scales—PHQ-9, GAD-7, ISI, and PSS. A distinctive feature of this dataset is the inclusion of response time data, which captures the temporal dynamics of participants’ interactions with the scales, offering valuable insights into their response behaviour. The release of this dataset offers a substantial opportunity for researchers in the domains of psychology and public health to explore new insights into mental health, scale reliability, and the dynamics of psychological assessment.

Barriers to Communication in Undergraduate Medical Education: Perspectives of Students From Karnataka, India.

Background Communication barriers in medical education can impede learning. Understanding these barriers from students' perspectives is crucial for developing effective solutions. The objectives of this study were to identify the barriers to communication in undergraduate medical education and their solutions from students' perspectives as well as to determine the demographic factors associated with these barriers. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2018 to July 2019 among undergraduate students at a medical college in Karnataka. Using a stratified sampling method, data was collected from 400 students via a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, and logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between demographic factors and barriers to communication. Results Students identified several communication barriers, primarily in the domains of language, environment, psychology, and teacher-related issues. Key barriers in theory classes included the use of medical jargon, overcrowding, faulty microphones, absent-mindedness, peer pressure, fast-paced teaching, monotonous sessions, and information overload. In practical classes, barriers were overcrowding, absent-mindedness, and fast-paced teaching, and for clinical case discussions, barriers included difficulty understanding the local language, overcrowding, and leg pain. Proposed solutions by students for theory classes included simpler explanations, smaller batches, microphone maintenance, interactive lectures, and breaks between classes. For practical classes, solutions were smaller practical batches, interactive sessions, and simpler explanations of topics, while for case discussion, solutions included optional local language classes, smaller groups, and better seating arrangements. Conclusion This study highlights key communication barriers in medical education and underscores the influence of demographic factors such as gender and academic year. The solutions proposed by the students are practical and could enhance communication and the overall educational experience if implemented in medical colleges across India.

Early Muslim Scholars’ Conceptions of Character Development and Contemporary Applications in Mental Health and Well-being

Well-being, as a comprehensive phenomenon related to an individual’s emotional response and life satisfaction, has a vital importance for human beings today. Contemporary perspectives, such as the domain of positive psychology, have shifted from a pathology-oriented perception of well-being and have made efforts to include psychological and spiritual aspects in the picture. The aim of these modern approaches is to activate mechanisms of change and build positive qualities within a person. Similarly, the Islamic tradition has long emphasized the importance of physical, psychological, emotional, and spiritual well-being, with the spiritual dimension at the center of the purpose of personal development. Both modern psychological and Islamic theological perspectives consider character development as essential for increasing well-being. While modern psychology uses character development only as a tool to achieve self-actualization, an Islamic perspective includes, within the concept of self-actualization, the notions and objectives of purification from the evils of the world and the self and attaining the pleasure of God. Islamic scholars in the classical period emphasized the importance of keeping a balance between good and bad character traits within the conception of human well-being. This chapter will discuss the mechanisms and approaches to character development suggested by early Muslim scholars, such as Abu Zayd al-Balkhi (9th century), Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (112th1th century), Al-Razi (13th9th century), and Birgivi (16th16th century), as well as discuss possible contemporary applications in the light of modern psychological studies. It will put forth strategies for Islamically informed character development and their potential for implementation within Islamically-integrated psychotherapy and well-being counseling within contemporary contexts.

Declined intrinsic capacity predicts long-term mortality in Chinese older adults: Beijing Longitudinal Study of Aging

BackgroundIntrinsic capacity reflects an individual's functions and capacities across their lifetime. There are few studies on whether the level of intrinsic capacity can predict long-term mortality in Chinese populations. ObjectiveTo explore the effects of intrinsic capacity on long-term outcomes in older Chinese adults. MethodsData were obtained from the Beijing Longitudinal Study of Aging. Overall, 1699 community-dwelling adults aged ≥60 years were included and followed up for 8 years. Intrinsic capacity was determined according to the World Health Organization definition. The predictive ability for adverse outcomes was assessed using the age- and sex-adjusted Cox proportional hazards model. ResultsA decline in intrinsic capacity domains was observed in 729 (42.9 %) participants. Declines in the mobility, cognition, vitality, sensory and psychology domains were observed in 21.8 %, 15.1 %, 11.4 %, 9.10 %, and 14.2 % of the participants, respectively. Low intrinsic capacity was associated with worse physical performance, frailty, social frailty, chronic diseases, fracture, and falls. A greater decline in intrinsic capacity predicted an elevated 8-year mortality rate (decline in overall intrinsic capacity hazard ratio 2.91, 95 % confidence interval 2.44–3.47, P < 0.001; decline in one domain hazard ratio 2.11, 95 % confidence interval 1.71–2.61, P < 0.001; decline in two domains hazard ratio 3.54, 95 % confidence interval 2.81–4.45, P < 0.001; decline in three or more domains hazard ratio 5.30, 95 % confidence interval 4.09–6.87, P < 0.001); adjusted models did not affect prediction performance. Among the five domains of intrinsic capacity, cognition was the strongest predictor of mortality (hazard ratio 3.17, 95 % confidence interval 2.63–3.81, P < 0.001). ConclusionsIntrinsic capacity is useful in identifying older adults at higher risk of adverse outcomes, presenting significant implications for healthcare policies in China.

Assessing internship learning performance and its predictors: moderation of learning climate

PurposeThis research aims to elucidate the complex relationships among internship learning performance, problem-solving efficacy, and their determinants by simultaneously examining a key variable that may moderate these relationships.Design/methodology/approachThis study carried out its empirical examination by surveying graduate students at a prestigious university in Taiwan. The investigation selected two programs from the College of Management and another two from the College of Engineering within the university through a random sampling approach. The selection of research participants from the domains of management and engineering is well-suited to this study’s objectives, given the pronounced prevalence of internships in these fields. Of the 280 questionnaires, 234 usable questionnaires were finally collected for a response rate of 83.57%.FindingsThe findings of this study show that learning goal orientation and communication skill learning both represent critical motivations that directly dominate the growth of problem-solving efficacy to ultimately boost learning performance. At the same time, the positive moderation of learning climate suggests the learning climate as an accelerator for learning autonomy that boosts interns’ problem-solving efficacy more strongly.Originality/valueThis study presents an expansion of the social learning theory’s conventional focus on general self-efficacy beliefs by delving into the realm of internships as a unique research context to explore problem-solving efficacy as a distinct facet of self-efficacy. Within this context, the study integrates the mediating role of problem-solving efficacy into the learning dynamics of internships, where interns engage in both learning goal orientation and communication skill learning. By concentrating on the internship setting within the workplace, this study effectively bridges the domains of management education and vocational psychology, extending insights beyond the classroom to comprehensively grasp the impact of learning goal orientation and communication skill learning.

Effects of Self‐Determination and Self‐Efficacy on Employees' Psychological Performance and Organizational Behaviour

Self‐determination and associated self‐efficacy are broad theories of human motivations that have grown in importance in many domains of psychology, particularly organizational psychology, during the last four decades. This has been in development for more than four decades, with the original focus on internal motivation and its antecedents and implications. This rapidly led to a study of the relationships among motivational factors, as well as the classification of extrinsic motivation kinds in terms of autonomy. The objectives of the following research are: to evaluate the private organizations had a more effective partnership between organizations and employees that ensures better job performance, to discover that private organizations encouraged employees to work hard, to discover that employees with Bachelor's degrees had more self‐determination and improved performance in an organization. The methodology adopted was Qualitative research with data collection of 300 employees belonging to 2 private and 2 public organizations in Lahore, Pakistan.

Delving into the structural model of students’ music performance anxiety, self-efficacy, and motivation based on a self-determination theory

Musical Performance Anxiety (MPA) is a multifaceted issue that exists on a spectrum of severity, necessitating an exploration of the underlying factors that hinder or reduce it within musical educational environments. Self-efficacy and motivation are widely recognized as significant determinants in the context of musical performance. Motivation has been a focal point in music education research, underscoring its importance in educational psychology and other skill-based performance domains. A comprehensive understanding of motivation is essential for elucidating students' achievements, performance, well-being, and intentions in music education. This study aims to investigate the impact of music students' self-efficacy and motivation on their MPA by analyzing data from 557 music participants who completed scales related to self-efficacy, motivation, and MPA. The research had a correlation-based research approach, typical in descriptive quantitative studies. The findings indicated that there exists a notable negative correlation between self-efficacy and MPA, as well as between motivation and MPA. In contrast, a substantial constructive correlation emerged between motivation and self-efficacy, indicating the interrelated nature of these constructs within the context of the study. The findings of the study through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) indicated that a substantial proportion, estimated at around 54 %, of the variability evident in MPA among music students can be ascribed to the collective impact exerted by their levels of self-efficacy and motivation. Indeed, higher levels of self-efficacy and motivation are associated with lower degrees of MPA, suggesting that nurturing these attributes could potentially enhance music students’ overall performance. The paper provides recommendations for teaching participants in musical education.

Accidental Thinking: A Model of Serendipity’s Cognitive Processes

Serendipity captures the interaction between a skilled human agent and a fortuitous event in the environment. Although it features in many stories of invention and discovery, its antecedents remain elusive. This paper combines research from different domains of psychology to present a model of the cognitive processes required for a serendipitous episode to occur. The model describes a prepared mind that consists of an informational state and an attentional state. Both states are considered as dynamic rather than fixed. An accident is then the trigger event that updates both of these and feeds information back into the prepared mind. If the accident is noticed, a cycle of judgement and amplification occurs, eventually leading to an output. The model generates novel predictions that point to an increased understanding of how best to scaffold serendipitous moments.

Impact of grit on workplace happiness: A moderated mediation model

Employee happiness as well as well-being at the workplace is an emerging concept in the management and psychology domain. This article aims to analyze the impact of grit on employees’ workplace happiness via psychological capital (PsyCap), moderated by coaching culture and theorize by trait activation theory. Data were collected from 272 employees working in the public and private sectors of the service industry in Pakistan. For statistical analysis, we conducted reliability, correlation, and process Hayes. Employees who were highly engaged and grittier, satisfied at work, and feel happy while PsyCap fully mediated this relationship between grit and happiness at work. Coaching culture on the other side moderate this relationship between grit and workplace happiness through PsyCap such that the relationship is strong for the high value of coaching culture than when it is low. It's been found that grit is a greater indicator of future success than Intelligence. Therefore, it is the need of the hour that organizations developed PsyCap in employees through proper training and coaching. Encourage them to think long-term as well as short-term and teach them how to prioritize their work accordingly. Thus, in today’s dynamic business environment, this study contributes potential for organizational survival and growth.

Happy knowledge creators sustain nations: scale development and validation of happiness at work

PurposeThe significant role of universities in generating and diffusing new knowledge in the interest of society has positioned faculty as knowledge creators. The present study contributes to the domain of positive psychology by heeding the happiness call in academia. The research intends to develop and validate a scale for measuring happiness at work (HAW) for knowledge creators.Design/methodology/approachThe study is systematically designed across a series of four independent studies: (1) Dimensionality and item analysis, (2) scale purification, (3) scale refinement and nomological validation and (4) generalizability. Additionally, common method bias (CMB) was checked utilizing the marker variable technique.FindingsHAW has been established as a second-order reflective-reflective construct with six factors, namely work satisfaction, self-directedness, self-love, positive thinking, positive social relationships and work-family balance. The nomological validity and generalizability of the scale have also been established.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is an attempt to address an important topic of HAW among knowledge creators. By conceptualizing HAW as a combination of intraindividual and organizational factors, this study offers a comprehensive measure of HAW that was previously absent in the literature. The results of the study will assist management in making strategic decisions to ensure the HAW of knowledge creators.Originality/valueKnowledge creators’ happiness is a major concern in academia and has received little attention till date. The primary contribution of this study is the conceptualization and development of a validated scale for measuring knowledge creators’ HAW. A valid and reliable scale for measuring HAW would enable researchers to gain fresh perspectives on the essence, attributes and quantification of this particularly noteworthy construct.

Association between intrinsic capacity and oral health in older patients in a frailty clinic.

This study aimed to investigate how intrinsic capacity (IC) deficit is associated with oral functional decline. This cross-sectional study enrolled older adults at a research hospital frailty clinic between July 2021 and May 2023. IC evaluation included the locomotion, cognition, vitality, psychology, and sensory domains. Criteria for deficits were established within each domain, and the number of IC deficit domains was calculated for each patient. Oral function assessment included oral hygiene, oral dryness, occlusal force, tongue-lip motor function, tongue pressure, masticatory function, and swallowing function. Patients who met three or more criteria were classified into the oral hypofunction (OHF) group. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between IC deficit and OHF. Of 222 included patients (mean age 78.3 ± 6.3years; 39.6% men), 105 (47.3%) met the criteria for OHF. This OHF group showed a significantly higher prevalence of locomotion, cognition, psychology, and sensory domain deficits than the normal oral function group. Multivariate analysis adjusted for age and sex revealed a significant association between IC deficits and OHF (odds ratio [OR], 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.70). A significant association was also observed between the locomotion domain and OHF (OR, 2.06; 95% CI 1.13-3.76). This study highlights the potential relationship between the number of IC domain deficits and oral functional decline, with the most significant domain being locomotion. Furthermore, it suggests a possible link between sensory and oral function.

Beyond rewards and punishments: enhancing children's intrinsic motivation through self-determination theory

In the domain of educational psychology, the cultivation of intrinsic motivation within children presents a pivotal challenge, especially when considering the limitations inherent in conventional reward and punishment systems. This research delves into the efficacy of Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as a transformative approach to foster intrinsic motivation, transcending traditional methods by emphasizing autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The study systematically reviews existing literature and employs theoretical analysis to construct a comprehensive methodological framework aimed at enhancing intrinsic motivation through educational practices rooted in SDT. The core of SDT posits that satisfying the psychological needs for autonomy (self-governance and freedom in learning), competence (mastery and effectiveness in tasks), and relatedness (meaningful social connections) can significantly bolster the intrinsic motivation of learners. By aligning educational strategies with these fundamental psychological needs, this research hypothesizes that learners will not only exhibit a heightened state of internal motivation but also demonstrate improved learning attitudes and behaviors. The findings from this study provide empirical support for the superior efficacy of SDT-based strategies over traditional reward and punishment approaches. Specifically, the application of SDT in educational settings has shown to markedly enhance children's intrinsic motivation, thereby fostering a more engaging and effective learning environment. This shift not only promotes a deeper, more self-driven engagement with learning material but also cultivates a positive outlook towards education, setting the stage for lifelong learning. In conclusion, the research underscores the significant potential of SDT to redefine motivational strategies within educational paradigms, offering a robust alternative to traditional methods by effectively nurturing the internal drive to learn among children.

Freezing Effect and Bystander Effect: Overlaps and Differences

The present article provides a detailed comparison of two psychological phenomena, the freezing effect and the bystander effect, across their neurobiological, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions. This study focuses on identifying and analyzing the similarities and differences between these two responses to stressful and traumatic events. While the freezing effect is characterized by an involuntary neurobiological response to immediate threats, resulting in temporary immobilization or paralysis, the bystander effect describes a cognitive and social phenomenon where individuals refrain from offering help in emergencies when others are present. The study explores affective aspects, including emotional responses and trauma-related impacts associated with both phenomena. Through a comparative analysis, this research unveils important understandings regarding the distinctions among these responses, including their triggers, underlying mechanisms, and observable behaviors. It also highlights overlapping aspects, particularly in how both phenomena can lead to inaction in critical moments. This comparative study contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex interaction between the brain, individual cognition, and social dynamics in the face of danger and stress. The findings of this research have significant implications for understanding human behavior in emergencies, offering valuable perspectives that can be applied in the domains of psychology, training for emergency response, and trauma therapy.

Hierarchical-Model Insights for Planning and Interpreting Individual-Difference Studies of Cognitive Abilities

Although individual-difference studies have been invaluable in several domains of psychology, there has been less success in cognitive domains using experimental tasks. The problem is often called one of reliability: Individual differences in cognitive tasks, especially cognitive-control tasks, seem too unreliable. In this article, we use the language of hierarchical models to define a novel reliability measure—a signal-to-noise ratio—that reflects the nature of tasks alone without recourse to sample sizes. Signal-to-noise reliability may be used to plan appropriately powered studies as well as understand the cause of low correlations across tasks should they occur. Although signal-to-noise reliability is motivated by hierarchical models, it may be estimated from a simple calculation using straightforward summary statistics.

There is nothing like a Delphi Artificial Intelligence Model (DAIM)

Key digested messageThis article explores an innovative ensemble approach integrating multiple AI models to achieve consensus in psychological assessments in the educational psychology domain. Addressing the rapid advancements in Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), it emphasises the importance of principles over specific models in this fast-evolving field. The study compares responses from various AI models using a set of literacy and socioeconomic questions. The findings highlight the diversity of responses from individual models and the holistic ensemble perspective offered by DAIM. The article underscores the potential shift towards Artificial Specific Intelligence (ASI) in psychology, advocating for a focus on multi-model approaches and, potentially, a re-evaluation of humanconsensus in psychological research.