Domains Of Use Research Articles

From ban to Herzeg: Foreign lexical layers in cyrillic business and legal acts of medieval Bosnia and hum

This paper deals with foreign lexemes attested in business and legal acts created in the area of Bosnia and Hum in the period ranging from the late 12th to the late 15th century, with the aim of shedding light on their origin, the domain of use and degree of adaptation within the Old Serbian language. In addition to the younger lexical layer, the focus was also on the old loanwords from the Proto-Slavic language. The excerpted corpus proves a strong influence of the Greek language, which, in addition to the field of ecclesiastical terminology, also left its mark in the naming of occupations, money and measures, and to a lesser extent in the legal sphere and secular titles, while it also mediated in the adoption of certain names of the months of the year. In addition to the calendrical lexicon, Latin and Italian covered the field of commerce, law, public services and organization of cities and fortifications. To a certain extent, the sources also provided insight into the ecclesiastical terms of Latin origin, as well as the Oriental titles adopted from Turkish. The Oriental influence appears sporadically even in the domain of politics and trade, whereas the words from the German and Hungarian languages are found only in individual examples. The incomplete adaptation observed within several thematic groups testifies to the ongoing and still current processes of establishing different terminological subsystems. Representing different chronological layers in the structure of the lexicon of the Old Serbian language, the lexicon of foreign origin thus largely reflected the specific political, economic and cultural context and influences that shaped the history of these areas in the Middle Ages.

Coherence in translation

Abstract When comparing old and new Bible translations, differences are striking at all discourse levels. This paper concentrates on variations in the representation of subjective cognition and reasoning of subjects in the discourse. A corpus-based analysis was conducted that compared the domains of use of causal fragments in Dutch Bible translations that were either old, contemporary and loyal, or “easy”. In a close comparison of Bible translations, differences between domains of use are analysed in more detail. In old translations, the character’s subjective reasoning is clearly separated from the narrator’s utterances. By contrast, in modern translations, causal reasoning is more intertwined between character and narrator, resulting in shared reasoning.

Beyond Pressbooks: Towards Decentralised Open Textbook Platforms

Open Educational Resources (OER) are defined by UNESCO as “any educational resource that may be freely accessed, copied, re-used, adapted and shared and which are available under an open license or are in the public domain for use without paying royalties/license fees.”(Study On International Collaboration on Open Educational Resources (OER), 2017). In particular, Open Textbooks (a form of OER that provides an alternative to traditional publisher textbooks) has been found to both reduce costs for students (Wiley et al., 2012) and have been found to be as effective or more effective than traditional textbooks (Robinson et al., 2014). In Australia, Open Textbooks continue to grow in use, being developed through grant projects through the Council of Australian University Librarians (CAUL) and other groups, however as Stagg and Partridge (2019) note, awareness and understanding of OER and open textbooks is still quite low amongst academic staff in some institutions.Additionally, Lambert and Fadel recommend that more resources be earmarked for creation and use of Open Textbooks(Lambert & Fadel, 2022) In this presentation, an alternative to the widely used PressBooks platform is presented as a work in progress, one that that decentralizes the requirement for a single space to author and store Open Textbooks. PressBooks is an open-source platform for the creation of open textbooks based on the WordPress blogging system. For most organisations, it is primarily implemented as a hosted system, meaning institutions pay for PressBooks to store and maintain their books. Some universities in Australia are exploring PressBooks through pilots that tend to limit instructor access and creation of materials. Inspired by BCCampus’ Open Textbook Repository (https://open.bccampus.ca/) and a lack of accessible options for open learning materials creation, the presenter began to explore alternatives. theopenbook was developed as a Wordpress theme that could be added to any existing Wordpress site, either hosted on WordPress’s free site (www.wordpress.org) or on any university or privately-hosted Wordpress site. It provides a fast and modern user experience and navigation, while also providing easy block-based authorship, license selection on each book, design and accessibility choices, LMS / VLE embedding, upvoting and commenting, with ePub and PDF export currently in development. Like PressBooks, theopenbook allows for more plugins to be added for collaborative annotation, text-to-speech, automatic podcast generation, dead-link checking, H5P integration and even student-editable content, which can build connection between students while also demonstrating learning (Snowball & McKenna, 2016). Providing multiple means of access, in a mobile-friendly and flexible manner provides students with new ways to interact with learning technologies, learning materials, and each other. For authors, it provides fast and way to start creating with minimal professional learning requirements. theopenbook is currently being piloted at https://edtech.une.edu.au/books/, housing all learning materials for the University of New England’s Graduate Certificate in Digital Learning.

The Use of Animal Lexeme in Sikka-Krowe Proverb (Ethnolinguistic Study)

This research aims to find out animal lexemes used in the Sikka-Krowe proverb and the lexical and metaphorical meanings of each animal lexeme used and identify the realm in the Sikka-Krowe proverb. This research used qualitative research methods and the data of this research consist of primary data where primary data obtained through interview and secondary data where the data collected by literature study process. The chosen informants in this research are chieftain and traditional stakeholder. Of course, both informants are native speaker of Sikka-Krowe language. The data collection techniques used are literature study and interview. Data analysis techniques consist of data reduction, data display (data presentation) and conclusion drawing/verification. The result of this research shows animal lexeme proverbs in Sikka-Krowe language. The animal lexeme proverbs found and classified according to six animal classifications, they are; mammals, eves/birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and insect/invertebrate. The research proves that animal lexeme in the proverbs of Sikka-Krowe that shows the Sikka-Krowe community’s view of life which were divided into four domains of use, namely it was used in the realm of family life, community life, spiritual life, and the work environment.

Development and psychometric evaluation of a scrambled sentences test specifically for worry in individuals with generalised anxiety disorder

The tendency to draw negative conclusions from ambiguous information (interpretation bias) is prevalent across emotional disorders and plays a key role in the development and maintenance of pathological worry and anxious mood. Assessing interpretation bias using valid and reliable measures is central to empirical research. A commonly used measure of interpretation bias is the scrambled sentences test (SST), originally relating to depression. Given the association between interpretation bias and worry, we aimed to develop and psychometrically evaluate a new version of the SST with items pertaining to common worry domains for use in worry and anxiety research. In Studies 1–3 (analogue samples, combined N = 288), the new worry SST showed excellent construct validity (moderate-to-strong associations with worry and anxiety-related measures), and reliability (split-half and test-retest reliability). We confirmed construct validity in Study 4 (N = 215 individuals with generalised anxiety disorder). Furthermore, we demonstrated version specificity in analogue and clinical samples: the worry SST was associated with trait worry but not trait rumination, while the original depression SST largely showed the opposite pattern. Overall, the new worry SST is a psychometrically robust measure that may be especially useful for research into cognitive processes underpinning worry and anxiety.

Linguistic Demography of Himachal Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh is characterized by high ethno-linguistic heterogeneity and small language communities that face risk of disappearing due to changes in demography, lack of documentation and institutional policies (Negi, 2016). This article verifies the language varieties in Himachal Pradesh along with domains of use, institutional policies and the vitality of languages, relying on previous studies by Devy & Tobdan (2016), Negi (2012;16), Tobdan (2018), and field study conducted between 2017 and 2019 to corroborate the varieties.

Research on valorisation of spent garnets as addition in cementitious materials – preliminary experimental evaluation

Abrasive waterjet (AWJ) material processing represents a relatively new and extremely efficient method in the specific industries, implying various applicability areas, attributed to different materials, with different properties and domains of use. Besides numerous advantages of the AWJ cutting and generally of the material processing techniques, they also involve the waste generation: the abrasive sands are converted into sludge material, collected into recipients and further on, after natural drying, they become waste dumps randomly deserted. The enlargement of the AWJ techniques in the latest years determines the corresponding increase of the associated Garnet wastes (Spent Garnets, SG), thus leading towards the clear need of identifying opportunities for their recycling and valorisation. Aggregates are basic raw materials in the production of concrete, mortar and plasters, composite cementitious and/or cement-free materials (geopolymer concrete) in the building materials and generally, in the construction industry. The rapid growth of the population, recorded mainly in urban areas, determines an increasing demand on housing facilities and consequently, on concrete production and aggregates consumption. Aggregates and sand, mainly exploited from riverbeds or quarries, represent exhaustible natural resource for which substitution solutions need to be found, in order to control and reduce their extraction from the natural landscape. Considering the superposition of this independent cause and effect situations, the rapid growth of Spent Garnets (SG) landfills, generated by AWJ processes, and, on the other hand, the need to substitute the natural aggregate in construction industry, a reliable solution could emerge from the potential valorisation of SG wastes as partial or even complete substitution of sands / aggregates in the composition of construction materials. The present paper offers a preliminary overview regarding the possibility of incorporating SG wastes of local production in usual cement-based materials, as partial substitute of the aggregate, for the double purpose of waste management implementation and natural resources protection, on the transition path towards the implementing the Circular Economy (CE) concept in the Romanian industry.

Anomaly Detection in Time Series for Smart Agriculture

Purpose: Enormous amounts of data from sensors and automatic systems is available to contemporary managers of farms and agricultural enterprises. Therefore, the automated monitoring of the basic processes is becoming more and more necessary. Manager of a modern agricultural company is responsible for his decisions but must have accurate and transparent support in the decision making process. The reports based on wide-scale of mathematical and statistical approaches integrated to information system can provide a suitable hierarchy of alerts concerning important indicators. This paper provides a brief overview of methods usable for anomaly detection in time series together with a basic (and open) possibilities of their implementation.
 Study design/methodology/approach: A brief overview of the most important and sufficiently flexible modern methods for detection anomaly detection in time series with focus particularly on agriculture.
 Findings: The paper can serve as a starting point for creation of alerting in agricultural information systems as a support for managerial decision making. In connection to the extremely fast development in data and information spheres in smart agriculture within the last two decades develop also the new approaches for prediction in time series and search for unexpected fluctuations in their course. Besides the traditional mathematical and statistical approaches new methods emerge which are tailor-made to the internet environment and environment of social networks.
 Originality/value: This basic overview can be used for a primary orientation in the problem and can serve as a basis for creation of automated alerting system. It is always necessary to remember the domain of use, economic relations, structure and hierarchy of time series and their periodicity, seasonality and cycles.

Kinect-Based Rehabilitation Systems for Stroke Patients: A Scoping Review.

Method This study was conducted according to Arksey and O'Malley's framework. To investigate the evidence on the effects of Kinect-based rehabilitation, a search was executed in five databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and IEEE) from 2010 to 2020. Results Thirty-three articles were finally selected by the inclusion criteria. Most of the studies had been conducted in the US (22%). In terms of the application of Kinect-based rehabilitation for stroke patients, most studies had focused on the rehabilitation of upper extremities (55%), followed by balance (27%). The majority of the studies had developed customized rehabilitation programs (36%) for the rehabilitation of stroke patients. Most of these studies had noted that the simultaneous use of Kinect-based rehabilitation and other physiotherapy methods has a more noticeable effect on performance improvement in patients. Conclusion The simultaneous application of Kinect-based rehabilitation and other physiotherapy methods has a stronger effect on the performance improvement of stroke patients. Better effects can be achieved by designing Kinect-based rehabilitation programs tailored to the characteristics and abilities of stroke patients.

Mapping disadvantage: identifying inequities in functional outcomes for prostate cancer survivors based on geography

BackgroundProstate cancer is the most common internal malignancy in Australian men, and although most patients have good survival outcomes, treatment toxicities can impair function, leading to diminished quality of life for prostate cancer survivors. Socioeconomic disadvantage and geographical remoteness have been shown to be related to worse oncologic outcomes, and it is expected that they would similarly influence functional outcomes in prostate cancer.MethodsUsing data from the Victorian Prostate Cancer Outcomes Registry (n = 10,924), we investigated functional outcomes as measured by the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite-26 (EPIC-26) following prostate cancer treatment, focusing on associations with socioeconomic status and geographical remoteness and controlling for clinicopathologic characteristics. A single composite score was developed from the five separate EPIC-26 domains for use in geo-mapping.ResultsA total of 7690 patients had complete EPIC-26 data, allowing mapping hotspots of poor function using our composite score. These hotspots were observed to relate to areas of socioeconomic disadvantage. Significant heterogeneity in outcomes was seen in urban areas, with hotspots of good and poor function. Both socioeconomic disadvantage and geographical remoteness were found to predict for worse functional outcomes, although only the former is significant on multivariate analysis.ConclusionsGeo-mapping of functional outcomes in prostate cancer has the potential to guide health care service provision and planning. A nuanced policy approach is required so as not to miss disadvantaged patients who live in urban areas. We have demonstrated the potential of geo-mapping to visualise population-level outcomes, potentially allowing targeted interventions to address inequities in quality of care.

Influence of Mother-Tongue On English Language Use Selected Mother-Tongue Factors Affecting English Language Usage, A Case Study of Ikom Local Government Area

Over the years, English Language has been accorded a very high prestige in Nigeria.The status and functions given to English in Nigeria has made it become imperative for every Nigerian citizen to learn how to speak, read and write the language. This is as a result of the pluralistic linguistic situation of Nigeria which has made it impossible for national language. This accounts for why English has been allotted prestigious domains of use in Nigeria. This study was undertaken to investigate and shed more light on the effect that mother-tongue influence has on spoken English in Nigeria. The focus of this study is on selected mother-tongue factors affecting English language in Nigeria. In order to manipulate variables properly to achieve tenable results, this study will focus on the phonetic and phonological levels of mother-tongue interference. 150 Ikom learners/users of English were sampled from SSS3 students selected from three secondary schools in Ikom Local Government Area, Cross-River State, where Ikom is their native language. Tape recorders and smart recorders were instruments of data collection alongside (phonetic) articulation tests. The technique employed in the analysis of data was descriptive and quantitative. The sources of data were relevant textbooks, magazines, journals, libraries (online and offline) and the internet. The findings revealed that, the mother-tongue of Ikom learners/and users of English negatively influences their spoken English, significantly in their articulation of English consonants, vowels and consonant clusters; and suprasegmentals such as stress and intonation.

Using public data to measure diversity in computer science research communities: A critical data governance perspective

Encouraging and supporting diversity and inclusion in computer science research communities is a critical issue for many reasons, including the ethical and robust design, delivery and publication of research that addresses real-world situations ranging from the use of digital tools in health to predictive policing to workplace hiring practices, just to name a few. One way to measure diversity is to apply analytical research methods to data sourced from the public domain for use in research. However, attempts to measure diversity using public data may themselves raise legal and ethical questions about the provenance of the data, research methods adopted, and treatment of diversity in the publication of results. This article interrogates the challenges of measuring diversity using public data, examining an illustrative case study framed around an academic research project at an Australian university using a public data set to identify gender representation in computer science communities. Employing a critical data governance perspective, we point to a range of ethical and legal concerns and recommend greater regulatory guardrails to better balance public interests in research and the privacy, data protection and other ethical interests of research subjects.

Measuring the Sexual Acceptability of Contraception: Psychometric Examination and Development of a Valid and Reliable Prospective Instrument

BackgroundPeople's sexual experiences have a strong association with contraceptive satisfaction and continuation, but no measures exist to specifically assess contraceptive-related sexual acceptability. AimThis study developed and examined the psychometric properties of reliability, separation, and item fit of a new Contraceptive Sexual Acceptability (CSA) instrument. MethodsEnrolled participants initiating a new contraceptive method from the HER Salt Lake longitudinal cohort study contributed baseline survey responses for scale development. The study included the Female Sexual Function Index, the New Sexual Satisfaction Scale, measures of physical and mood-related side effects, and self-reported perceptions of contraception's sexual impacts. Items from these measures’ served as the basis for analyses. We analyzed responses using descriptive techniques and modeled using exploratory factor (EFA) and bifactor analyses (BFA). The Masters’ Partial Credit Rasch method modeled reliability, separation, and item fit statistics. Here we evaluate (i) the reproducibility of relative measure location on the modeled linear latent variable, (ii) the number of statistically unique performance levels that can be distinguished by the measure, and (iii) the discrepancy between item responses and expectations of the model. Psychometric findings and theoretical models informed item reduction and final scale development. OutcomesWe developed a 10-item Contraceptive Sexual Acceptability scale that exceeded the thresholds and sufficiently covered domains for use in contraceptive research and clinical settings. ResultsStarting with data on 39-items from 4,387 individuals, we identified 10-items that best measured the CSA latent construct. The Rasch model included a total of 5 calibrations. We reduced items based on bifactor analysis and surpassed unidimensionality thresholds (OH = 0.84, ECV = 0.74) set a priori. The final items included questions with scaled responses about pleasure and orgasm (orgasm quality, orgasm frequency, giving partner pleasure), physical (arousal and function) and psychological (emotional connection, surrender) components, general questions of satisfaction and frequency, and a measure of perceived impact of contraception on sexual experiences in the previous 4 weeks. Clinical ImplicationsThe 10-item CSA instrument covers physical and psychological aspects of contraceptive sexual acceptability and can be used in clinical settings. Strengths & LimitationsThe unidimensional CSA instrument offers a brief, yet comprehensive assessment of sexual acceptability. Given the limited diversity of the sample, implementation of this scale in contraceptive research and clinical interactions should be evaluated and validated in more diverse settings. ConclusionAttuning to sexual acceptability could ultimately help contraceptive clients find methods that better meet their needs and preferences.Sanders JN, Kean J, Zhang C, et al. Measuring the Sexual Acceptability of Contraception: Psychometric Examination and Development of a Valid and Reliable Prospective Instrument. J Sex Med 2022;19:507–520.

Bir Roman Lehçesi Olarak Doğu Anadolu Domcasının Biçimsel Örüntüleri

This study is aimed at explaining morpho-lexical and morpho-syntactic patterns in Domani, as two basic features that are related to the lexicon and grammar of this substrate, contact, secret and endangered Romani dialect. The study data was obtained by conducting face-to-face interviews with Doms living in the Van and Ağrı-Doğubayazıt regions in Turkey and making use of their oral narratives. The recordings made between 2017 and 2019 are over 10 hours. Kurmanji, which has a typological affinity with Domani, was used as a mediating language in the communicative process. The structures exhibiting significant permeability from Kurmanji to Domani are izafe, ergative case and the auxillary verb kirin ‘to do’, and its combinations. It is understood that the morpho-lexical and morpho-syntactic affixes such as {-xete-}, {-gev}, {-ole} and {–ote}, which are seen as belonging to Domani, lose their functionality and continue to exist as redundant structures. On the other hand, case markers {-gi} and {-ge} and in predicative domains {-avi(n)} partly maintain their domain of use in Domani. Some derivational morphemes of Turkish, such as {-Iş} and {-CI} are also distinctive in the lexical formation of Domani in the derivation of nevişçi ‘begger’ with the negation prefix of Kurmanji {ne-}. The compositional features in this word should be considered as ‘creative languaging’ for substrate language Domani, that is losing its lexical properties due to contact with superstrate languages.

Impact of Partitioning in Short-Term Food Contact Applications Focused on Polymers in Support of Migration Modelling and Exposure Risk Assessment.

Food contact materials (FCMs) can transfer chemicals arising from their manufacture to food before consumption. Regulatory frameworks ensure consumer safety by prescribing methods for the assessment of FCMs that rely on migration testing either into real-life foods or food simulants. Standard migration testing conditions for single-use FCMs are justifiably conservative, employing recognized worst-case contact times and temperatures. For repeated-use FCMs, the third of three consecutive tests using worst-case conditions is taken as a surrogate of the much shorter contact period that often occurs over the service life of these items. Food contact regulations allow for the use of migration modelling for the chemicals in the FCM and for the partitioning that occurs between the FCM and food/simulant during prolonged contact, under which steady-state conditions are favored. This study demonstrates that the steady-state is rarely reached under repeated-use conditions and that partitioning plays a minor role that results in migration essentially being diffusion controlled. Domains of use have been identified within which partitioning does not play a significant role, allowing modelling based upon diffusion parameters to be used. These findings have the potential to advance the modelling of migration from repeated-use articles for the benefit of regulatory guidance and compliance practices.

A COMPARATIVE EXAMINATION OF LANGUAGE ECOLOGY AND LANGUAGE POLICY IN POST-SOVIET CENTRAL ASIA

In the late Soviet era, the domains of use of languages were largely a function of ethnic groups’ status in the Soviet administrative hierarchy. Russian was at the top; below it were the eponymous languages of the non-Russian 14 “Union Republics;” all other languages were used in relatively narrow sets of domains. The “Union Republic languages” included five in Central Asia-- Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Turkmen, and Uzbek. These languages’ use in fewer domains than most other Union Republic languages profoundly affected their expansion into new domains after 1991. Two other factors affecting this primarily rooted in the Soviet era were the ethnic composition of the republics upon the USSR’s collapse and their populations’ language repertoires. In addition to these “Soviet heritage factors,” language policy and ecology have also been shaped by each country’s nation building project, its international orientation, the nature of its political system, and its economic resources. Russian today remains more widely used in high prestige domains in Central Asia than in all other former Soviet republics except Belarus. However, Russian is less used in a wide variety of domains in Central Asia than it is in “autonomous” units of the former RSFSR.

Nurses’ Views on the Use, Quality, and Satisfaction with Electronic Medical Record in the Outpatient Department at a Tertiary Hospital

Background:Many nurses perceive that the Electronic Medical Record (EMR) reduces the workload, improves the quality of documentation, and improves safety and patient care. However, other nurses reported that the system and environment of healthcare might impede EMR documentation at the bedside.Objective:The study aimed to describe the nurses' views of the use, quality, and satisfaction with EMR in daily practice in outpatient settings. Furthermore, the relationships among the use, quality, and user’s satisfaction of EMR were assessed in the study.Methods:The proposed study employed a cross-sectional, descriptive correlational design. Inclusion criteria were nurses willing to participate in the study, fluent in the English language, and have been working in the Outpatient Department for more than three months until the time of study implementation. A self-reported questionnaire with strong validity and reliability was used to assess nurses’ views of use, quality and satisfaction of EMR.Results:The response rate was 77.2% (170 out of 220), 91.2% of the participants were females. Results about the use of EMR have shown positive views ranging from 51.2% to 84.7%, with the lowest scores reported when to write nurse care worksheets (Kardex). For the quality of EMR, the results have shown positive views ranging from 70% to 87.6% with the lowest scores reported related to the EMR system problems and crashes, and for the user’s satisfaction, the results have shown positive views ranging from 76.5% to 87.1%. There were significant positive correlations between the three elements use, quality, and user’s satisfaction of EMR.Conclusion:Participants reported positive views in the domain of use, quality, and satisfaction with EMR. Furthermore, positive correlations were reported between the use, quality, and satisfaction domains of EMR.

Like Community, Like Language: Seventy-Five Years of Sindhi in Post-Partition India

Abstract Since Partition, the Sindhi language in India has frequently been written off by scholars and laypersons alike, citing supposed linguistic corruption, ever-shrinking domains of use, and near-obsolescence in written form. However, census figures have consistently registered an increase in Sindhi speakers in India over the last seven decades. This article argues for a fresh approach to analyzing the journey of Sindhi in post-Partition India to explain this apparent discrepancy. It adopts a language-ecological perspective and evaluates salient grammatical, sociolinguistic, and script-related changes in Indian Sindhi over the last seventy-five years. The article maintains that these changes represent structurally and sociolinguistically plausible adaptations to the language’s ecosystem since Partition. It concludes that, despite a reduction in domains of use, changes in Indian Sindhi, together with an increase in speakers, testify to the language’s survival in India.

De jure but not de facto : pluricentric Portuguese in post-colonial Cabo Verde

Abstract In Cabo Verde, Portuguese is the official language, while Kriolu is the first language of virtually all the population. The schooling context clearly reflects this diglossic situation: while the vast majority of children speak Kriolu at home, Portuguese continues to be the exclusive language of instruction. Thus, Portuguese in Cabo Verde represents a post-colonial language that has maintained its de jure status but has not entered de facto domains of use. The research described in this article is based on discourse analysis of legislative and policy documents and extended semi-structured interviews with politicians, educators and language activists. Our results in this former colonial context invite us to reconsider traditional understandings of pluricentricity, as they suggest that Cabo Verdean Portuguese is not (yet) associated with local identity and has not (yet) been accepted by its speakers as a legitimate, standardised variety.

Optimization of power supply mode of single-mode laser diode by ratio of current and integral spectrum parameter

Bursting development of the technological base of semiconductor quantum electronics determined the width of the domain for use of semiconductor lasers in optical-electronic measuring systems based on the optical methods of stream research. In order to improve the accuracy of such systems, it is proposed to use a simple technique for optimizing the supply mode of a single-mode laser diode, based on an analysis of the current dependence of its integral spectral parameter. It is shown that the optimal value of the pumping current appears when the radiation spectrum envelope line tends to match the normalized Gaussian curve within the width of the spectral line.