Domain Parameters Research Articles

Model inversion and three-way decompositions in the analytical quality by design strategy for the determination of phthalates BY HS-SPME-GC-MS

In this work, strategies within Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) with tools of the Process Analytical Technology (PAT) were used in the development of a head space-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) procedure for the multiresidue analysis of four phthalic acid esters, benzyl butyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, dibutyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate (regulated by Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011). The approach is based on the fact that the intended quality of the resulting chromatograms is defined in terms of the loadings on the sample mode of a Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC2) decomposition. These loadings are the ones used for the inversion of a Partial Least Squares (PLS2) prediction model that has been previously fitted. The inversion gives the experimental conditions that represent a compromise solution in terms of the desired or target values of the responses (Critical Quality Attributes, CQAs), while guaranteeing that these experimental conditions are inside the experimental domain of the Control Method Parameters (CMPs).This strategy results in experimental conditions of extraction time and temperature that lead to a chromatogram of predefined quality for the four analytes together, with the subsquent saving of time and energy. The experimental conditions achieved have been experimentally verified and figures of merit of the analytical method have been determined. The method has been applied to a case study, bottled natural and flavoured mineral water. Concentrations around 0.3 μg L−1 of dibutyl phthalate have been found in 5 of the 22 bottles of water analysed.

An optimal adaptive S-transform time-frequency space model for electromagnetic interference complexity evaluation

The issue of significant amplitude shifting with frequency in the evaluation of electromagnetic interference complexity using the S-transform can result in inaccurate extraction of energy occupancy evaluation parameters. This paper proposes a method of electromagnetic environment complexity evaluation based on the optimal adaptive S-transform (OAST) time-frequency space model. Firstly, the flexible adjustment of the window width of the S-transform window function is achieved by introducing adaptive parameters, so as to suppress the large migration of the amplitude characteristics with the signal frequency. Then, the calculation formulae for the evaluation parameters of time occupation, frequency occupation and energy occupation based on OAST are derived, and the OAST time-frequency spatial evaluation model is established; Finally, the qualitative and quantitative evaluation criteria of subjective and objective complexity based on the OAST time-frequency spatial model are analyzed and determined, overcoming the limitations of the independent grading of the traditional electromagnetic interference complexity evaluation parameters. Simulation and experimental results show that OAST can accurately extract the time-frequency energy occupation parameters and the feature parameters in the time-frequency domain are more accurate; the OAST time-frequency spatial model can evaluate the signal complexity level more accurately, and the evaluation experiments verify the correctness of the proposed method.

Numerical Calculations of Charging Threshold at GEO Altitudes With Two Temperature Non‐Extensive Electrons

AbstractSurface charging at geosynchronous altitude is one of the major concerns for satellites and spacecrafts. Spacecraft anomalies are often associated with extreme surface charging events, especially during substorms in which the GEO plasma is better modeled as two temperatures non‐Maxwellian plasma. In such case, we employ two temperature q‐non‐extensive distribution function to determine the onset of spacecraft surface charging which becomes complex since many parameters control the surface charging. We developed a current balance equation which better explains the charging threshold in comparison to a Maxwellian distribution function. The effect of non‐extensive parameters, temperature and density ratio on the current balance equation has been explained. The modified current balance equation predicts the critical and anti‐critical temperatures for various space‐grade materials both analytically and numerically. A significant change is observed in the quantities characterizing the charging current, average yield and density ratio in the presence of non‐extensive two temperature electrons. The mechanism underlying different charging behaviors at or near the threshold is also indicated at various plasma parametric domains. Furthermore, the general conditions of potential jump are also obtained theoretically which predicts the sudden or smooth potential transition.

An Analytical Approach to Contaminant Transport with Spatially and Temporally Dependent Dispersion in a Heterogeneous Porous Medium

This study presents an analytical solution to the one-dimensional advection-dispersion equation (ADE) for a semi-infinite heterogeneous aquifer system with space and time-dependent groundwater velocity and dispersion coefficient. The dispersion coefficient is assumed to be proportional to the groundwater flow velocity. In addition, retardation factor, first-order decay and zero-order production terms are also considered. Contaminants and porous media are assumed to be chemically inert. Initially, it is assumed that some uniformly distributed solutes are already present in the aquifer domain. The input point source is considered uniformly continuous and increasing nature in a semi-infinite porous medium. The solutions are obtained analytically using the Laplace Integral Transform Technique (LITT). The nature of the concentration profile of the resulting solution for different parameters in different time domains is illustrated graphically.

Association between Val158Met polymorphism in the COMT gene with anxiety and heart rate variability in children with irritable bowel syndrome

The aim of this study was to examine the peculiarities of trait anxiety and heart rate variability parameters as well as their relationship depending on the catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene Val158Met polymorphism in children with irritable bowel syndrome. Materials and methods. A total of 26 children aged 6–12 years with a verified diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome according to the Rome IV criteria were examined. Beforehand, all the patients underwent molecular genetic testing for the COMT Val158met single nucleotide polymorphism by using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Heart rate variability was analyzed via cardiointervalography (Neurosoft) based on short five-minute resting-state ECG recordings. The CMAS (Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale) test was used to measure trait anxiety levels. The Pearson’s test was used to assess correlations between heart rate variability parameters and anxiety levels. Data were processed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and analyzed with GraphPad (Prism 5.0). Results. Depending on the functional COMT Val158met polymorphism, all the patients were allocated to 3 groups: 8 children with 472 GA (Val/Met) COMT genotype; 10 children with 472 AA (Met/Met) genotype; 8 children with 472 GG (Val/Val) genotype. Time and frequency domain parameters of heart rate variability were significantly different in each group. The highest level of anxiety and the largest percentage of LF component (mainly sympathetic activity) in the structure of heart rate variability was noted among Met/Met carriers. Val/Val carriers had a significantly lower anxiety level and an autonomic imbalance with a higher percentage of HF component (parasympathetic activity). Positive correlations between trait anxiety and heart rate variability parameters were found only in Val/Val and Val/Met groups. Conclusions. Our study has revealed the influence of the COMT Val158met polymorphism on the level of trait anxiety and heart rate variability parameters. It is important for a better understanding of the gut-brain axis dysregulation and impaired stress resilience in children with irritable bowel syndrome. Also, these data could be used to improve current schemes for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, supplementing them with activation therapy, psychotherapy, psychopharmacotherapy.

Simultaneous Boundary and Interior Parameterization of Planar Domains Via Deep Learning

In isogeometric analysis (IGA), domain parameterization plays a crucial role as it significantly impacts the results of subsequent numerical analyses. Previous literature has often treated domain parameterization as two separate processes: boundary correspondence and interior parameterization. However, this division tends to decrease the quality of the final parameterization. To address this issue, this article proposes a learning-based method that simultaneously parameterizes the boundary and interior of a simply connected planar computational domain using a deep neural network. In our approach, we train a neural network to represent the inverse parameterization, which maps the computational domain to the parametric domain, based on the given boundary curve of the planar computational domain. The key component of our neural network is a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), which takes the coordinates of a point in the computational domain as input and outputs the corresponding parametric values. The loss function of our method comprises three terms. First, it considers the area distortion and angular distortion of the parameterization, which are determined by the Jacobian matrix of the parameterization. Second, it incorporates the boundary difference, quantified by the Hausdorff distance between the boundary of the parametric domain and the image of the inverse mapping of the computational boundary. By optimizing this loss function, we achieve a robust parameterization. Once the network is trained, we employ a tensor-product B-spline function to fit the mapping from the parametric domain to the computational domain. To evaluate the effectiveness of our method, we conduct experiments on the MPEG-7 dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that our approach yields parameterization results with lower distortion and higher bijectivity ratio compared to state-of-the-art approaches.

EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE ON HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WITH META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS

Background: Heart rate variability is a marker of the cardiac autonomic system and is associated with the mortality of cardiovascular disease. Decreased physical exercise may induce a lower level of heart rate variability and poor cardiac function in postmenopausal women. This review aimed to address the relationships between physical exercise and heart rate variability and to provide clinical evidence for the formulation of exercise prescriptions for improving cardiovascular function in postmenopausal women. Method: Authors searched 5 databases including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to identify eligible articles between database inception and May 13, 2023. All randomized controlled trials of exercise intervention for postmenopausal women were included, only English articles and without date restrictions. The standardized mean differences of heart rate variability time domain parameters and frequency domain parameters were calculated, comparing postmenopausal women who did and who did not exercise via random-effects meta-analyses. The quality of the evidence was assessed with the Cochrane risk of bias tool. This study was registered on PROSPERO, number CRD42020208037.

Maternal Cardiovascular Responses to Position Change in Pregnancy.

The maternal cardiovascular-circulatory system undergoes profound changes almost from the conception of a pregnancy until the postpartum period to support the maternal adaptions required for pregnancy and lactation. Maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis requires changes in the cardiovascular autonomic responses. Here, we present a longitudinal study of the maternal cardiovascular autonomic responses to pregnancy and maternal position. Over a normal gestation, in the left lateral position there are significant changes in both time and frequency domain parameters reflecting heart rate variability. We show that cardiovascular autonomic responses to physiological stressors (standing and supine positions in late pregnancy) became significantly different with advancing gestation. In the third trimester, 60% of the subjects had an unstable heart rate response on standing, and these subjects had a significantly reduced sample entropy evident in their heart rate variability data. By 6 weeks, postpartum function returned to near the non-pregnant state, but there were consistent differences in high-frequency power when compared to nulligravid cases. Finally, we review complementary evidence, in particular from magnetic resonance imaging, that provides insights into the maternal and fetal impacts of positioning in pregnancy. This demonstrates a clear relationship between supine position and maternal hemodynamic parameters, which relates to compression of the inferior vena cava (p = 0.05). Together, these studies demonstrate new understanding of the physiology of physiological stressors related to position.

Accelerated solutions of convection‐dominated partial differential equations using implicit feature tracking and empirical quadrature

SummaryThis work introduces an empirical quadrature‐based hyperreduction procedure and greedy training algorithm to effectively reduce the computational cost of solving convection‐dominated problems with limited training. The proposed approach circumvents the slowly decaying ‐width limitation of linear model reduction techniques applied to convection‐dominated problems by using a nonlinear approximation manifold systematically defined by composing a low‐dimensional affine space with bijections of the underlying domain. The reduced‐order model is defined as the solution of a residual minimization problem over the nonlinear manifold. An online‐efficient method is obtained by using empirical quadrature to approximate the optimality system such that it can be solved with mesh‐independent operations. The proposed reduced‐order model is trained using a greedy procedure to systematically sample the parameter domain. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated on two shock‐dominated computational fluid dynamics benchmarks.

Damage Assessment of Segmental Concrete Beams with Different Types of Joints and Prestressed External Tendons

Precast segmental beams with prestressed external tendons have become increasingly common in bridge constructions owing to the merits of high-quality control and fast onsite construction with minimum environmental impact. Due to the nonlinear characteristics of the dynamic behavior of these segmental beams associated to the joint opening, the traditional condition monitoring and damage assessment methods based on vibration parameters either in time or frequency domain using the linear theory are unsuitable. To overcome this challenge, this paper proposes a damage assessment method through analyzing nonlinear structural dynamic responses for monitoring the conditions of segmental beams with different joint types and prestressed external tendons. Two damage indices are proposed to identify the occurrence of damage and to qualitatively indicate the damage severity. In the proposed approach, the measured dynamic responses of the segmental concrete beams under hammer impact are first adaptively decomposed into a finite number of mono-components by using variational mode decomposition (VMD) technique. Then, the instantaneous frequencies of the decomposed mono-components from the dynamic responses are obtained by conducting the Hilbert transform. Two damage indicators are defined for the damage assessment and for the identification of the damage location, respectively. Three four-span segmental beams with different types of joints (i.e. dry joints or epoxy joints) and prestressing tendon types (i.e. steel and carbon fiber reinforced polymer tendons) were constructed and tested under five loading levels with different damage severities. The feasibility and accuracy of the proposed approach are verified by comparing the identification results with the secant and initial stiffness extracted from the load–deflection curves at different loading levels. The effectiveness of these two damage indicators is also validated with the structural conditions observed in the tests. The results show that the proposed approach can successfully identify damage in segmental concrete beams.

Mathematical modeling of chirped modulated waves along a multi-coupled nonlinear electrical transmission line with dispersive elements

This work presents a mathematical modeling of chirped modulated waves propagating along a two-dimensional nonlinear electrical transmission line consisting of nonlinear dispersive and purely nonlinear capacitive elements. Combining the rotating-wave approximation technique with the perturbation method, we derive a two-dimensional extended nonlinear Schrödinger equation with self-steepening and self-frequency shift, that predicts the formation and propagation of a very rich variety of soliton-like waves including bright, dark, kink, and double-kink soliton-like waves with nonlinear chirp in a multi-coupled nonlinear electrical transmission network with dispersive elements. Using this model equation, parameter domains are delineated in which these modulated waves exist. The parameter domains are found to be strongly dependent on the dispersive elements of the network system. Through exact solutions of the amplitude equation, we investigate the dynamics of chirped modulated waves along the network system under consideration. Our results show that the nonlinear chirp associated with each of the found soliton-like pulses is directly proportional to the wave intensity and is saturated at some finite value as the propagation coordinate approaches its asymptotic value. Also, we show that increasing the number of the network lines decreases the propagating speed of the soliton-like pulses. Most importantly, theoretical analysis show that chirping of found network pulses can be controlled by varying the self-steepening term and self-frequency shift. The validity of analytical results and the robustness of these chirped soliton-like voltage signals which may have important applications in signal processing systems are confirmed by numerical simulations. The results of our study may be launched in long distance telecommunication lines involving higher-order nonlinearities of the fiber.

Properties of cement–bentonite mortar developed by mineral additives for primary firm secant pile by Taguchi method

To make construction materials more sustainable and greener, companies must consider the environmental impact when sourcing materials include developing methods for sustainable recycling and encouraging design practices that prioritize the use of green materials using additives. Geotechnical applications including construction of cutoff walls require development of enhanced materials that possess certain attributes to ensure strain compatibility with surrounding soil. The study aims to explore the utilization of different materials such as bentonite, cement dust, fly ash, lime and polypropylene fibers to produce cement–bentonite mortar with low permeability and sufficient strength. For optimizing the process parameters in the experimental domain, an orthogonal array by Taguchi method was used, and thirty-two experimental runs were performed. The properties investigated included flow%, displaced volume rate, compressive, splitting tensile, flexural, shear strengths, elastic modulus and permeability coefficient. The test results demonstrated that cement dust, fly ash and lime could achieve optimal performance in terms of low permeability and sufficient strength. Additionally, polypropylene fibers up to 0.3% could be effectively used to achieve sufficiently low elastic modulus without affecting other conductive strengths significantly. The findings of the regression model demonstrated that the developed models could account for how the independent variable affected the necessary responses. This study could provide engineers with insights into selecting the appropriate materials to achieve the desired performance characteristics for some geotechnical applications considering sustainability.

The impact of convection on morphological instability of a planar crystallization front

A linear morphological stability analysis of a planar solid-liquid phase interface describing the solidification processes of a binary melt with convection is carried out. The developed theory includes conductive and convective heat and mass transfer mechanisms near the phase interface and generalizes previously known theories of morphological stability. The amplification rate as a function of wavenumber of perturbations and neutral stability curve that divides the stability/instability parametric domains are obtained. It is shown that these domains are highly dependent of convection intensity, which represents a stabilizing factor for solidification processes. A criterion of concentration supercooling in the steady-state solidification conditions with convection is found. The obtained dispersion relation and neutral stability curve define various crystallization scenarios such as (i) morphological instability and concentration supercooling appearing to the formation of a two-phase mushy layer, (ii) morphological stability and concentration supercooling leading to the existence of a slurry layer, (iii) morphological stability without concentration supercooling when the planar solidification front is stable, and (iv) morphological instability without concentration supercooling forming the mesoscopically rough phase interface.

Electric field and SAR distribution in the vicinity of dental implants exposed to the cell phone electromagnetic radiation

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine the electric field and specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution within biological tissues in the vicinity of dental implants, exposed to the mobile phone radiation.Design/methodology/approachThis research was performed for the frequency of 2.6 GHz, which corresponds to 4G mobile network. The adequate 3D realistic numerical models of the mobile phone user’s head, dental implants and actual smartphone model are created using packages based on the finite integral technique numerical method.FindingsThe obtained results yield to a conclusion that the presence of dental implants affects the increase in electric field intensity and SAR values within biological tissues in its vicinity.Research limitations/implicationsThe presented procedure is limited to the 4G mobile network frequency of 2.6 MHz. The study should be extended to other mobile network frequencies to be more general.Practical implicationsThe criteria for selection of the materials used for dental implants production should be extended with the recommended material characteristics related to their influence on the electric field and SAR distribution, to keep their values in the limits prescribed by standards.Social implicationsThe obtained results provide the foundation for future research in mobile devices’ electromagnetic fields’ influence on human health.Originality/valueThe accurate determination of the electric field and SAR values within different biological tissues and organs in the vicinity of dental implants exposed to mobile phone electromagnetic radiation, demands highly realistic model of observed biological structures. For purposes of the current study, the procedure for modeling of highly nonhomogeneous structure with finite number of homogenous domains having known electromagnetic parameters is described in the paper. As a result, the 3D complex users’ head model formed of 16 homogeneous domains of different electromagnetic parameters is created.

Prediction of milling force based on identified milling force coefficients and tool runout parameters in time-frequency domain

Milling force is the key variable related to machining performance. Mechanistic models are commonly used to predict milling forces. However, the identification process of milling force coefficients and tool runout parameters in this model is prone to local optimal solutions. This paper develops a time–frequency domain identification method, and then the prediction of milling force is implemented on this basis. First, a milling force model considering the influence of tool runout is established, where the milling force coefficients and tool runout parameters are identified based on the time–frequency domain identification method. The simulation and experimental data are used to compare the time–frequency domain identification method with the time-domain and frequency-domain identification methods, respectively. Then, the variation of milling force coefficients and tool runout parameters with milling conditions is studied, based on which the linear interpolation method of coefficients and parameters is used to predict the milling force. Finally, the effectiveness of the milling force prediction is verified by experiments.

Exact solution of higher-derivative conformal theory and minimal models

I investigate the two-dimensional four-derivative conformal theory that emerges from the Nambu-Goto string after the path-integration over all fields but the metric tensor. Using the method of singular products which accounts for tremendous cancellations in perturbation theory, I show the (intelligent) one-loop approximation to give an exact solution. It is conveniently described through the minimal models where the central charge c in the Kac spectrum depends on the parameters of the four-derivative action. The relation is nonlinear so the domain of physical parameters is mapped onto c<1 thus bypassing the KPZ barrier of the Liouville action.

Dynamics of blood conveying copper, gold, and titania nanoparticles through the diverging/converging ciliary micro-vessel: Further analysis of ternary-hybrid nanofluid

Following the relevance and significance of blood transporting copper, gold, and titania nanoparticles through the diverging/converging ciliary micro-vessel in biomedical and physiological applications, little is known about the dynamics using Jeffrey fluid model, with a focus on the influence of specific regulatory factors. This report presents the results of a mathematical simulation for evaluating the hemodynamic effects of a bloodstream infused with ternary hybrid nanoparticles through a diverging/converging ciliary micro-vessel while taking into account the combined effects of a heat source, buoyancy, viscoelastic, electro-osmotic, and Lorentz forces. The homotopic perturbing approach was used to address the re-scaled leading equations. The ternary-hybrid nano-blood velocity is elevated by electroosmosis and the aiding Helmholtz-Smoluchowski velocity parameters in the core domain of the diverging/converging tube, but the opposite tendency is seen in the tube's perimeter zone. The circulation of the ternary-hybrid nanofluid is reduced by lengthening the cilia. Diversely shaped ternary-hybrid nanoparticles are employed in surgical procedures to attain the required heat flow rate. Increased blood loadings of ternary-hybrid nanoparticles are associated with increased blood temperature. Additionally, ternary nanoparticles have more effective physio-thermal properties when injected into the circulation (117.6%) compared to binary (89%) or unitary (48.3%) nanoparticles. Additionally, the divergent micro-vessel wall has a faster heat transfer rate than the convergent one.

Evaluation of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in symptomatic post-COVID-19 patients using the heart rate variability (HRV) and detection of subtle LV dysfunction using 2D global longitudinal strain (GLS)

AimThe COVID-19 disease primarily affects the respiratory system; however, cardiac involvement has been documented in the acute phase. We aimed to evaluate the cardiac autonomic function and subtle left ventricular dysfunction in those subjects recovered from mild to moderate acute COVID-19 patients but still symptomatic.Methods and resultsThe study group was composed of 50 subjects with confirmed mild to moderate COVID-19. All subjects underwent routine 2D echocardiography assessment in addition to 2D speckle tracking and 24 h Holter monitoring for HRV analysis. The mean age of the study population was 42 ± 18 years; symptoms were reported as follows 27 (54%) had dyspnoea, 17 (34%) had palpitation, and 7 (14%) had dizziness. Time domain parameters Standard Deviation of NN intervals (SDNN), Standard Deviation of the Average NN intervals for each 5 min segment of a 24 h HRV recording (SDANN), and Root Mean Square of Successive RR interval Differences (rMSSD) were diminished with mean SDNN value being markedly impaired in 12 (24%) patients, while frequency domain parameters as assessed by the ratio of the Low-Frequency band power to the High-Frequency band power (LF/HF) with the mean of 1.837 with 8% of the patients being impaired. SDNN was significantly reduced in patients with impaired global longitudinal strain (p 0.000). The global longitudinal strain was diminished in 10 patients (20%); also, 80% of the patients with impaired GLS had decreased SDNN.ConclusionOur study targeted patients experiencing prolonged symptoms after COVID-19 illness. We detected a high incidence of GLS impairment using Speckle Tracking Echocardiography (STE) and a significant prevalence of diminished HRV. HRV (especially SDNN) and GLS were found to be significantly correlated.Graphical abstract

Solution verification of WECs: comparison of methods to estimate numerical uncertainties in the OES wave energy modelling task

High-fidelity models become more and more used in the wave energy sector. They offer a fully nonlinear simulation tool that in theory should encompass all linear and nonlinear forces acting on a wave energy converter (WEC). Studies using high-fidelity models are usually focusing on validation of the model. However, a validated model does not necessarily give reliable solutions. Solution verification is the methodology to estimate the numerical uncertainties related to a simulation. In this work we test four different approaches: the classical grid convergence index (GCI); a least-square version (LS-GCI); a simplified version of the least-square method (SLS-GCI); and the ITTC recommended practice. The LS-GCI requires four or more solutions whereas the other three methods only need three solutions. We apply these methods to four different high-fidelity models for the case of a heaving sphere. We evaluate the numerical uncertainties for two parameters in the time-domain and two parameters in the frequency domain. It was found that the GCI and ITTC were hard to use on the frequency domain parameters as they require monotonic convergence which sometimes does not happen due to the differences in the solutions being very small. The SLS-GCI performed almost as well as the SL-GCI method and will be further investigated.

Performance analysis and optimisation of spatially-varying infill microstructure within CAD geometries

The article is aimed to provide an effective digital solution in support of the infill microstructural design within objectives generated from normal computer aided design (CAD) systems. The key here is to deploy the microstructure and to analyse the performance of the resulting multiscale objective in the parameter domain, from which a CAD objective is mapped, usually by means of Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) functions. In the regularly shaped domain defined in the parameter space, another set of mapping functions are defined for the description of spatially-varying microstructure (in the parameter space), and the actual multiscale CAD objective gets represented through composition of these mapping functions with the NURBS-based functions for CAD geometry generation. When the introduced mapping functions are also NURBS-based, the proposed representation strategy becomes more favoured by CAD systems, in the sense that the CAD geometry and its infill can be tuned simultaneously but independently with a same set of NURBS basis. Moreover, our computer-aided engineering (CAE) module is also installed over the parameter domain, based on a machine-learning-based homogenisation formulation for compliance and strength analysis. Thus the finite element meshes stay unchanged although the accommodating CAD geometry keeps varying. With the aforementioned treatments, a consecutive CAD-consistent scheme is proposed. Our numerical results show that each time as the control points are moved (by a CAD designer), one may choose to wait several seconds for two-dimensional cases and/or a few minutes for three-dimensional cases, to get a CAD geometry filled with microstructure bearing optimised compliance.