Documentation Of Monuments Research Articles

Проблемы документирования средневековых эпиграфических памятников Северного Кавка-за (на примере Карачаево-Черкесской Республики)

The article handles the medieval epigraphic monuments problem using petroglyphs and unidenti-fiable writings on the territory of the North Caucasus. We consider the main known epigraphic monuments of Karachay-Cherkessia, discovered from the beginning of the 20th century to the pre-sent day. The accumulated research experience is considered and the main methods of fixing and documenting the detected objects are characterized. The features of the interpretation of these monuments in the scientific literature and several key methodological problems are identified. Despite the cultural and historical significance of monuments for the region, today the problem of their fragmentation and the lack of a set of monuments in a single information system remains. The need for the use of modern information technology methods for further documentation of monuments and their advantages in the study and classification of inscriptions are being updated.

Selected areas and results of the activities of the National Institute of Cultural Heritage for the protection and care of monuments in the years 2015-2019

In the article, the subject of considerations is the effects of actions of the National Institute of Cultural Heritage in selected areas of monument protection and care in the years 2015-2019. The undertaken subject corresponds to the protection of cultural heritage in the context of strengthening the cultural security of the Republic of Poland. The purpose of the considerations is to present the results of the activities of the National Institute of Cultural Heritage in the system of protection and care of monuments in Poland, in the years 2015-2019, taking into account selected areas of task implementation by the cultural institution under study. The analysis is based on statistical data published by the National Institute of Cultural Heritage (hereinafter referred to as NID) in periodic and annual reports on the activities of the institution, in additional reports, as well as on scientific literature on the protection and care of historical monuments. In the article, it was established that NID has carried out numerous activities for the protection and care of monuments, and thus the protection of cultural heritage in the context of strengthening the cultural security of the Republic of Poland. The main areas of activities of NID concerned maintaining records and documentation of monuments, monitoring and counteracting threats to cultural heritage, as well as performance of training and information tasks. Opinions and expertise issued for public administration bodies and the implementation of programmes for the protection and care of monuments were important.

3D HOLISTIC DOCUMENTATION OF HERITAGE MONUMENTS IN RHODES

Abstract. This paper focuses on the holistic 3D geometric documentation of four Cultural Heritage buildings, of different historic eras, on the island of Rhodes. The main scope was to produce the 3D models and all required products according to the needs and specifications set by the EU funded HYPERION project. The ideal combination of multi-source data acquisition and processing was employed, which is the modern perception for the methodology of geometric documentation of monuments. The workflow for the combination of geodetic, photogrammetric and laser scanning data acquisition methods is described in detail. Very decisive factor in carrying out fieldwork for data acquisition was the time frame, which was very limited due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The establishing of a holistic framework for the documentation of Cultural Heritage by carrying out a wide range of multidisciplinary research, acquiring and combining datasets from various sensors and sources, as well as by developing innovative tools for systematic monitoring gives substantial results in order to protect, preserve and enhance Cultural Heritage sites. The documentation results are presented and discussed for their usefulness for the project.

A History of the Jewish Community of Tállya and of Their Synagogue

AbstractIn the study I tried to reconstruct the history of the Jewish community of Tállya and their synagogue, for up to now neither the community, nor the art historically important Torah ark has received due attention. After the Holocaust very few survivors came back to Tállya – a settlement in Tokaj-Hegyalja, a region of north-eastern Hungary – and not a single member of the former Orthodox congregation lives there today. The community built their third place of worship in the mid-nineteenth century, pulled down in 1964. The reasons why I found it important to map the socio-cultural and religious environment in more detail are commemorative and research methodological. The Israelite community enjoyed autonomy in choosing their rabbi and arranging all other domestic matters, and consequently, their taste, religious orientation, acculturation influenced the shaping of their synagogue building, the style of its furnishing and ritual objects. For lack of congregational documents, many kinds of sources (e.g. newspaper articles, recollections, biographies of rabbis, municipal documents) had to be interpreted within the context offered by the historical elaborations of the age. It was indispensable to shed light on the system of relations between Hasidism of growing influence from the early nineteenth century and traditional Orthodoxy, particularly because the tendencies of secession also appeared in the Tállya community, and the iconography of the Torah ark of their synagogue is most closely related to the carved Torah arks of East European Hasidic communities (in Poland, Galicia, Moldavia, etc.). According to archival sources the community leaders of Tállya could assert their wish to have the woodcarver create symbolic motifs on the ark despite the rabbi’s disapproval. As the direct antecedent to the composition I identified the masonry Torah ark of Mád, but the inventive, singular style of the carvings bears no kinship with the mentioned prototypes or the altars in churches in the vicinity. At the end of the paper I sum up the events that led to the demolition of the synagogue and the perishing of its interior furniture, relying on documents in the Hungarian Jewish Museum and the Monument Documentation Centre.

Methods of creating realistic spaces – 3D scanning and 3D modelling

Article shows two modern methods of creating realistic 3D spaces. The comparison includes 3D scanning with FARO Focus 3D X330 and 3D modelling in Blender 2.8. Analysis of methods for creating realistic 3D spaces can be useful in many fields e.g.: architecture, 3D printing, games industry, visualization, criminalistics, reverse engineering or monument documentation. The paper also describes process of generating a chosen space for each method. Each of the two approaches is assessed in terms of the expenses, precision and degree of reflecting reality.. Article includes an analysis of encountered problems and their possible sources. The paper also evaluate usefulness and profitability for each method. A research was carried out and focused on degree of immersion for VR visualizations depending on the used method.

Case Studies on the Use of UAV’s for Documentation of Cultural Heritage

Abstract In material cultural heritage documentation, the use of measurement methods, i.e. photogrammetry and laser scanning, is becoming more and more common. The increasing availability of hardware and software allows to create the photorealistic models of objects documenting the heritage and the state of its preservation. The virtual object model can carry information about the dimensions, shape, color and texture of the documented object and it can be the basis for the documentation of the archaeological site, architectural and construction inventory, architectural and conservation studies and monitoring the condition of the object. In the paper presented an overview of the most important measurement techniques and methods for acquiring spatial data used in the documentation of monuments, with particular reference to photogrammetric documentation generated on the basis of data obtained from photographs made with the use of UAV. The heritage documentation presented in the paper were created using the Agisoft Photoscan software. The use of geographic information systems in storing, analyzing and sharing information about monuments was also discussed.

Diagnostic utilisation of ground based imaging and non-imaging sensors for digital documentation of heritage sites

Historical buildings are essential elements of cultural heritage. Built-up heritage is subjected to various damages over a long period of time, and it is, therefore, necessary to document such monuments by using multiple sensors, which are not only efficient but also non-complicated and effortless in terms of data acquisition and handling. Complete documentation of the monument involves recognition and mapping of such damages, if present. As the monuments are of considerable sizes and sometimes not easily accessible, recording and mapping of the damages by manual methods is both time-consuming and costly. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), combined with terrestrial images, can be used to document and map damages of the monuments. The present work demonstrates the practical application of TLS in the documentation of heritage monuments with a focus on damage detection using TLS point clouds and terrestrial optical data.

3D IMAGE BASED GEOMETRIC DOCUMENTATION OF A MEDIEVAL FORTRESS

Abstract. The detailed and thorough documentation of monuments is a rather complex process that requires the application of the best available state of the art techniques in order to preserve, restore, promote and make cultural heritage accessible to the public. This paper presents the 3D Geometric Documentation of a part of the medieval fortress of Chios, focussing in particular on the practical challenges which the object presented. The case study is a part of the fortified construction, consisting of a bastion, a watch tower on top of this bastion and a significant part of its walls with a surface of about 1053 m2 in total. The goal of the survey was to produce an accurate 3D detailed textured model and a series of coloured orthophotos and 2D vector drawings. The documentation methods employed included close-range automated photogrammetry and image-based modelling, terrestrial laser scanning and topographic surveys, an ideal combination of methods.

The contribution of laser scanning technology in the estimation of ancient Greek monuments' deformations

Terrestrial laser scanning technology is nowadays more and more used for the documentation of cultural heritage monuments. The thorough exploitation of the main advantage of terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) that is the acquisition of extremely dense discrete points in a relatively small time period leads to detailed 3D representation of the monument, overcoming possible difficulties such as limited accessibility. Most often, this 3D representation is used for the monument's documentation as well as for virtual tours in, out or around it. This detailed documentation can be used for one more purpose: the estimation of the deformation that its elements have experienced through the centuries and, following, the monument's restoration, provided that, its' initial, constructional geometry is known. In this paper, research towards this goal is presented, dealing with the estimation of the deformations of a column of the ancient temple of Zeus in Nemea Greece using TLS technology. This column is standing erect since the temple's construction in 330 BC and it has been subject to serious deformations because of various causes.

Stereo-Orthoimage as a GIS Tool for Reliable Restitution of Cultural Monuments

The use of photogrammetric techniques for the geometric documentation of monuments and archaeological sites is widely known and applied. The basic techniques are: (a) the stereo-restitution, which provides the advantage of 3D observation and accurate digitization but requires specific photogrammetric knowledge and equipment, and (b) the orthophoto, an easy to use raster product that enables the 2D digitization, which is, however, not sufficient for monuments that consist of complex surfaces. The concept of stereo-orthoimage was firstly introduced at the end of the 1960s for cartographic and cadastral applications, combining the advantages of both the orthophoto and 3D observation. This paper analyses the algorithms used for the generation of stereo-orthoimages, presents a developed plugin for the free open-source Geographic Information System QGIS that implements the stereo-orthoimage technique and examines the use of this technique for the restitution and digitization of complex surfaces of monuments for their large scale geometric documentation. The QGIS plugin, named OrthoStereoMate (OSM), has been developed in the Python programming language and will become freely available to the official python plugin repository for QGIS users.

Etruscans in 3D - Surveying and 3D modeling for a better access and understanding of heritage -

<p>Archaeological 3D digital documentation of monuments and historical sites should be considered a precious source of information and it can be very useful for preservation, conservation, restoration and reconstruction of Cultural Heritage. This paper reports a work dealing with 3D surveying and modeling of different Etruscan heritage sites, featuring necropolis with underground frescoed tombs dating back to VII-IV century B.C., located in the area corresponding roughly to the actual central Italy. The project “Etruscans in 3D” was born with the aim of digital documentation, study, analyses and preservation of Etruscan heritage monuments and sites, but also to create digital contents for virtual visits, museum exhibitions, virtual and augmented reality, better access and communication of the<br />heritage information.</p>

Laser Scanners Technology Applications–The Case of Church of Holy Trinity and Figure of Panagia Pafsolipi, Heybeliada, Turkey

Laser scanning is a method commonly used to geometric documentation of monuments and historical landmarks. Laser scanners, as surveying instruments, combine principals of the sciences of topography and photogrammetry. The purpose of the paper is to evaluate a group of data collected using a laser scanner, concerning the attribution of geometry while drawing. The evaluation was accomplished comparing this group to another group of data, which was used as the reference data and was measured using a total station. Two objects of study were used and surveyed. The Greek Orthodox Church which is dedicated to Holy Trinity and is located in Heybeliada of Turkey and a famous figure of Holy Mother holding Jesus, known as Panagia Pafsolipi, which is placed at the interior of the Church. The comparison of the drawings that were exported using both data was satisfying. The divergence that was noticed is of the size of some millimeters. Such differences are acceptable for the most cases of architectural and archaeological documentation. This means that laser scanning, except from the fact that is a fast and efficient way of documentation, also provides products at level of accuracy that is close to the accuracy of the traditional documentation methods.

Geometric documentation of underwater archaeological sites

Photogrammetry has often been the most preferable method for the geometric documentation of monuments, especially in cases of highly complex objects, of high accuracy and quality requirements and, of course, budget, time or accessibility limitations. Such limitations, requirements and complexities are undoubtedly features of the highly challenging task of surveying an underwater archaeological site. This paper is focused on the case of a Hellenistic shipwreck found in Greece at the Southern Euboean gulf, 40-47 meters below the sea surface. Underwater photogrammetry was chosen as the ideal solution for the detailed and accurate mapping of a shipwreck located in an environment with limited accessibility. There are time limitations when diving at these depths so it is essential that the data collection time is kept as short as possible. This makes custom surveying techniques rather impossible to apply. However, with the growing use of consumer cameras and photogrammetric software, this application is becoming easier, thus benefiting a wide variety of underwater sites. Utilizing cameras for underwater photogrammetry though, poses some crucial modeling problems, due to the refraction effect and further additional parameters which have to be co-estimated [1]. The applied method involved an underwater calibration of the camera as well as conventional field survey measurements in order to establish a reference frame. The application of a three-dimensional trilateration using common tape measures was chosen for this reason. Among the software that was used for surveying and photogrammetry processing, were Site Recorder SE, Eos Systems Photomodeler, ZI’s SSK and Rhinoceros. The underwater archaeological research at the Southern Euboean gulf is a continuing project carried out by the Hellenic Institute for Marine Archaeology (H.I.M.A.) in collaboration with the Greek Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities, under the direction of the archaeologist G.Koutsouflakis. The geometric documentation of the shipwreck was the result of the collaboration between H.I.M.A. and the National Technical University of Athens.

Documenting a Unesco Wh Site in Cyprus with Complementary Techniques

According to UNESCO directives, the documentation of monuments is a complex task, which both terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and photogrammetry can decisively support. Today, these techniques are considered complementary, as they demonstrate clear advantages and disadvantages to each other, with regard to representation, texture application, data gathering, acquisition and processing time, practicality, accuracy, data density, surface reflectivity and absorption. In an effort to clarify which part should be acquired with which technique, as well as to understand whether one technique has a clear advantage over the other in some specific task of the documentation process, the Church of the Holy Cross in Pelendri, Cyprus, which is a UNESCO World Heritage monument, was selected as a test site. The deliverables are orthophotos, sections, plots and a complete and accurate 3D model of the monument. The whole documentation process has been carried out independently using an image based technique with Menci's ZScan and terrestrial laser scanning Leica's ScanStation 2, supported by high resolution digital images. Data acquisition has been carried out in parallel while the final products have been created independently by each one. It is clear that the processing phase of photogrammetry is more time consuming than the equivalent in TLS, but high quality texturing and the orthophoto production process are included within the processing, hence image based techniques present an advantage. As for their final accuracy, both techniques deliver satisfactory results within the required scale tolerances. Their individual merits are also presented, discussed and evaluated in this paper.

Recommendations and Strategies for the Establishment of a Guideline for Monument Documentation Harmonized with the Existing European Standards and Codes

Information on current state of immovable cultural heritage is important for specifying measures necessary to preserve the heritage in an appropriate condition and ensure that the maintenance required to keep it at this level is well defined. In this framework, EU-CHIC project aims to set-up a system introducing a concept of the “Cultural Heritage Identity Card”, which will develop into a systematic collection and storage of data on immovable heritage objects across European and neighboring countries. This work supports sustainable maintenance, preservation and revitalization of historic sites and monuments. This is achieved through the development of a guideline for the assessment of efficient documentation systems that identify the parameters needed for the characterisation of the preservation state of a monument and its possible alterations during its entire lifetime. In order to develop and test the recommendations for efficient compilation of the data pertinent to each monument under observation, the development of criteria, indicators and protocols as part of a common methodology that encourages the exchange of document between European countries is initiated. The criteria encompass all potential factors affecting the building structure, the non-structural elements, the architectural value and any other aspects ranging from the functionality of the monument/building, to its historic value. This has been achieved through an integrated survey of existing documentation protocols in the field of cultural heritage protection, and through implementation of recommendations about criteria for harmonizing these protocols, both which provide a new documentation methodology. This new methodology is an upgrade of current documentation methodologies, and responds to criteria and indicators for risk assessment and the technology state of diagnostics and data management. A guideline will provide the essential document for further development of European policies for the traceability of cultural assets and harmonization of criteria for the future maintenance of European Cultural Heritage.

The adaptations of the true-to-form survey method

The following study is about the method of surveying historic buildings applied by the Department for History of Architecture and of Monuments of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics. The true-to-form architectural survey is based on the method used in ``Bauforschung´´, the building archaeology practice developed and widely used in Germany. In this context, survey is not only a tool of documentation but is considered as a research method in itself. The authors discuss the importance of the on-the-spot analysis of the building and the role and place of architectural survey in the whole process of monument preservation, as well as the possible adaptation of the method presented under different circumstances. The examples are stages of the monument documentation work carried out on the Cathedral of Saint Michael in Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvár), Romania.

Innovative Techniques for the Acquisition and Processing of Multisource Data for the Geometric Documentation of Monuments

Innovative Techniques for the Acquisition and Processing of Multisource Data for the Geometric Documentation of Monuments

Innovative Techniques for the Acquisition and Processing of Multisource Data for the Geometric Documentation of Monuments

Documenting the past of mankind comprises, among other activities, the survey of monuments and cultural artefacts, for long provided by archaeologists and architects using traditional methods. However, due to the recent major technological advances in surveying, photogrammetric and laser scanning methods, surveyors are enabled to produce recording materials and end products, which surpass by far the traditional line drawings in terms of accuracy and completeness. These methodologies are able to offer products like orthophotos, raster developments, 3D representations and realistic visualizations as well as augmented reality tours. This paper investigates the principles and capabilities of contemporary and technologically advanced methods in: capturing huge amount of detailed, accurate and reliable 3D data; modeling of existing and virtual reality; management of 3D or image-based databases. Several examples covering a broad variety of cases, regarding the historical era, the size and the complexity of the monument and also the final products are presented.

3‐D Computer Modeling with Intra‐Component, Geometric, Quality and Topological Constraints

The study of 3-D indoor accurate scenery modeling is an active research area. The produced model can be used in a number of virtual reality applications, in digital documentation of monuments and sites, and so on. Digital photogrammetry and CAD technology have to play a vital role in this field. Photogrammetry's contribution is mainly on data acquisition from imagery, whilst the necessary image knowledge is derived from geometry and topology of image contents. While the first is traditionally used, the second one only lately is been tackled. In this paper, a technique is presented for modeling of indoor scenery based on digital images, photo-derived intra-component, geometric and topologic constraints, object-oriented graphic databases containing 3-D parametric models and a rough (generic) CAD model. Optionally, an absolute reference system could be applied, but for VR applications a relative reference system is adequate. The original contribution with respect to related works in this field is mainly the introduction of Display File, Segment Table, Scene Parts Table and Constraint Table structures which deal with the constraints and “drive” a modeling control program called the Constraint Modeler. The use of these structures leads in a direct, global, portable, and semi-automated technique for 3-D indoor modeling. Experimental results from simulated images are presented, and the robustness of the technique is discussed.